Effects of Sodium Bentonite on Blood Parameters, Feed Digestibility and Rumen Fermentation Parameters of Male Balouchi Sheep Fed Diet Contaminated by Diazinon, an Organophosphate Pesticide
الموضوعات :م.ه. اعظمی 1 , ع.م. طهماسبی 2 , و. فروهر 3 , ع.ع. ناصریان 4
1 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
3 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
4 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
الکلمات المفتاحية: sodium bentonite, blood parameter, nutrient digestibility, diazinon, male Balouchi sheep, ru-men parameter,
ملخص المقالة :
The remnants of pesticides in livestock feeds have been increased by excessive using of these pesticides so as to meet extreme demands for more feeds. Finding a new strategy for reducing pesticides negative effects is absolutely necessary. Therefore, evaluation of the effects of sodium bentonite on blood parameters, feed digestibility and rumen fermentation parameters in sheep fed diets contaminated by diazinon, an organophosphate pesticide, was the aim of this study. Eight canulated male Balouchi sheep (40±2 kg) assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in four 21-day-period. Treatments were: 1) control group, 2) control + 4% sodium bentonite, 3) control + 21 ppm diazinon and 4) control + 4% sodium bentonite + 21 ppm diazinon. Dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility were not affected by treatments. Sodium bentonite decreased pH variation after feeding. Ammonia nitrogen of rumen liquor was the same among treatments before feeding however 3 and 6 hours after feeding, amount of ammonia nitrogen was significantly higher in groups fed pesticide contaminated diets (P<0.05). Hemoglobin, white blood cells and hematocrit were not affected by treatments but red blood cells and acetylcholinesterase activity were significantly reduced in groups fed pesticide contaminated diets (P<0.05). Results of present study showed that using sodium bentonite as a binder was effective to reduce negative effects of diazinon on pH variation and acetylcholinesterase activity and it has no effect on hemoglobin, white blood cells, hematocrit and nutrient digestibility. Therefore, sodium bentonite can be used as an effective diazinon binder in sheep diet.
Aazami M.H., Tahmasbi A.M., Ghaffari M., Naserian A.A., Valizadeh R. and Ghaffari A. (2013). Effects of saponins on rumen fermentation, nutrients digestibility, performance, and plasma metabolites in sheep and goat kids. Annu. Rev. Res. Biol. 3(4), 596-607.
Aghashahi A.R., Mirhadi S.A. and Moradishahre Babak M. (2005). Effects of natural bentonite (Montmorillonite), processed bentonite and clinopetilolite-rich tuff on the fermentation parameters, rumen microbial population and feedlot performance in male calves. Irnian J. Agric. Sci. 36, 3-10.
Aguilera-Soto J., Ramirez R., Arechiga C., Mendez-Llorente F., Lopez-Carlos M., Pina-Flores J., Medina-Flores C., Rodriguez-Frausto H., Rodriguez-Tenorio D. and Gutierrez-Banuelos H. (2009). Effect of feed additives on digestibility and milk yield of Holstein cows fed wet brewer grains. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 36(2), 227-230.
AOAC. (2002). Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. I. 18th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.
Ashraf M.A., Maah M.J., Yusoff I. and Mehmood K. (2010). Effects of polluted water irrigation on environment and health of people in Jamber, District Kasur, Pakistan. Int. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 10(3), 37-57.
Betrosian A., Balla M., Kafiri G., Kofinas G., Makri R. and Kakouri A. (1995). Multiple systems organ failure from organophosphate poisoning. J. Clin. Toxicol. 33(3), 257-260.
Boucard T.K., Parry J., Jones K. and Semple K.T. (2004). Effects of organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid sheep dip formulations on protozoan survival and bacterial survival and growth. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 47, 121-127.
Chamber J.E. and Levi P.A. (1992). Organophosphates: chemistry, fate and effects. Academic Press, San Diego, California.
Chegeni A., Li Y., Deng K., Jiang C. and Diao Q. (2013). Effect of dietary polymer-coated urea and sodium bentonite on digestibility, rumen fermentation, and microbial protein yield in sheep fed high levels of corn stalk. Livest. Sci. 157(1), 141-150.
Chen H., He X., Rong X., Chen W., Cai P., Liang W., Li S. and Huang Q. (2009). Adsorption and biodegradation of carbaryl on montmorillonite, kaolinite and goethite. Appl. Clay Sci. 46, 102-108.
Daneshvar N., Aber S., Khani A. and Rasoulifard M.H. (2007). Investigation of adsorption kinetics and isotherms of imidacloprid as a pollutant from aqueous solution by adsorption onto industrial granular activated carbon. J. Food Agric. Environ. 5, 425-429.
Debski B., Kania B.F. and Kuryl T. (2007). Transformations of diazinon, an organophosphate compound in the environment and poisoning by this compound. Ekológia. 26(1), 68.
Dixon J.B. and Schulze D.G. (2002). Soil Mineralogy with Environmental Applications: Soil Science Societyof America, Inc. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Donia M.A., Abou-Arab A., Enb A., El-Senaity M. and Abd-Rabou N. (2010). Chemical composition of raw milk and the accumulation of pesticide residues in milk products. Glob. Vet. 4(1), 06-14.
Eisenhour D.D. and Brown R.K. (2009). Bentonite and its impact on modern life. Elements. 5(2), 83-88.
Fisher L. and Mackay V. (1983). The effect of sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate plus magnesium oxide or bentonite on the intake of corn silage by lactating cows. J. Anim. Sci. 63(1), 141-148.
Gaikwad A.S., Karunamoorthy P., Kondhalkar S.J., Ambikapathy M. and Beerappa R. (2015). Assessment of hematological, biochemical effects and genotoxicity among pesticide sprayers in grape garden. Int. J. Occup. Med. Toxicol. 10, 1-11.
Galyean M. and Chabot R. (1981). Effects of sodium bentonite, buffer salts, cement kiln dust and clinoptilolite on rumen characteristics of beef steers fed a high roughage diet. J. Anim. Sci. 52, 1197-1204.
Garillo E., Pradhan R. and Tobioka H. (1995). Effects of activated carbon on growth, ruminal characteristics, blood profiles and feed digestibility in sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 8(1), 43-50.
Gaworecki K.M. and Klaine S.J. (2008). Behavioral and biochemical responses of hybrid striped bass during and after fluoxetine exposure. Aquat Toxicol. 88, 207-213.
Ha J., Emerick R. and Embry L. (1983). In vitro effect of pH variations on rumen fermentation, and in vivo effects of buffers in lambs before and after adaptation to high concentrate diets. J. anim. Sci. 56(3), 698-706.
Helal F. and Abdel-Rahman K. (2010). Productive performance of lactating ewes fed diets supplementing with dry yeast and / or bentonite as feed additives. J. Agric. Sci. 6(5), 489-498.
Hershberger T., Wilson L., Chase L., Rugh M. and Varela-Alvarez H. (1971). Effect of activated carbon on lamb performance and rumen parameters1. J. Dairy Sci. 54(5), 693-695.
Hofman J., Beerendonk E., Folmer H. and Kruithof J. (1997). Removal of pesticides and other micropollutants with cellulose-acetate, polyamide and ultra-low pressure reverse osmosis membranes. Desalinat. 113, 209-214.
Hua W., Bennett E.R. and Letcher R.J. (2006). Ozone treatment and the depletion of detectable pharmaceuticals and atrazine herbicide in drinking water sourced from the upper Detroit River, Ontario, Canada. Water Res. 40, 2259-2266.
Ivan M., Neill L., Alimon R. and Jalaludin S. (2001). Effects of bentonite on rumen fermentation and duodenal flow of dietary components in sheep fed palm kernel cake by-product. J. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 92(1), 127-135.
Jadhav K.B. and Rajini P.S. (2009). Evaluation of sublethal effects of dichlorvos upon Caenorhabditis elegans based on a set of end points of toxicity. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxic. 23, 9-17.
Jemec A., Drobne D., Tišler T., Trebše P., Roš M. and Sepčić K. (2007). The applicability of acetylcholinesterase and glutathione S-transferase in Daphnia magna toxicity test. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C: Toxicol. Pharmacol. 144, 303-309.
Judge S.J., Savy C.Y., Campbell M., Dodds R., Gomes L.K., Laws G., Watson A., Blain P.G., Morris C.M. and Gartside S.E. (2016). Mechanism for the acute effects of organophosphate pesticides on the adult 5-HT system. Chem. Biol. Interact. 245, 82-89.
Kazemi M., Tahmasbi A.M., Valizadeh R. and Naserian A.A. (2012). Toxic influence of diazinon as an organophosphate pesticide on parameters of dry matter degradability according to in situ technique. Int. J. Basic. Appl. Sci. 12(06), 229-233.
Khan O. (2001). Organophosphate poisoning in a group of replacement heifers and dry cows. Canadian Vet. J. 42(7), 561-567.
Kovac G., Reichel P., Seidel H. and Mudron P. (1998). Effects of sorbents during organophosphate intoxication in sheep. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 43, 3-7.
Lotti M. (1995). Cholinesterase inhibition: complexities in interpretation. Clin. Chem. 41(12), 1814-1818.
Malato S., Blanco J., Richter C., Milow B. and Maldonado M. (1999). Solar photocatalytic mineralization of commercial pesticides: methamidophos. Chemosphere. 38, 1145-1156.
McCullough M. (1974). Improving urea utilization in ruminants. Georgia Agric. Res. 15, 3-10.
Ministry of Agriculture, MOA, PRC (2004). Feeding Standard of Meatproducing Sheep and Goats (NY/T 816-2004). China Agricultural Press, Beijing, China.
Moretto A. and Johnson M. (1987). Toxicology of organophosphates and carbamates. Pp. 33-48. in Toxicology of Pesticides. L.G. Costa, C.L. Galli and S.D. Murphy, Eds, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Nistiar F., Hrusovský J., Mojzis J. and Mizik P. (1984). Distribution of dichlorvos in the rat and the effect of clinoptilolite on poisoning. Vet. Meal. 29, 689-698.
Nistiar F., Mojžiš J., Kovac G., Seidel H. and Racz O. (2000). Influence of intoxication with organophosphates on rumen bacteria and rumen protozoa and protective effect of clinoptilolite-rich zeolite on bacterial and protozoan concentration in rumen. Folia Microbiol. 6, 567-571.
Prasad K. and Chhabra A. (2001). Organo-chlorine pesticide residues in animal feeds and fodders. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 71(12), 1178-1180.
Raikwar M. and Nag S. (2003). Organochlorine pesticide residues in animal feeds. Pp. 54-57 in Proc. 40th Annu. Conven. Chem.Indian Chemical Society, India.
Rumsey T., Williams E. and Evans A. (1975). Tissue residues, performance and ruminal and blood characteristics of steers fed ronnel and activated carbon. J. Anim. Sci. 40, 743-749.
Saleh M. (1994). Using of feed additives for feeding farm animals. Ph D. Thesis. Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
SAS Institute. (1999). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 8. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Schwartz C.C., Nagy J. and Streeter C. (1973). Pesticide effect on rumen microbial function. J. Anim. Sci. 37(3), 821-826.
Steel R.G. and Torrie J.H. (1960). Principles and procedures of statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, London, New York.
Stephenson R., Huff J., Krebs G. and Howitt C. (1992). Effect of molasses, sodium bentonite and zeolite on urea toxicity. Australian J. Agric. Res. 43, 301-310.
Van Cong N., Phuong N.T. and Bayley M. (2009). Effects of repeated exposure of diazinon on cholinesterase activity and growth in snakehead fish (Channa striata). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 72(3), 699-703.
Van Soest P.V., Robertson J. and Lewis B. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3583-3597.
Wallace R. and Newbold C. (1991). Effects of bentonite on fermentation in the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec) and on rumen ciliate protozoa. J. Agric. Sci. Camb. 116, 163-168.
Williams A.G. Withers S.E. (1993). Changes in the rumen microbial population and its activities during the refaunation period after the reintroduction of ciliate protozoa into the rumen of defaunated sheep. Canadian J. Microbiol. 31, 61-69.
Zertal A., Jacquet M., Lavédrine B. and Sehili T. (2005). Photodegradation of chlorinated pesticides dispersed on sand. Chemosphere. 58, 1431-1437.
