Effect of Corn Silage Combined with Prebiotic or Probiotic on Performance, Immune Response, Blood Parameters, and Bone Indices in Molted Layer Hens
الموضوعات :
M. Akbari Alaei
1
(Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran)
B. Dastar
2
(Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran)
T. Ghoorchi
3
(Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran)
A. Khosravi
4
(Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran)
M. Alemi
5
(Department of Animal and Poultry Physiology, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran)
الکلمات المفتاحية: Probiotic, laying hen, Prebiotic, corn silage, molt,
ملخص المقالة :
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of corn silage with prebiotic or probiotic on performance, immune response, and bone indices in layer hens during the molting period. Sixty 89-weeks old hens after the acclimatization period was used in a completely randomized design with five treatments including production diet (PD), feed withdrawal (FW), 20% PD plus 80% corn silage (CS80), 80% corn silage with 20% PD and probiotic at a level of 0.5 g/kg (CS80+Pro); 80% corn silage with 20% PD and prebiotic at a level of 1 g/kg (CS80+Pre). Four replicates of three birds were allocated to each treatment and the experiment lasted for 14 days. Results indicated that hens fed corn silage alone or combined with prebiotic or probiotic had significantly lesser feed intake than the PD group (P<0.05). Hens subjected to feed withdrawal treatment or corn silage feeding loss of roughly 22 to 30 percent of their body weight which was significantly lesser than hens fed PD (P<0.05). The FW and the use of corn silage alone or with prebiotic or probiotic compared to PD, resulted in a significant decrease of the ovary and liver weights (P<0.05). Blood phosphorus concentration was significantly higher in corn silage with prebiotic or probiotic treatments than in FW and PD treatments (P<0.05). This experiment showed that corn silage could be used as an effective method for force molting instead of feed withdrawal.
Alaqil A.A., Abbas A.O., El-Beltagi H.S., El-Atty H.K.A., Mehaisen G.M.K. and Moustafa E.S. (2020). Dietary supplementation of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus modulates cholesterol levels, immune response, and productive performance of laying hens. Animals. 10, 1588-1569.
Ashoori A., Saki A.A., Ahmadi A. and Jafari M. (2021). Molting method alternative and detection of estrogen receptors by immunohistochemical methods on molted layers. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 53, 96-105.
Ayasi H., Dastar B., Ghoorchi T., Hashemi S.R. and Tabaraei A. (2016). Effect of utilization of maize silage in moult inducing diets on performance, immune response and bone quality in laying hens. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 25, 52-57.
Ayasi H., Dastar B., Ghoorchi T., Hashemi R.R., Tabaraei A. and Alemi M. (2022). Effect of corn silage and alfalfa meal as alternative induced molt methods to improving Salmonella enteritidis resistance in laying hens. Poult. Sci. 101, 1-13.
Baker M., Brake J. and McDaniel G.R. (1983). The relationship between body weight loss during an induced molt and post molt egg production, egg weight, and shell quality in caged layers. Poult. Sci. 62, 409-413.
Bayraktar B. and Tekce E. (2020). Effect of probiotic supplementation on adipokine profile visfatin adiponectin and chemerin intestinal citrulline and thyroid functions in Japanese quails subjected to heat stress. European Poult. Sci. 84, 1-14.
Bayraktar B., Tekce E., Kaya H., Gürbüz A.B., Dirican E., Korkmaz S., Atalay B. and Ülker U. (2021). Adipokine, gut and thyroid hormone responses to probiotic application in chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar) exposed to heat stress. Acta Vet. Hung. 69, 282-290.
Berry W.D. (2003). The physiology of induced molting. Poult. Sci. 82, 971-980.
Biggs P.E., Persia M.E., Koelkebeck K.W. and Parsons C.M. (2004). Further evaluation of nonfeed removal methods for molting programs. Poult. Sci. 83, 745-752.
Dastar B., Khosravi A., Boldajie F. and Ghoorchi T. (2016). Effect of calcium with and without probiotic, lactose, or both on organ and body weights, immune response and caecal microbiota in moulted laying hens. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 100, 243-250.
Donalson L.M., Kim W.K., Woodward C.L., Herrera P., Kubena L.F., Nisbet D.J. and Ricke S.C. (2005). Utilizing different ratios of alfalfa and production diet for molt induction and performance in commercial laying hens. Poult. Sci. 84, 362-369.
Donalson L.M., McReynolds J.L., Kim W.K., Chalova V.I., Woodward C.L., Kubena L.F., Nisbet D.J. and Ricke S.C. (2008). The influence of a fructooligosaccharide prebiotic combined with alfalfa molt diets on the gastrointestinal tract fermentation, Salmonella enteritidis infection, and intestinal shedding in laying hens. Poult. Sci. 87, 1253-1262.
Davis G.S., Anderson K.E. and Carroll A.S. (2000). The effects of long-term caging and molt of Single Comb White Leghorn hens on heterophil to lymphocyte ratios, corticosterone and thyroid hormones. Poult. Sci. 79, 514-518.
Gibson G.R., Hutkins R., Sanders M.E., Prescott S.L., Reimer R.A., Salminen S.J., Scott K., Stanton C., Swanson K.S., Cani P.D., Verbeke K. and Reid G. (2017). Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 14, 491-502.
Gongruttananun N., Kochagate P., Poonpan K., Yu-nun N., Aungsakul J. and Sopa N. (2017). Effects of an induced molt using cassava meal on body weight loss, blood physiology, ovarian regression, and postmolt egg production in late-phase laying hens. Poult. Sci. 96, 1925-1933.
Glatz P.C. and Tilbrook A.J. (2020). Welfare issues associated with moulting of laying hens. Anim. Prod. Sci. 61, 1006-1012.
Hassan H.A. and Ragab M.S. (2007). Single and combined effects of manan oligosaccharide (MOS) and dietary protein on the performance and immunity response of laying hens. Egyptian Poult. Sci. J. 27, 969-987.
He S., Yin Q., Xiong Y., Liu D. and Hu H. (2020). Effects of dietary fumaric acid on the growth performance, immune response, relative weight and antioxidant status of immune organs in broilers exposed to chronic heat stress. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 65, 104-113.
Hill C., Guarner F., Reid G., Gibson G.R., Merenstein D.J., Pot B., Morelli L., Canani R.B., Flint H.J., Salminen S., Calder P.C. and Sanders M.E. (2014). The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 11, 506-514.
Holt P.S. (2003). Molting and Salmonella enteritidis serovar enteritidis infection: The problem and some solutions. Poult. Sci. 8, 1008-1010.
Khan S.H., Atif M., Mukhtar N., Rehman A. and Fareed G. (2011). Effects of supplementation of multi-enzyme and multi-species probiotic on production performance, egg quality, cholesterol level and immune system in laying hens. J. Appl. Res. 39, 386-398.
Khan S., Moore R.J., Stanley D. and Chousalkar K.K. (2020). The gut microbiota of laying hens and its manipulation with prebiotics and probiotics to enhance gut health and food safety. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 86, 1-20.
Khodadadi I.H., Moravej H., Shivazad M. and Mehrabani- Yeganeh H. (2008). Comparison of four induced molting methods based on subsequent performance and welfare of single comb white leghorn hens. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci. 1, 98-102.
Kim W.K., Donalson L.M., Mitchell A.D., Kubena L.F., Nisbet D.J. and Ricke S.C. (2006). Effects of alfalfa and fructooligosaccharide on moltingparameters and bone qualities using dual energy X-Ray absorptiometry and conventional bone assays. Poult. Sci. 85, 15-20.
Landers K.L., Moore R.W., Dunkley C.S., Herrera P., Kim W.K., Landers D.A., Howard Z.R., McReynolds J.L., Byrd J.A., Kubena L.F., Nisbet D.J. and Ricke S.C. (2007). Immunological cell and serum metabolite response of 60-week-old commercial laying hens to an alfalfa meal molt diet. Bioresour. Technol. 99, 604-608.
Moghaddam A., Kakhki R., Mousavi Z. and Anderson K.E. (2018). An appraisal of moulting on post-moult egg production and egg weight distribution in white layer hens; meta-analysis. British Poult. Sci. 59, 278-285.
Mitchell E.B. and Johns J. (2008). Avian hematology and related disorders. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract. 11, 501-509.
Muszyński S., Kwiecień M., Tomaszewska E., Świetlicka I., Dobrowolski P., Kasperek k. and Jeżewska-Witkowska G. (2017). Effect of caponization on performance and quality characteristics of long bones in Polbar chickens. Poult Sci. 96(2), 491-500.
Neal-McKinney J.M., Lu X., Duong T., Larson C.L., Call D.R., Shah D.H. and Konkel M.E. (2012). Production of organic acids by probiotic lactobacilli can be used to reduce pathogen load in poultry. PLoS One. 7, e43928.
Nobakht A. and Fard B.H. (2016). The effects of using rice bran, enzyme and probiotic on performance, egg quality traits and blood metabolites in laying hens. Iranian J. Anim. Sci. 46, 417-427.
Park S.Y., Kim W.K., Birkhold S.G., Kubena L.F., Nisbet D.J. and Ricke S.C. (2004). Induced molting issues and alternative dietary strategies for the egg industry in the United States. World’s Poult. Sci. J. 60, 196-209.
Pineda-Quiroga C., Borda-Molina D., Chaves-Moreno D., Ruiz R., Atxaerandio R., Camarinha-Silva A. and García-Rodríguez A. (2019). Microbial and functional profile of the ceca from laying hens affected by feeding prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics. Microorganisms. 7, 123-130.
Pourabedin M. and Zhao X. (2015). Prebiotics and gut microbiota in chickens. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 362, 122-129.
Price P.T., Byrd J.A., Alvarado C.Z., Pavlidis H.O., McIntyre D.R. and Archer G.S. (2018). Utilizing original XPCTM in feed to reduce stress susceptibility of broilers. Poult. Sci. 97, 855-859.
Rodehutscord M. and Rosenfelder P. (2016). Phytate Destruction-Consequences for Precision in Animal Nutrition. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
SAS Institute. (2005). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 9.4. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Scholz-Ahrens K.E., Schaafsma Vanden G., Heuvel E.G.H.M. and Schrezenmeir J. (2001). Effects of prebiotics on mineral metabolism. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 73, 459-464.
Sturkie P.D. (1995). Avian Physiologhy. Springer Verlag, New York.
Soe H.Y., Yayota M. and Ohtani S.H. (2009). Effect of molt-induction period oninduction of molt and post-molt performance in laying hens. J. Poult. Sci. 46, 203-211.
Swiatkiewicz S. and Arczewska-Wlosek A. (2012). Prebiotic fructans and organic acids as feed additives improving mineral availability. World's Poult. Sci. J. 68, 269-279.
Tang S.G.H., Sieo C.C., Ramasamy K., Saad W.Z., Wong, H.K. and Ho Y.W. (2017). Performance, biochemical and hematological responses, and relative organ weights of laying hens fed diets supplemented with prebiotic, probiotic and symbiotic. BMC Vet. Res. 13, 248-259.
Tayeri V., Seidavi A., Asadpour L. and Phillips C.J.C. (2018). A comparison of the effects of antibiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and prebiotics on the performance and carcass characteristics of broilers. Vet. Res. Commun. 42, 195-207.
Wilson S. and Thorp B.H. (1998). Estrogen and cancellous bone loss in the fowl. Calcif. Tissue Int. 62, 506-511.
Yan F., Murugesan G. and Cheng H. (2019). Effects of probiotic supplementation on performance traits, bone mineralization, cecal microbial composition, cytokines and corticosterone in laying hens. Animal. 13, 33-41.
Zhao Y., Zeng D., Wang H., Qing X., Sun N., Xin J., Luo M., Khalique A., Pan K., Shu G., Jing B. and Ni X. (2019). Dietary probiotic Bacillus licheniformis H2 enhanced growth performance, morphology of small intestine and liver, and antioxidant capacity of broiler chickens against Clostridium perfringens–induced subclinical Necrotic enteritis. Probiotics Antimicro. 12, 883-895.
