The feasibility for replacement of urea with nitrogen nano-chelated fertilizer in olive (Olea europaea L.) orchards

الموضوعات :

Zohre Rohi Vishekaii ¹ , Ali Soleimani ² , Mahmood Ghasemnezhad ³ , Akbar Hasani ⁴

1 - Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
2 - Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
3 - Department of Horticultural, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran
4 - Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

تاريخ الإرسال : 24 الأحد , جمادى الأولى, 1441 تاريخ التأكيد : 24 الأحد , جمادى الأولى, 1441 تاريخ الإصدار : 02 الثلاثاء , صفر, 1441

الکلمات المفتاحية: Foliar application, mineral elements, nanotechnology, Olea europeae L,

ملخص المقالة :

Nitrogen is an important element in the life of a plant. A wide range of nitrogen-containing compounds is available in the world market, with different formulations and efficiencies. Urea is present in most fertilizer applications; however, nano-nitrogen products are becoming popular although there is only limited information on their field efficiency. Thus, this paper studied the foliar application with two sources of nitrogen (urea and nano-chelated nitrogen fertilizer) on 15-year-old ‘Zard’ olive trees. Fertilizers were used during the bud-swelling stage, before blooming, pit hardening stage, and shortly after harvest of table olive, at the concentration of 2.21 (U1) and 2.95 (U2) g urea, 6 (nano-N1) and 8 (nano-N2) g nano-chelated nitrogen, corresponding to 1.02 g (U1 and nano-U1) and 1.36 g (U2 and nano-N2) pure nitrogen per liter. Results revealed that the nano-N1 treatment increased the fruit set. However, fruit yield efficiency increased using U1 in both years. Fruit consuming-quality attributes were affected mainly by U1 treatment. Mineral elements, chlorophyll and carbohydrate contents of leaves were affected during summer and fall by nitrogen treatments. The maximum oil percentage was achieved by nano-N2 treatment. However, oil yield increased with increasing fruit load as a result of applying U1. It seems that urea, due to rapid absorption compared with slow-released nano-nitrogen, provided requiring assimilates in the growing season so that especially in the first year the yield and mineral composition improved. However, in the second year, both types of fertilizers led to improved nutrient status. Further research is recommended for application of nano-chelated nitrogen fertilizer in olive orchards.

المصادر:

Abd El Migeed, M., H. El-Attar, K. M. A. El-Rheem, S. Hassan, and M. Saleh. 2017. 'Response of Picual olive trees to urea winter sprays '. Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research, 6 (4): 1431-1437.

Abd El-Rhman, I. E. and A. A. Shadia. 2012. 'Effect of foliar sprays of urea and zinc on yield and physic-chemical composition on jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana) '. Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research, 1(1): 52-57.

Amiri, M.E., E. Fallahi and A. Golchin. 2008. 'Influence of foliar and ground fertilization on yield, fruit quality, and soil, leaf, and fruit mineral nutrients in apple'. Journal of Plant Nutrition,31: 515-525.

Arnon, D. I. 1949. 'Copper enzyme polyphenoloxides in isolated chloroplast in Beta vulgaris'. Plant physiology, 24: 1-15.

Barker, A. V. and D. J. Pilbeam. 2007. Handbook of plant nutrition. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group.

Barker, A. V. and D. J. Pilbeam. 2015. Handbook of plant nutrition. CRC press.

Beya-marshall, V. and TH. Fichet. 2017. 'Effect of crop load on the phenological, vegetative and reproductive behavior of the ‘Frantoio’ olive tree (Olea europaea L.)'. Ciencia e Investigacion Agraria, 44 (1): 43-53.

Bouranis, D., G. Zakynthinos, C. Kapetanos, S. Chorianopoulou, C. Kitsaki and J. Drossopoulos. 2001. 'Dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus partition in four olive tree cultivars during bud differentiation'. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 24: 1535-1550.

Boussadia, O., K. Steppe, H. Zgallai, S. Ben El Hadj, M. Braham, R. Lemeur and M. C. Van Labeke. 2010. 'Effects of nitrogen deficiency on leaf photosynthesis, carbohydrate status and biomass production in two olive cultivars ‘Meski’ and ‘Koroneiki’'. Scientia Horticulturae, 123 (3): 336-342.

Casero, T., A. Benavides, J. Puy. and I. Recasens. 2004. 'Relationships between leaf and fruit nutrients and fruit quality attributes in Golden Smoothee apples using multivariate regression techniques'. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 27(2): 313-324.

Chen, M., J. Li, X. Dai, Y. Sun and F. Chen. 2011. 'Effect of phosphorus and temperature on chlorophyll a contents and cell sizes of Scenedesmus obliquus and Microcystis aeruginosa'. Limnology, 12 (2): 187-192.

Collins, M. and S. H. Duke. 1981. 'Influence of potassium-fertilization rate and form on photosynthesis and N2 fixation of Alfalfa'. Crop Science, 21: 481-485.

Connell, J., W. Krueger, L. Ferguson, P. Metheney, H. Reyes and G. Sibbett. 2000. 'Effects of foliar application of urea on olive leaf nitrogen, growth and yield'. IV Int Sym Olive Grow, Valenzano (Italy). PP: 251-254.

Cuevas, J., L. Rallo and H. F. Rapoport. 1994. 'Procedure to study ovule senescence in olive'. Acta Horticulturae, 356: 252–255.

Davarpanah, S., A. Tehranifar, G. Davarynejad, M. Aran, J. Abadía and R. Khorassani.  2017. 'Effects of foliar Nano-nitrogen and urea fertilizers on the physical and chemical properties of pomegranate (Punica granatum cv. Ardestani) fruits'. Horticultural Science, 52 (2): 288-294.

De la Rosa, R., L. Rallo and H. F. Rapoport. 2000. 'Olive floral bud growth and starch content during winter rest and spring budbreak'. Horticultural Science, 35 (7): 1223-1227.

Desouky, I. M., L. F. Haggag, M. M. M. Abd El-Migeed, F. F. M. Kishk and E. S. El-Hady. 2009. 'Effect of boron and calcium nutrients sprays on fruit set, oil content and oil quality of some olive oil cultivars'. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5: 180-185.

El Khawaga, A. 2007. 'Improving growth and productivity of Manzanillo olive trees with foliar application of some nutrients and girdling under sandy soil'. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 3 (9): 818-822.

Etehadnejad, F. and A. Aboutalebi. 2014. 'Evaluating the effects of foliar application of nitrogen and zinc on yield increasing and quality improvement of apple cv. ‘golab kohanz’'. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Science, 4 (2): 125-129.

Fernandez, E. R, and G. V. Gomez, 1985. 'Cross pollination in Gordal Sevillano olive'. Horticultural Science, 202: 191-192.

Fernández-Escobar, R., M. Parra, C. Navarro and O. Arquero. 2009. 'Foliar diagnosis as a guide to olive fertilization'. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 7 (1): 212-223.

Fernández-Escobar, R., J. García-Novelo and H. Restrepo-Diaz. 2011. 'Mobilization of nitrogen in the olive bearing shoots after foliar application of urea'. Scientia Horticulturae, 127 (3): 452-454.

Fernández, V., T. Sotiropoulos and P. H. Brown. 2013. 'Foliar fertilization: scientific principles and field practices'. International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA). Paris (France).

Freeman, M., K. Uriu and H. Hartmann. 1994. 'Diagnosing and correcting nutrient problems'. In: Olive production manual. University of California. Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Pub 3353.

Fritz, A. 1977. 'Foliar fertilization-a technique for improved crop production', V Africa Symposium on Horticultural Crops, Khartoum (Sudan), October 1. pp: 43-56.

Garhwal, P., P. Yadav, B. Sharma, R. Singh and A. Ramniw. 2014. 'Effect of organic manure and nitrogen on growth yield and quality of kinnow mandarin in sandy soils of hot arid region'. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 9 (34): 2638-2647.

Ghosh, S. N. and N. Chattopadhyay. 1999. 'Foliar application of urea on yield and physicochemical composition of mango fruits cv. Himsagar under rainfed condition'. Horticultural Journal, 12: 21–24

Gucci, R., E. Lodolini and H. Rapoport. 2007. 'Productivity of olive trees with different water status and crop load'. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 82: 648-656.

Hasani, M., Z. Zamani, G. Savaghebi and H. S. Sofla. 2016. 'Effect of foliar and soil application of urea on leaf nutrients concentrations, yield and fruit quality of pomegranate'. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 39 (6): 749-755.

Irigoyen, J., D. Einerich and M. Sánchez‐Díaz. 1992. 'Water stress induced changes in concentrations of proline and total soluble sugars in nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants'. Plant Physiology, 84: 55-60.

Kashyap, P. L., X. Xiang and P. Heiden. 2015. 'Chitosan nanoparticle based delivery systems for sustainable agriculture'. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 77: 36-51.

Kolota, E. and M. Osinska. 1999. 'Efficiency of foliar nutrition of field vegetables grown at different nitrogen rates'. International Conference on Environmental Problems Associated with Nitrogen Fertilization of Field Grown Vegetable Crops, Potsdam (Germany), October 18. pp: 87-91.

Kumar, M., R. Dwivedi, A. K. Anand and A. Kumar. 2014. 'Effect of nutrient on physicochemical characteristics of phalsa (Grewia subinaequalis D.C.) fruits'. Global Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 3: 320–323.

Larbi, A., K. Gargouri, M. Ayadi, A. B. Dhiab and M. Msallem. 2011. 'Effect of foliar boron application on growth, reproduction, and oil quality of olive trees conducted under a high density planting system'. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 34: 2083-2094.

Lavee, S., L. Rallo, H. F. Rapoport and A. Troncoso. 1996. 'The floral biology of the olive: effect of flower number, type and distribution on fruit set'. Scientia Horticulturae, 66 (3-4): 149-158.

Lavee, S., L. Rallo, H. F. Rapoport and A. Troncoso. 1999. 'The floral biology of the olive: II. The effect of inflorescence load and distribution per shoot on fruit set and load'. Scientia Horticulturae, 82 (3-4): 181-192.

Lavee, S, 2007. 'Biennial bearing in olive (Olea europaea L.) ', Annales Ser His Nat, pp. 101-112.

Lee, Y. J., C. M. Yang, K. W. Chang and Y. Shen. 2011. 'Effects of nitrogen status on leaf anatomy, chlorophyll content and canopy reflectance of paddy rice'. Bot Studies, 52: 295–303.

Mitre, I., V. Mitre, A. F. Sestras and R. E. Sestras. 2012. 'Effects of fall applications of urea in order to improve fruit sizes, weight and bud’s cold hardiness in sweet cherry'. Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture, 69 (1): 248-253.

Nafees, M., I. Ahmad and I. Ashraf. 2013. 'Sustainable production of mango fruit by managing irregular bearing through foliar spray of urea at critical growth stages'. World Applied Sciences Journal, 24 (10): 1368-1372.

Nestby, R., F. Lieten, D. Pivot, C. R. Lacroix and M. Tagliavini. 2005. 'Influence of mineral nutrients on strawberry fruit quality and their accumulation in plant organs': Acta Horticulturae, 5: 139-156.

Netto, A. T., E. Campostrini, J. G. de Oliveira and R. E. Bressan-Smith. 2005. 'Photosynthetic pigments, nitrogen, chlorophyll a fluorescence and SPAD-502 readings in coffee leaves'. Scientia Horticulturae, 104 (2): 199-209.

Ramezanian, A., M. Rahemi and M. R. Vazifehshenas. 2009. 'Effect of foliar application of calcium chloride and urea on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pomegranate fruits'. Scientia Horticulturae, 121(2):171–175.

Rejano, L., A. Montaño, F. J. Casado, A. H. Sánchez and A. de Castro. 2010. Table olives: varieties and variations. In: Olives and olive oil in health and disease prevention. pp: 5-15. Elsevier.

Rosati, A., M. Zipanćič, S. Caporali and A. Paoletti. 2010. 'Fruit set is inversely related to flower and fruit weight in olive (Olea europaea L.) '. Scientia Horticulturae, 126 (2): 200-204.

Rout, G. R and S. Sahoo. 2015. 'Role of iron in plant growth and metabolism'. Reviews in Agricultural Science, 3: 1-24.

Sarker, B. C. and M. Rahim. 2013. 'Yield and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) as influenced by foliar application of potassium nitrate and urea'. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 38: 145-154.

Saykhul, A., C. Chatzissawidis, I. Therios, K. Dimassi and T. Chatzistathis. 2014. 'Growth and nutrient status of olive plants as influenced by foliar potassium applications'. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 14 (3): 602-615.

Shireen, F., M. Nawaz, C. Chen, Q. Zhang, Z. Zheng, H. Sohail, J. Sun, H. Cao, Y. Huang and Z. Bie. 2018. 'Boron: functions and approaches to enhance its availability in plants for sustainable agriculture'. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19 (7): 1856.

Singh, N. P., C. S. Malhi and R. C Sharma. 2005. 'Effect of foliar feeding of N, P and K on vegetative and fruiting characteristics of Mango cv. Dashehari'. International Conference on Mango and Date Palm'; Culture and Export. p. 27–31.

Talaie, A. and M. Taheri. 2000. 'The effect of foliar spray with N, Zn and B on the fruit set and cropping of Iranian local olive trees'. IV International Symposium on Mineral Nutrition of Deciduous Fruit Crops, Penticton, British Columbia, (Canada), October 30. pp: 337-341.

Walinga, I., W. Van Vark, V. Houba and J. Van der Lee. 1989. 'Soil and plant analysis: Part 7-Plant analysis procedures'. Wageningen Agricultural University, the Netherlands.

Wu, H., L. Shabala, S. Shabala and J. P. Giraldo. 2018. 'Hydroxyl radical scavenging by cerium oxide nanoparticles improves Arabidopsis salinity tolerance by enhancing leaf mesophyll potassium retention'. Environmental Science: Nano, 5: 1567-1583.

Xia, G., L. Cheng, A. Lakso and M. Goffinet. 2009. 'Effects of nitrogen supply on source-sink balance and fruit size of ‘Gala’apple trees'. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 134: 126-133.