Effects of Euphorbia hirta and Acidifiers Supplement on Resistance of Broiler Chickens against Salmonella enteritidis Infection: Oral Challenge Model
الموضوعات :س.ر. هاشمی 1 , آ. زولکیفلی 2 , ه. داوودی 3 , م. هیر-بجو 4 , ز. زونیتا 5
1 - Department of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
2 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
3 - Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Golestan University of Medical Science, Gorgan, Iran
4 - Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
5 - Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
الکلمات المفتاحية: Broiler, herbal plant, organic acid, <i>Euphorbia hirta</i>, <i>Salmonella</i>,
ملخص المقالة :
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Euphorbia hirta and acidifiers supplement on resistance of broiler chickens against Salmonella enteritidis infection. A total of 120 day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments. 1) basal diet, 2) basal diet supplemented with 2 g/kg organic acid (OA) and 3) basal diet supplemented with 7.5 g/kg E. hirta (EH7.5). At d 3, all chicks were inoculated by 1 mL S. enteritidis (1.5×108 cfu/bird). Cloacal swabs were taken from the inoculated chicken on d 2, 10, 17, 23 and 28 post inoculation and the chicks were killed for microbiological examination on d 7, 14 and 28 after challenge. At seven and 14 days after challenge, the number of S. entritidis was significantly (P<0.05) higher in control group than the other groups and the rate of ceca enumeration dropped significantly (P<0.05) after 14 days in birds fed with OA compared to the EH7.5 diet. At 10 d after challenge, EH7.5 and OA treatments were significantly reduced in S. entritidis shedding compared with the control group (P<0.05). Cloacal S. entritidis shedding was not observed after 17 days post challenge in OA, as well as 23 days post challenge in OA and EH7.5 groups. In conclusion, this study clearly demonstrated that feeding of both EH7.5 and OA could successfully control S. enteritidis infection in broilers. However, based on S. entritidis cecal colonization and S. entritidis cloacal swabs, it is inferred that OA appeared to be more effective than EH7.5 inclusion in the diet on controlling salmonelosis in broilers.
Adedapo A.A., Abatan M.O., Idowu S.O. and Olorunsogo O.O. (2005). Effects of chromatographic fractions of Euphorbia hirta on the rat serum biochemistry. African J. Biomed. Res. 8, 185-189.
Altekruse S., Bauer N., Chanlongbutra A., DeSagun R., Naugle A., Schlosser W., Umholtz R. and White P. (2006). Salmonella enteritidis in broiler chickens, United States, 2000-2005. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12, 1848-1852.
Al-Turki A. and El-Ziney M.G. (2007). Antibacterial effect of thyme, peppermint, sage, bleck pepper and garlic hydrolysis against Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella enteritidis. J. Food Agricu. Environ. 5, 228-233.
Bailey J.S. and Maurer J.J. (2001). Salmonella Species. Pp. 141-178. in food microbiology: fundamentals and frontiers. M.P. Doyle, L.R. Beuchat and T.J. Montville, Eds. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
Barrow M. (1991). Factor influencing the intestinal infection of chickens with Salmonella typhimurium. Avian. Dis. 13, 804-816.
Betts G.D., Linton P. and Betteridge R.J. (1999). Food spoilage yeasts: effects of pH, NaCl and temperature on growth. Food Control. 10, 27-33.
Boling-Frankenbach S.D., Snow J.L., Parsons C.M. and Baker D.H. (2001). The effect of citric acid on calcium and phosphorus requirements of chicks fed corn-soybean meal diets. Poult. Sci. 80, 783-788.
Briandet R., Meylheuc T., Maher C. and Bellon-Fontaine M.N. (1999). Listeria monocytogenes Scott A: cell surface charge, hydrophobicity and electron donor and acceptor characteristics under different environmental growth conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65, 5328-5333.
Byrd J.A., Hargis B.M., Caldwell D.J., Bailey R.H., Herron K.L., McReynolds J.L., Brewer R.L., Anderson R.C., Bischoff K.M., Callaway T.R. and Kubena L.F. (2001). Effect of lactic acid administration in the drinking water during preslaughter feed withdrawal on Salmonella and Campylobacter. Poult. Sci. 80, 278-83.
Cherrington C.A., Hinton M., Mead G.C. and ChopraI. (1991). Organic acids: chemistry, antibacterial activity and practical applications. Adv. Microbial Physiol. 32, 87-108.
Chung K.T., Stevens S.E., Jr-Lin W.F. and Wie C.I. (1993). Growth inhibition of selected food borne bacteria by tannic acid, propyl gallate and related compounds. Let. Appl. Microbiol. 17, 29-32.
Corrier D.E., Nisbet D.J., Hollister A.G., Scanlan C.M., Hargis B.M. and De Loach J.R. (1993). Development of definedcultures and indigenous cecal bacteria to control salmonellosis in broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 72, 1164-1168.
Corrier D.E., Nisbet D.J., Scanlan C.M., Hollister A.G. and De Loach J.R. (1995). Control of Salmonella typhimurium colonization in broiler chicks with a continuous-flow characterizedmixed culture of bacteria. Poult. Sci. 74, 916-924.
Cosentino S., Tuberoso C.I.G., Pisano B., Satta M., Mascia V., Arzedi E. and Palmas F. (1999). In vitro antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Sardinian Thymus essential oils. Let. Appl. Microbiol. 29, 130-135.
Cowan M.M. (1999). Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 12, 564-582.
Deak T. and Beuchat L.R. (1996). Handbook of food spoilage. CRC Press, New York, USA.
Dibner J.J. and Buttin P. (2002). Use of organic acids as a model to study the impact of gut microflora on nutrition and metabolism. Appl. Poult. Res. 11, 453-463.
Dorman H.J.D., Deans S.G. and Surai P. (1995). Evaluation in vitro of plant essential oils as natural antioxidants. J. Essent. Oil. Res. 7, 645-651.
Duncan D.B. (1995). Multiple range and multiple F-test. Biometrics. 11, 1-42.
Ec. (2003). Regulation (EC) No 2160/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17. November 2003 on the control of salmonella and other specified food-borne zoonotic agents. Offic. J. European Comm. 325, 1-15.
Ewing W.N. and Cole D.J.A. (1994). The Living Gut: An Introduction to Micro-Organisms in Nutrition. Context, Dungannon, Ireland.
Ferd D.J. (1974). The effect of microflora on gastrointestinal pH in the chick. Poult. Sci. 53, 115-131.
Fernández-Rubio C., Ordóñez C., Abad-González J., Garcia-Gallego A., Pilar Honrubia M., Jose Mallo J. and Balaña-Fouce R. (2009). Butyric acid-based feed additives help protect broiler chickens from Salmonella enteritidis infection. Poult. Sci. 88, 943-948.
Hashemi S.R. and Davoodi H. (2010). Phytogenics as new class of feed additive in poultry industry. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 9, 2955-2304.
Hashemi S.R. and Davoodi H. (2011). Herbal plants and their derivatives as growth and health promoters in animal nutrition.Vet. Res. Comm. 35, 169-180.
Hashemi S.R., ZulkifliI., Zunita Z. and N.Somchit M. (2008a). The effect of selected sterilization methods on antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of herbal plants. J. Biol. Sci. 8, 1072-1076.
Hashemi S.R., ZulkifliI., Hair Bejo M., Farida A. and Somchit M.N. (2008b). Acute toxicity study and phytochemical screening of selected herbal aqueous extract in broiler chickens. Int. J. Pharmacol. 4, 352-360.
Heres L., Engel B., Urlings H.A.P., Wagenaar J.A. and Van Knapenb F. (2004). Effect of acidified feed on susceptibility of broiler chickens to intestinal infection by Campylobacter and Salmonella. Vet. Microbiol. 99, 259-267.
Higgins S.E., Higgins J.P., Wolfenden A.D., Henderson S.N., Torres-Rodriguez A., Tellez G. and Hargis B. (2008). Evaluation of a Lactobacillus-based probiotic culture for thereduction of Salmonella enteritidis in neonatal broiler chicks. Poult. Sci.
87, 27-31.
Jarquin R.L., Nava G.M., Wolfenden A.D., Donoghue A.M., Hanning I., Higgins S.E. and Hargis B.M. (2007). The evaluation of organic acids and probiotic cultures to reduce Salmonella enteriditis horizontal transmission and crop infection in broiler chickens. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 6, 182-186.
Juven B.J., Kanner J., Schved F. and Weisslowicz H. (1994). Factors that interact with the antibacterial action of thyme essential oil and its active constituents. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 76, 626-663.
Kankaanpaa P., Yang B., Kallio H., Isolauri E. and Salminen S. (2004). Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in growth medium on lipid composition and on physicochemical surface properties of lactobacilli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70, 129-136.
Karou D., Savadogo A., Canini A., Yameogo S., Montesano C., Simpore J., Colizzi V. and Traore A.S. (2006). Antibacterial activity of alkaloids from Sidaacuta. African J. Biotechnol. 5, 195-200.
Kimura A.C., Reddy V., Marcus R., Cieslak P.R., Mohle-Boetani J.C., Kassenborg H.D., Segler S.D., Hardnett F.P., Barrett T., and Swerdlow D.L. (2004). Chicken consumption is a newly identified risk factor for sporadic Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis infections in the United States: a case-control study in food net sites. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38, 244-252.
Marcus R., Varma J.K., Medus C., Boothe E.J., Anderson B.J., Crume T., Fullerton K.E., Moore M.R., White P.L., Lyszkowicz E., Voetsch A.C. and Angulo F.J. (2007). Re-assessment a newly identified risk factor for sporadic Salmonella enterica infections: a case-control study in five food net sites, 2002-2003. Epidemiol. Infect. 135, 84-92.
McElroy A.P., Manning J.G., Jaeger L.A. Taub M., Williams J.D., and Hargis B.M. (1994). Effect of prolonged administration of dietary capsaicin on broiler growth and Salmonella enteritidis susceptibility. Avian. Dis. 38, 329-333.
Mead P.S., Slutsker L., Dietz V., McCaig L.F., Bresee J.S., Shapiro C., Griffin P.M. and Tauxe R.V. (1999). Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5, 607-625.
Morrissey J.P. and Osbourn A.E. (1999). Fungal resistance to plant antibiotics as a mechanism of pathogenesis. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 63, 708-724.
NRC. (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th Rev. Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.
Partanen K.H. and Mroz Z. (1999). Organic acids for performance enhancement in pig diets. Nutr. Res. Rev. 12, 117-145.
Pascual M., Hugas M., Badiola J.I., Monfort J.M. and Garriga M. (1999). Lactobacillus salivarius CTC2197 prevents Salmonella enteritidis colonization in chickens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 11, 4981-4986.
Phillipson J.D. and O’Neill M.J. (1987). New leads to the treatment of protozoal infections based on natural product molecules. Acta. Pharm. Nord. 1, 131-144.
Russell J.B. and Diez-Gonzalez F. (1998). The effects of fermentation acids on bacterial growth. Adv. Microbial. Physiol. 39, 205-234.
SAS Institute. (2005). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 9.1. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Sawer I.K., Berry M.I. and Ford J.L. (2005). The killing effect on Staphylococcus aureus. Let. Appl. Microbiol. 40, 24-29.
Scalbert A. (1991). Antimicrobial properties of tannins. Phytochemistry. 30, 3875-3883.
USGAO. (1996). United States General Accounting Office. Food safety information on foodborne illnesses: report to congressional committees. The Office, Washington, DC.
Van Immerseel F., Russell J.B., Flythe M.D., Gantois I., Timber-
mont L., Pasmans F. and Ducatelle R. (2006). The use of organic acids to combat Salmonella in poultry: amechanistic explanation of the efficacy. Avian. Pathol. 35, 182-188.
Vijaya K., Ananthan S. and Nalini R. (1995). Antibacterial effect of the aflavin, polyphenon 60 (Camellia siensis) and Euphorbia hirta on Shigella spp. a cell culture study. Ethnopharmacology. 49, 115-118.
Wang X., Qiu S., Yao X., Tang T., Dai K. and Zhu Z. (2009). Berberine inhibits Staphylococcus epidermidis adhesion and biofilm. Formation on the surface of titanium alloy. Orthop. Res. 27, 1487-1492.
Woodward C.L., Kwon Y.M., Kubena L.F., Byrd J.A., Moore R.W., Nisbet D.J. and Ricke S.C. (2005). Reduction of salmonella enterica serovarenteritidis colonization and invasion by an alfalfa diet during molt in leghorn hens. Poult. Sci. 84, 185-193.
Yang Y., Ijiand P.A. and Choct M. (2009). Dietary modulation of gut microflora in broiler chickens: a review of the role of six kinds of alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. World's Poult. Sci. 65, 97-114.
Zulkifli I., Hasheimi S.R., Somchit M.N., Zunita Z., Loh T.C., Soleimani A.F. and Tang S.C. (2012). Effects of Euphorbia hirta and virginiamycin supplementation on performance, digestibility and intestinal microflora population in broiler chickens. Arch. Geflugel. 76, 6-12.
