بررسی رابطه حافظه کاری و بهره هوشی با پیشرفت تحصیلی دانشآموزان دختریکزبانه و دو زبانه دبیرستانهای تهران
محورهای موضوعی : روانشناسی تربیتیزینب زحمتکش 1 , سیدداود حسینینسب 2 , ابوطالب سعادتیشامیر 3
1 - دانشآموخته کارشناسیارشد واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران
2 - استاد گروه روانشناسی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران
3 - استادیار دانشگاه بجنورد
کلید واژه: حافظهکاری, بهرههوشی, پیشرفتتحصیلی, دانشآموزاندوزبانه, دانشآموزانیکزبانه,
چکیده مقاله :
پژوهش حاضر با هدف تعیین رابطه و تفاوت حافظه کاری و هوش و سهم آنها در پیشبینی پیشرفت تحصیلی در دانشآموزان دختریکزبانه و دو زبانه انجام شد. نمونهای متشکل از 366 دانشآموز دختر مقطع متوسطه با استفاده از روش نمونهگیری چند مرحلهای، انتخاب شدند. برای سنجش حافظه کاری و بهره هوشی به ترتیب از آزمون شاخص پردازش اطلاعات (IPI) و از ماتریسهای پیش رونده ریون استفاده شد. معدل پایانی دانشآموزان به عنوان شاخص پیشرفت تحصیلی محاسبه شد. در این پژوهش با استفاده از ضریب همبستگی پیرسون، آزمون t گروههای مستقل رابطه و تفاوت حافظه کاری و هوش در دانشآموزان یکزبانه و دو زبانه بدست آمد و تحلیل رگرسیون گام به گام جهت پیشبینی سهم حافظه کاری و بهره هوشی در پیشرفت تحصیلی استفاده شد. نتایج بدست آمده نشان داد که بین نمرات حافظه کاری، هوش و پیشرفت تحصیلی در دانشآموزان یکزبانه و دو رابطه معنیدار وجود دارد. با این حال، هر چند میانگین نمرات دانشآموزان دو زبانه در نمرات بهره هوشی بالاتر از نمونههای یکزبانه بود، اما بین این دو گروه تفاوت معنیداری مشاهده نشد. بعلاوه، تفاوت بین حافظه کاری و پیشرفت تحصیلی در بین نمونههای یکزبانه و دو زبانه به نفع دوزبانهها معنیدار بود. هرچند دانشآموزان دو زبانه به دلیل تجربهها و ذخایر بیشتر زبانی در حوزه ساختاری آوایی و معنایی عملکرد بهتری از همتایان یکزبانه در تکالیف حافظه کاری و پیشرفت تحصیلی دارند. اما این برتری را در نمره هوش، به دلیل کم بودن وزن متغیر زبان در مقایسه با سایر متغیرهای تأثیرگذار در نمرات هوش نمیتوانند حفظ کنند.
The present study sought to investigate the relationship and difference between working memory and intelligence and their role in predicting the academic achievement of female students in monolingual and bilingual high schools of Tehran. A sample of 366 female high students were selected through multistaged sampling. To measure the students̕ working memory and intelligence, the researchers used information processing index (IPI) and Raven̕s progressive matrix respectively. The students̕ GPAs were used as the indicator of their academic achievement. In this study, using Pearson correlation coefficient and independent samples T-test, the relationship and difference between working memory and intelligence of bilingual and monolingual students were found, and the regression analysis were run in order to predict the role of working memory and intelligence in the students' academic achievement. The obtained results revealed that there was a significant relationship among the scores of working memory, intelligence, and academic achievement. However, although the scores of the bilingual students in intelligence test were higher than those of monolingual students, there was no significant difference between these two groups. Moreover, working memory and academic achievement were significantly higher among bilingual students as compared to monolinguals. Although bilingual students, due to having plenty of linguistic recourses and experiences in phonological in phonological and semantic structures, have a better performance in their working memory and academic achievement assignments as compared to their monolingual counterpart's, they cannot achieve better scores in intelligence tests due to the pivotal role of language as compared to other more effective variables in intelligence scores
منابع
حسینی، میرقادر (1371). بررسی علل و عوامل افت تحصیلی. انتشارات مرکز تحقیقات ادارة کل آموزش و پرورش تبریز.
خوشرو، وحید(1375).بررسی رابطه دوزبانه بودن بر پیشرفت تحصیلی و هوش دانشآموزان پسر مقطع ابتدایی. پایاننامه کارشناسیارشد روانشناسی تربیتی. دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی.
سعادتیشامیر، ابوطالب؛ کیامنش، علیرضا ؛کدیور، پروین و حمیدی، منصورعلی(1389). بررسی حافظه کاری، عملکرد خواندن و پیشرفت تحصیلی در دانشآموزان پسر یکزبانه و دوزبانه.فصلنامه اندیشههای نوین تربیتی شماره 35 ؛116 -78.
مهرجو، علی و هادیان، مجید(1371).مقایسه پیشرفت تحصیلی دانشآموزان دو زبانه و یکزبانه، انتشارات مرکز تحقیقات ادارة کل آموزش و پرورش تبریز.
طولابی، سعید و اسدزاده، حسن(1386). بررسی تأثیر ظرفیت حافظه فعال و خستگی شناختی بر حل مسائل شناختی در دانشجویان دختر و پسر دانشگاه تربیت معلم. پایاننامه کارشناسیارشد دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات.تهران، دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی.
عارفی، مرضیه(1382). بررسی مهارتهای زبانی- شناختی کودکان دوزبانه با زمینههای اقتصادی فرهنگی متفاوت. فصلنامه نوآوریهای آموزشی، شماره 6، زمستان 1382 ص. 57.
Ackerman, P. L., Beier, M. E., & Boyle, M. O. (2005). Working memory and intelligence: The same or different constructs? Psychological Bulletin, 31, 30–60.
Alloway, T. P. Cowan. N., and Balota, D. (2011). Working Memory: The New Intelligence, Psychology Press and London, UK.
Alloway, T. P. (2009). Working memory, but not IQ, predicts subsequent updating processes in reading comprehension. Memory & Cognition, 29. 344-354.
Alloway, T. P., Alloway, R. G. (2010). Investigating the predictive roles of working memory and IQ in academic attainment. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 106, 20–2.
Alloway, T.P. (2010a). Working memory and executive function profiles of students with borderline intellectual functioning. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54, 448-456.
Alloway, T.P. (2010b). Improving Working Memory. London: Sage Publication.
Alloway, T. P., Gathercole, S. E., Willis, C., & Adams, A. M. (2004). A structural analysis of working memory and related cognitive skills in early childhood. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 87, 85–106.
Bialystok, E. (1988). Levels of bilingualism and levels of linguistic awareness. Developmental Psychology, 24,560-567.
Bialystok, E., & Feng, X. (2009). Language proficiency and executive control in proactive interference: Evidence from monolingual and bilingual children .Brain & Language. 109, 93–100.
Bialystok, E., & martin, X. (2004). Language proficiency and its implications for monolingual and bilingual children. Guildford Press.
Bialystok, E., & Shapero, D. (2005). Ambiguous benefits: The effect of bilingualism on reversing ambiguous figures. Developmental Science, 8, 595–604.
Bialystok, E., & Viswanathan, M. (2009). Components of executive control word repetition by bilingual and monolingual children. Developmental Psychology, 66,262-683.
Brandon J. Schmeichel, Rachael N. Volokhov, Heath A. Demaree (2008).Working Memory Capacity and the Self-Regulation of Emotional Expression and Experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, (6), 1526-1540.
Bull, R; Espy, k.a., A. Wiebe, s.a. (2008). Short-Term Memory, Working Memory, and Executive Functioning in Preschoolers: Longitudinal Predictors of Mathematical Achievement at Age 7 Years. Developmental Neuropsychological, 33, 205 -228.
Carretti, B. Cornoldi, C. De Beni, R. & Romano. M (2005). Updating in working memory: A comparison of good and poor comprehend. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 91, 45-66.
Conway, A. R. A., Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2002). Is Spearman’s g determined by speed or working memory capacity? (Book review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-factor) Psycoloquy, 10
Colom, R., Rebollo, I., Palacios, A., Juan-Espinosa, M., & Kyllonen, P. C. (2004).Working memory is perfectly predicted byg. Intelligence, 32, 277–296.
Dalgleish T., Williams, J. M. G., Golden, A. J., Perkins, N., Feldman-Barrett, L. & Barnard, P. J. (2007). Reduced specificity of autobiographical memory and depression: The role of executive control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136, 23–42.
De Beni R. & Palladino P., (2000). Intrusion errors in working memory tasks: are they related to reading comprehension ability? Learning & Individual Differences, 12, 131-143.
Feng., X (2009).Working memory and bilingualism: An investigation of executive control and processing speed. Yourk university press.
Girbau, D.and R. Schwartz, (2005). Pronoun processing in bilingual Spanish-English children with Specific Language Impairment. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) Annual Convention, San Diego, CA.
Gropper, R., J. & Tannock, R. (2009). A Pilot Study of Working Memory and Academic Achievement in Students with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders. 12, 6, 574-581.
Hermans D, Knoors H, Ormel E, Verhoeven L. (2008) Reading vocabulary learning in deaf children in bilingual education programs. Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 13,155–174.
Holmes, J. and John, W. A. (2006). Working Memory and Children’s Mathematical Skills: Implications for mathematical development and mathematics. Curricula. Journal of Educational Psychology, 26, (3), 339-366.
Jensen, A. R. (1998). The g factor: The science of mental ability. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Kohnert, K. (2008). Language disorders in bilingual children and adults. San Diego, CA: Plura. Journal of Child Development, 18, 1698 – 1716.
Kohnert, K. (2010). Bilingual children with primary language impairment: Issues, evidence and implications for clinical actions. Journal of Communication Disorders .JCD-54.
Robert V. K. & Darylew W. M., (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Journal of. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 21 (30), 607-610.
Lee, Y. S., Lu. M. J. & Ko, H. P. (2007). Effects of skill training on working memory capacity. Learning and Instruction Journal, 24, 1-9.
Martin-Rhee, M. M., & Bialystok, E. (2008) the development of two type of control in monolingual and bilingual children. Journal of language and cognition, 18, 1698 – 1716.
Mazzocco, M. M. & Hanich. L. B. (2010).Math achievement, numerical processing, and executive functions in girls with Turner syndrome: Do girls with Turner syndrome have math learning disability? Learning and Instruction Journal, 231-321.
Messer, M. H., Leseman P. P. M., Aziza. J. B. & Mayo .Y (2010) .Phonotactic probability effect in nonword recall and its relationship with vocabulary in monolingual andbilingual preschoolers. Learning and Individual Differences 20, 152–154.
Meyer M. L., Salimpoor V. N., Wu S. S., Geary D. C. & Menon V. (2010). Differential contribution of specific working memory components to mathematics achievement in 2nd and 3rd graders. Learning and Individual Differences, 20, (2) 101 –109.
Moenikia. M. & Zahed-Babelan. A. (2010) .A study of simple and multiple relations between mathematics attitude, academic motivation and intelligence quotient with mathematics achievement. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2, (2) 1537–1542
Oberauer, K., Sub, H., Wilhelm, O., & Wittman, W. W. (2005). The multiple faces of working memory: Storage, processing, supervision, and coordination. Intelligence, 31, 167–193.
Palladino, P. & Cornoldi, C. (2004). Working memory performance of Italian students with foreign language learning difficulties. Learning and Individual Differences, 14, 137–151 150.
Passolunghi, M. C. & Siegel, L. S. (2004). Working memory and access to numerical information in children with disability in mathematics. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 88, 348–367
Repovs, G. & Baddeley, A. D. (2006). The multi Component model of working memory: exploration in experimental cognitive psychology. Experimental cognitive psychology, 139, 5-21.
Riding, R. J., Asadzadeh Dahraei. H., Grimley, M. & Banner, G. (2001) Working Memory, Cognitive Style and Academic Attainment. In R. Nata (Ed.), Progress in Education, Vol. 5 (1-19). New York: Nava Science Publishers Inc.
Riding, R. (2000). Information Processing Index. Birmingham: Learning and Training Technology press.
Rohde, T, E & Thompson; L, A (2007) Predicting academic achievement with cognitive ability. Journal of Intelligence, 35 83–92.
Shelton, J. T., Elliott, E. M., Hill. B. d., Matthew. R. c., & Gouvier. W, d. (2009).A comparison of laboratory and clinical working memory testes and their prediction of fluid intelligence. Journal of intelligence, 364 (491-523).
Stauffer, J. M., Ree, M. J., & Carretta, T. R. (1996). Cognitive components tests are not much more than g: An extension of Kyllonen’s analyses. General Psychology, 123, 193–205.
Swanson, L. & Alloway, T.P. (2010). Working Memory, Learning, and Academic Achievement. In K. Harris, T. Urdan, & S. Graham (Eds). APA Educational Psychology Handbook, (Vol 1).Presented on line.
Tamez, E., Myerson, J., Hale, S. (2008). Learning, working memory and intelligence revisited. Journal of Behavioral Processes 78. 240–245.
Sanchez C, A., Wiley, J., Miura T. K., Gregory J.H. Ricks T. R., Jensen. M. S., & Conway. R.A. (2010) Assessing working memory capacity in a non-native language. Learning and Individual Differences, 20 (488–493).
Thorn, A., & page .M (2009). Interaction between short term memory and long term memory in verbal Learning. New York: Guilford
Wynn, T. Frederick & Coolidge F. L. (2011). The Implications of the Working Memory Model for the Evolution of Modern Cognition. International Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 5 (1) 5–26.
Wynn, T. & Coolidge, F. L., (2010). Working Memory: Beyond Language and Symbolism, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill, USA
_||_