تبیین ساختاری دگردیسیِ احزاب افغانستان از نظامی‌گری به مصالحه(نمونه‌پژوهی: حزب اسلامی گلبدین حکمتیار)
الموضوعات : فصلنامه علمی تحقیقات سیاسی و بین المللی
ناصر یوسف زهی
1
(دانشجوی علوم سیاسی (گرایش مسائل ایران)، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد)
مهدی نجف زاده
2
(دانشیار گروه علوم سیاسی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد)
الکلمات المفتاحية: قدرت, افغانستان, مصالحه, نظامی‌گری, حزب اسلامی حکمتیار,
ملخص المقالة :
پیوستن حزب اسلامی حکمتیار به فرآیند صلح ملیِ افغانستان، از مهم‌ترین پیش‌آمدهای جنجال‌برانگیزِ اخیر و اثرگذار بر وضعیت سیاسی-امنیتی و مناسبات منطقه‌ای این کشور است. ریشه‌یابی این دولت‌پذیری و دولت‌ستیزی تاریخیِ حکمتیار، مسئله اصلی نوشتار حاضر است. هدف طرحِ این پرسمان، بازنمایی نقش سیاست بر خشونت و مصالحه در این کشور ست. پرسش جستار حاضر، این است که علت رویکرد نظامی حزب حکمتیار در برابر دولت‌های افغانستان (2016-1969م.) و سپس، تغییر آن به رویکرد سیاسی چه بود؟ فرضیه پژوهش که در چارچوب نظریه نظم‌های اجتماعیِ باز و بسته داگلاس نورث عملیاتی گردیده، بدین شرح است: نوع ساختار سیاسی قدرت در افغانستان در گزینش رویکردهای نظامی یا سیاسی حزب اسلامی تأثیر مستقیم داشته است. طبق یافته‌های پژوهش، ماهیت و ساختار قدرتِ نظام‌های پادشاهی (1933م.)، اقتدارگرا (1973م.)، کمونیستی (1978م.)، غیرنهادمند (1992م)، و بنیادگرای افغانستان (1996م.)، که متضاد با خط‌مشی اسلام‌خواهی و دموکراسی‌خواهی حکمتیار بود، رویکردی مسلحانه بر حزب تحمیل کرد. اما ساختار و نظام درحالِ دموکراتیک، نهادمند و اسلامی افغانستانِ پساطالبان، در کنار خروج حداکثری نیروهای خارجی از این کشور، اتخاذ رویکرد مسالمت‌آمیز حزب را فراهم ساخت. در تحلیل نهایی، سیاست دولت‌ها و نه ساختار سنتی جامعه، موجد زایش خشونت‌های اجتماعی افغانستان است.
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_||_Alleyne, M.D.,(2003) Global lies? Propaganda, the UN and the world order. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan Publishers. Alleyne, M.D., (2005) The United Nations’ celebrity diplomacy, SAIS Review of International Affairs, Vol.25, No.1,pp:175-185, Winter-Spring. Johns Hopkins University Press Bleiker, R. (2009) Aesthetics and World Politics, London: Palgrave Macmillan Brockington, D.,(2014) Celebrity advocacy and international development. London: Routledge. Cheng ,K. and Leung, V.,(2017) Celebrity Culture and the Entertainment Industry in Asia, Intellect publisher: University of Chicago Press Cooper, A.,F.(2008a) Beyond One Image Fits All: Bono and the Complexity of Celebrity Diplomacy, Global Governance, Vol. 14, No. 3 (July–September) , pp. 265-272 Cooper, A.F. ( 2008b) Celebrity diplomacy. Boulder, London: Paradigm. Cooper, A.,F. ,Dobson,H. and Wheeler, M. (2017) Non-western celebrity politics and diplomacy: introduction ,Celebrity Studies, Vol.8, No.2, 312-317 Corner, J. and Pels, D., (2003) Introduction: the restyling of politics. In: J. Corner and D. Pels, eds. The media and the restyling of politics, 1–18. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage. Corner, J., (2003) Mediated persona and political culture. In: J. Corner and D. Pels, eds. The media and the restyling of politics, 67–84. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage. Dieter,H. and Kumar, R.,(2008) The Downside of Celebrity Diplomacy: The Neglected Complexity of Development, Global Governance , Vol. 14, No. 3 (July–September 2008), pp. 259-264 Dittmer, L., (2000) Conclusion: East Asian informal politics in comparative perspective. In: L. Dittmer, H. Fukui, and P.N.S. Lee, ed. Informal politics in East Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 290–306 Engle, K.(2012) Celebrity diplomacy and global citizenship, Celebrity Studies, Vol.3, No.1, pp:116-118 Falt, E., (2009) How insiders view the issues facing celebrity diplomat. Celebrity diplomacy workshop, 21 April. Los Angeles, CA: USC Center on Public Diplomacy at the Annenberg School, Norman Lear Center Forrest,Adam(2015) Did Live 8 Work? 10 Years On, The Debt Burden Returns, accessible on July 13, available link at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/adamforrest/2015/07/13/did-live-8-work-10-years-on-the-debt-burden-returns/#65f4c0b437cb Goh, Timothy (2017) Dennis Rodman in North Korea: Other celebrities who cosied up to world leaders or their kin, accessible on June 13, available link at: http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/ dennis-rodman-in-north-korea-other-celebrities-who-cosied-up-to-world-leaders-or-their-kin Jones ,M.,O (2017) Nation branding and celebrity diplomacy in Bahrain, Celebrity Studies, Vol.8, No. 2, pp: 324-330 Kellner, D, (2010) Celebrity diplomacy, spectacle and Barack Obama, Celebrity Studies, 1 (1), pp:121–123 Kellner, D., (2005) Media spectacle and the crisis of democracy. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Press. Louw, E.,(2005) The media and political process. London: Sage Publications Marshall, P. D. (1997) Celebrity and Power: Fame in Contemporary Culture, Minneapolis MN: University of Minnesota Press. Pike, D., (2000) Informal politics in Vietnam. In: L. Dittmer, H. Fukui, and P.N.S. Lee, ed. Informal politics in East Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 269–289. Ribke N. (2015) Entertainment Industries and ‘Liberal’ Celebrities: the Failure to Convert Attention into Political Power. In: A Genre Approach to Celebrity Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, London. pp:117-133. Richey, L.A., (2016) Celebrity humanitarianism and North-South relations: politics, place and power. London: Routledge Stein, A. and Georges, B.,B.(2009) An Introduction to the Entertainment Industry, Bern: Peter Lang Inc., International Academic Publishers Street,John (2012) Do Celebrity Politics and Celebrity Politicians Matter? The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, BJPIR: 2012 Vol.14, pp:346–356 Stree, John (2004) Celebrity Politicians: Popular Culture and Political Representation, British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 6:4, 435–452. Street, J., (2003) The celebrity politician: political style and popular culture. In: J. Corner and D. Pels, eds. The media and the restyling of politics, 85–98. London: Sage. Vallely, P.,(2009) From A-lister to aid worker: does celebrity diplomacy really work? Independent, 17 January. Available from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profile/from-alisterto-aid-worker-does-celebrity-diplomacy-really-work-1365946.html (accessed 17 April 2010). Wheeler ,Mark (2011) Celebrity diplomacy: United Nations’ Goodwill Ambassadors and Messengers of Peace, Celebrity Studies, Vol. 2, No.1, pp: 6-18, Wheeler, M. ( 2013) Celebrity politics. Cambridge: Polity Press.
