The Effect of Grape Seed Extract Supplementation on Performance, Antioxidant Enzyme Activity, and Immune Responses in Broiler Chickens Exposed to Chronic Heat Stress

الموضوعات :

ح. حاجاتی ¹ (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran)
ا. حسن آبادی ² (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran)
ا. گلیان ³ (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran)
ح. نصیری-مقدم ⁴ (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran)
م.ر. نصیری ⁵ (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran)

تاريخ الإرسال : 03 الأحد , ربيع الثاني, 1438 تاريخ التأكيد : 19 الإثنين , شعبان, 1438 تاريخ الإصدار : 13 الخميس , جمادى الثانية, 1439

الکلمات المفتاحية: antioxidant enzyme, broiler chicken, immunity, heat stress, grape seed extract,

ملخص المقالة :

The effect of grape seed extract (GSE) feed supplementation on performance, antioxidant enzyme activity, and immune responses in broiler chickens suffering from heat stress were investigated in this study. Experimental diets including control diet (with no additive), 3 levels of GSE (150, 300, 450 mg/kg), and one level of vitamin C (300 mg/kg) as a positive control were fed to the birds from 1 to 42 d of age. The chronic heat stress (34±1 ˚C temperature for 5 hours per day) was provided from 29 to 42 d of age. The GSE supplementation up to 300 mg/kg diet increased the average daily gain of broiler chickens compared to the control group prior to heat stress (1-28 d). During the heat stress condition, dietary GSE at the rate of 300 and 450 mg/kg diet improved feed conversion ratio. The GSE supplementation at 300 mg/kg diet increased IgG titer as a primary and secondary response to sheep red blood cell (SRBC) injection. In addition, birds fed diet with GSE (150, 300, 450 mg/kg diet), or vitamin C (300 mg/kg diet) had higher levels of IgG titers as a secondary responses to SRBC. The GSE supplementation at the rate of 300 and 450 mg/kg diet reduced heterophil percent, heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, and increased the percentage of lymphocyte of broilers under heat stress. Supplementation of diet with GSE (300, 450 mg/kg diet) increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in birds under heat stress condition. The GSE or vitamin C supplementation did not affect the results of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) response, and relative weights of spleen and bursa of fabricius in chickens under heat stress. However, supplementation of diet with GSE (300, 450 mg/kg diet) or vitamin C (300 mg/kg diet) increased relative weight of thymus in birds under heat stress condition. Thus, GSE supplementation could alleviate the detrimental effects of heat stress in broiler chickens better than vitamin C and it is preferable for the health and economic goals since it is a natural waste by-product.

المصادر:

Acamovic T. and Brooker J.D. (2005). Biochemistry of plant secondary metabolites and their effects in animals. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 64, 403-412.

Ahmad T., Khali T., Mushta T., Mirz M.A., Nadee A., Babar M.E. and Ahmad G. (2008). Effect of potassium chloride supplementation in drinking water on broiler performance under heat stress conditions. Poult. Sci. 87, 1276-1280.

Akbarian A., Golian A., Kermanshahi H., Farhoosh R., Raji A.R., De Smet S. and Michiels J. (2013). Growth performance and gut health parameters of finishing broilers supplemented with plant extracts and exposed to daily increased temperature. Spanish J. Agric. Res. 11, 109-119.

AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. I. 15^th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.

Bautista-Ortega J. and Ruiz-Feria C.A. (2010). L-arginine and antioxidant vitamins E and C improve the cardiovascular performance of broiler chickens grown under chronic hypobaric hypoxia. Poult. Sci. 89, 2141-2146.

Brenes A., Viveros A., Goñi I., Centeno C., Saura-Calixto F. and Arija I. (2010). Effect of grape seed extract on growth performance, protein and polyphenol digestibilities, and antioxidant activity in chickens. Spanish J. Agric. Res. 8, 326-333.

Chamorro S., Viveros A., Centeno C., Romero C., Arija I., and Brenes A. (2013). Effects of dietary grape seed extract on growth performance, amino acid digestibility and plasma lipids and mineral content in broiler chicks. Animal. 7, 555-561.

Cheema M.A., Qureshi M.A. and Havenstein G.B. (2003). A comparison of the immune response of a 2001 commercial broiler with a 1957 random bred broiler strain when fed representative 1957 and 2001 broiler diets. Poult. Sci. 82, 1519-1529.

Cobb 500. (2012). Cobb Broiler Performance and Nutrient Supplement Guide. Cobb-Vantress Inc., Siloam Springs, Arkansas.

Corrier D.E. and DeLoach J.R. (1990). Evaluation of cell-mediated, cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity in young chickens by an interdigital skin test. Poult. Sci. 69, 403-408.

Duncan D.B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F-test. Biometrics. 11, 1-42.

Gonzalez M.J., Miranda-Massari J.R., Mora E.M., Guzman A., Riordan N.H., Riordan H.D., Casciari J.J., Jackson J.A. and Roman-Franco A. (2005). Orthomolecular oncology review: ascorbic acid and cancer 25 years later. Integr Cancer Ther. 4, 32-44.

Guney M., Oral B., Demirin H., Karahan N., Mungan T. and Delibas N. (2007). Protective effects of vitamins C and E against endometrial damage and oxidative stress in fluoride intoxication. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 34, 467-474.

Hashemipour H., Kermanshahi H., Golian A. and Veldkamp T. (2013). Effect of thymol and carvacrol feed supplementation on performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, fatty acid composition, digestive enzyme activities, and immune response in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 92, 2059-2069.

Heckert R.A., Estevez I., Russek-Cohen E. and Pettit-Riley R. (2002). Effects of density and perch availability on the immune status of broilers. Poult. Sci. 81, 451-457.

Hosseini-Vashan S.J., Golian A., Yaghobfar A., Zarban A., Afzali N. and Esmaeilinasab P. (2012). Antioxidant status, immune system, blood metabolites and carcass characteristic of broiler chickens fed turmeric rhizome powder under heat stress. African J. Biotechnol. 11, 16118-16125.

Hughes R.J., Brooker J.D. and Smyl C. (2005). Growth rate of broiler chickens given condensed tannins extracted from grape seed. Australian Poult. Sci. Symp. 17, 65-68.

Iacopini P., Baldi M., Storchic P. and Sebastiani L. (2008). Catechin, epicatechin, quercetin, rutin and resveratrol in red grape: Content, in vitro antioxidant activity and interactions. J. Food Comp. Anal. 21, 589-598.

Jain M.C. (1986). Schalm’s Veterinary Haematology. Publisher: Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Jain N.C. (1993). Essential of Veterinary Hematology. Publisher: Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Khaksar V., Golian A. and Kermanshahi H. (2012). Immune response and ileal microflora in broilers fed wheat-based diet with or without enzyme Endofeed W and supplementation of thyme essential oil or probiotic PrimaLac®. African J. Biotechnol. 11, 14716-14723.

Khalaji S., Zaghari M., Hatami K.H., Hedari-Dastjerdi S., Lotfi L. and Nazarian H. (2011). Black cumin seeds, Artemisia leaves (Artemisia sieberi), and Camellia plant extract as phytogenic products in broiler diets and their effects on performance, blood constituents, immunity, and cecal microbial population. Poult. Sci. 90, 2500-2510.

Lara L.J. and Rostango M.H. (2013). Impact of heat stress on poultry production. Animal. 3, 356-369.

Lau D.W. and King A.J. (2003). Pre and post-mortem use of grape seed extract in dark poultry meat to inhibit development of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51, 1602-1607.

Mesquita J.R. and Nascimento M.S.J. (2009). A food borne out break of norovirus gastroenteritis associated with a Christmas dinner in Porto Portu-gal, December 2008. Europin Surveill. 14, 19-21.

Nagaoka S., Kakiuchi T., Ohara K. and Mukai K. (2007). Kinetics of the reaction by which natural vitamin E is regenerated by vitamin C. Chem. Phys. Lipids. 146, 26-32.

Ojha R., Prasad R., Manzoor N. and Ahmad Khan L. (2010). Vitamin C modulates oxidative stress related enzyme activities in Candida albicans. Turkiah J. Biochem. 35, 35-40.

Paglia D.E. and Valentine W.N. (1967). Studies on the quantitative andqualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 70, 158-169.

Quinteiro-Filho W.M., Ribeiro A., Ferraz-de-Paula V., Pinheiro M.L., Sakai M., Sa L.R.M., Ferreira A.J.P. and Palermo-Neto J. (2010). Heat stress impairs performance parameters, induces intestinal injury, and decreases macrophage activity in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 89, 1905-1914.

Quinteiro-Filho W.M., Rodrigues M.V., Ribeiro A., Ferraz-de-Paula V., Pinheiro M.L., Sa L.R.M., Ferreira A.J.P. and Palermo-Neto J. (2012). Acute heat stress impairs performance parameters and induces mild intestinal enteritis in broiler chickens: Role of acute hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation. J. Anim. Sci. 90, 1986-1994.

Sahin K., Sahin N. and Kucuk O. (2003). Effects of chromium, and ascorbic acid supplementation on growth, carcass traits, serum metabolites, and antioxidant status of broiler chickens reared at a high ambient temperature (32 ˚C). Nutr. Res. 23, 225-238.

Sahin K., Sahin N., Onderci M., Yaralioglu S. and Kucuk O. (2001). Protective role of supplemental vitamin E on lipid peroxidation, vitamins E, A and some mineral concentrations of broilers reared under heat stress. Vet. Med. 46, 140-144.

SAS Institute. (2001). SAS^®/STAT Software, Release 8.2. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.

Serbecic N. and Beutelspacher S.C. (2005). Anti-oxidative vitamins prevent lipid peroxidation and apoptosis in corneal endothelial cells. Cell. Tissue Res. 320, 465-475.

Seven T.P., Seven I., Yilmaz M. and Ugsims E.K. (2008). The effects of Turkish propolis on growth and carcass characteristics in broilers under heat stress. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 146, 137-148.

Shi J., Yu J., Pohorly J.E. and Kakuda Y. (2003). Polyphenolics in grape seeds-biochemistry and functionality. J. Med. Food. 6, 291-299.

Sohail M.U., Ijaz A., Yousaf M.S., Ashraf K., Zaneb H., Aleem M. and Rehman H. (2010). Alleviation of cyclic heat stress in broilers by dietary supplementation of mannan-oli gosaccharide and Lactobacillus-based probiotic: Dynamics of cortisol, thyroid hormones, cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and humoral immunity. Poult. Sci. 89, 1934-1938.

Tan G.Y., Yang L., Fu Y.Q., Feng J.H. and Zhang M.H. (2010). Effects of different acute high ambient temperatures on function of hepatic mitochondrial respiration, antioxidative enzymes, and oxidative injury in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 89, 115-122.

Tayer M., Nobakht A. and Pishjangh J. (2012). Effects of different levels of green grape (Vitis vinifera) leaves on performance, carcass traits, blood biochemical and immunity parameters of broilers. Int. Res. J. Appl. Basic Sci. 3, 103-111.

Voljc M., Frankic T., Levart A., Nemec M. and Salobir J. (2011). Evaluation of different vitamin E recommendations and bioactivity of α-tocopherol isomers in broiler nutrition by measuring oxidative stress in vivo and the oxidative stability of meat. Poult. Sci. 90, 1478-1488.

Xia E.Q., Deng G.F., Guo Y.J. and Li H.B. (2010). Biological activities of polyphenols from grapes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 11, 622-646.

Xing X.L. (2004). A comparative study on the effects of different Chinese herbal medicinal feed additives in broiler chickens. WebMD. http://www.feedtrade.com. Accessed Feb. 2006.

Zal F., Mostafavi-Pour Z., Amini F. and Heidari A. (2012). Effect of vitamin E and C supplements on lipid peroxidation and GSH-dependent antioxidant enzyme status in the blood of women. Contraception. 86, 62-66.