Crude Protein Fractions and in vitroGas Production of Alfalfa Silages Treated with Pistachio by-Products Extract

الموضوعات :

ا. مختارپور ¹ (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran)
ع.ع. ناصریان ² (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran)
ر. ولی‌زاده ³ (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran)
م. دانش مسگران ⁴ (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran)
ف. پورملایی ⁵ (Agricultural Jihad Organization of Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran)

تاريخ الإرسال : 07 الإثنين , جمادى الثانية, 1435 تاريخ التأكيد : 04 الخميس , شوال, 1435 تاريخ الإصدار : 14 الإثنين , شعبان, 1436

الکلمات المفتاحية: crude protein fractionation, pistachio by-products, Polyethylene glycol, tannin bioassay, &lt, i&gt, in vitro&lt, /i&gt, gas production,

ملخص المقالة :

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the crude protein fractionation, in vitro gas production and the biological effects of tannins in alfalfa silage treated with different levels of pistachio by-products (PB) extract. PB was soaked in water with a ratio of 1:5 (w/v) for 12 h. After filtering and concentrating, the crude extract was added to fresh alfalfa to a final concentration of 1%, 2% and 3% tannin dry matter (DM) and then ensiled for 60 days. Four treatments were as follows: alfalfa silage without addition of PB extract as a control (T0), PB tannin added at 1% (T1), 2% (T2) and 3% DM (T3). Treating alfalfa silage decreased the formation of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) compounds and increased crude protein fraction B2 during ensilage. Cumulative in vitro gas production after 96 h incubation, organic matter digestibility (OMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) decreased in T2 and T3 compared to the control. The gas production and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) of treated silages increased in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) which indicates that the presence of phenolic compounds and tannins depressed the gas production. It can be concluded that treating alfalfa silage with PB extract can reduce the nitrogen losses during ensilage and degradability of organic matter (OM) by microbial inhibition.

المصادر:

Albrecht K.A. and Muck R.E. (1991). Proteolysis in ensiled forage legumes that vary in tannin concentration. Crop Sci. 31, 464-469.
AOAC. (2005). Official Methods of Analysis. 18^th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.
Broderick G.A. (1995). Performance of lactating dairy cows fed either alfalfa silage or alfalfa hay as the sole forage. J. Dairy Sci. 78, 320-329.
Getachew G., Makkar H.P.S. and Becker K. (2002). Tropical browses: contents of phenolic compounds, in vitro gas production and stoichiometric relationship between short chain fatty acid andin vitro gas production. J. Agric. Sci. 139, 341-352.
Getachew G., Pittroff W., Putnam D.H., Dandekar A., Goyal S., and De Peters E.J. (2008). The influence of addition of gallic acid, tannic acid, or quebracho tannins to alfalfa hay onin vitro rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 140, 444-461.
Givens D.I. and Rulquin H. (2004). Utilisation by ruminants of nitrogen compounds in silage-based diets. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 114, 1-18.
Guo X., Zhou H., Yu Z. and Zhang Y. (2007). Changes in the distribution of nitrogen and plant enzymatic activity during ensilage of lucerne treated with different additives. Grass Forage Sci. 62, 35-43.
Henderson N. (1993). Silage additives. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 45, 35-56.
Krishnamoorthy U., Muscato T.V., Sniffen C.J. and Van Soest P.J. (1982). Nitrogen fractions in selected feedstuffs. J. Dairy Sci. 65, 217-225.
Kumara Mahipala M.B.P., Krebs G.L., McCafferty P. and Gunaratne L.H.P. (2009). Chemical composition, biological effects of tannin and in vitro nutritive value of selected browse species grown in the west Australian Mediterranean environment. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 153, 203-215.
Licitra G., Hernandez T.M. and Van Soest P.J. (1996). Standardization of procedures for nitrogen fractionation of ruminant feeds. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 57, 347-358.
Makkar H.P.S. (2000). Quantification of Tannins in Tree Foliage. A Laboratory Manual for the FAO/IAEA Co-ordinated Research Project on Use of Nuclear and Related Techniques to Develop Simple Tannin Assays for Predicting and Improving the safety and Efficiency of Feeding Ruminants on Tanniniferous Tree Foliage. Joint FAO/IAEA, FAO/IAEA of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture. Animal Production and Health Sub-program, FAO/IAEA Working Document. IAEA, Vienna, Austria.
Makkar H.P.S., Blümmel M. and Becker K. (1995). In vitro effects and interactions of tannins and saponins and fate of tannins in rumen. J. Sci. Food Agric. 69, 481-493.
Makkar H.P. (2005). In vitro gas methods for evaluation of feeds containing phytochemicals. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 123, 291-302.
Mcsweeny C.S., Palmer B., McNeill D.M. and Krause D.O. (2001). Microbial interaction with tannin: nutritional consequences for ruminants. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 91, 83-93.
Menke K.H. and Steingass H. (1988). Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and gas production using rumen fluid.Anim. Res. Dev. 28, 7-55.
Min B.R., Barry T.N., Attwood G.T. and McNabb W.C. (2003). The effect of condensed tannins on the nutrition and health of ruminants fed fresh temperate forages: a review. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 106, 3-19.
Mokhtarpour A., Naserian A.A., Valizadeh R., Danesh Mesgaran M. and Pourmollae F. (2014). Extraction of phenolic compounds and tannins from pistachio by-products. Annu. Rev. Res. Biol. 4, 1330-1338.
Ørskov E.R. and McDonald I. (1979). The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. J. Agric. Sci. 92, 499-503.
Osuga I.M., Abdulrazak S.A., Ichinohe T., Ondiek J.O. and Fujihara T. (2006). Degradation characteristics and tannin bioassay of some browse forage from Kenya harvested during the dry season. Anim. Sci. J. 77, 414-421.
Provenza F.D., Burritt E.A., Perevolotsky A. and Silanikove N. (2000). Self-regulation of intake of polyethylene glycol by sheep fed diets varying in tannin concentrations. J. Anim. Sci. 78, 1206-1212.
SASInstitute. (2001). SAS^®/STAT Software, Release 9.1. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Tabacco E., Borreani G., Crovetto G.M., Galassi G., Colombo D. and Cavallarin L. (2006). Effect of chestnut tannin on fermentation quality, proteolysis and protein rumen degradability of alfalfa silage. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 4736-4746.
Theodorou M.K.,Williams B.A., Dhanoa M.S., McAllan A. and France J. (1994). A simple gas production method using a pressure transducer to determine the fermentation kinetics of ruminant feeds. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 48, 185-197.
Van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B. and Lewis B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3583-3597.
Yanez Ruiz D.R., Moumen A., Martın Garcıa A.I. and Molina Alcaide E. (2004). Ruminal fermentation and degradation patterns, protozoa population, and urinary purine derivatives excretion in goats and wethers fed diets based on two-stage olive cake: effect of PEG supply. J. Anim. Sci. 82, 2023-2032.
Yousef Elahi M., Rouzbehan Y. and Rezaee A. (2012). Effects of phenolic compounds in three oak species onin vitro gas production using inoculums of two breeds of indigenous Iranian goats. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 176, 26-31.