Phenology of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) as affected by vernalization and gibberellic acid (GA3)
الموضوعات :Bakhtyar Rezaee 1 , Azim Ghasemnezhad 2 , Ebrahim Zeinali 3
1 - Department of Horticulture and Forestry, Agriculture Faculty, Baghlan University, Baghlan Province, Afghanistan
2 - Department of Horticultural Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran
3 - Department of Agronomy, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran
الکلمات المفتاحية: seed filling, Seed Oil, Maturity, Gamma linoleic acid, rosette,
ملخص المقالة :
Evening primrose is one of the herbal biennial medicinal and oilseed plants. Its seed oil is one of the important sources of omega-6 as well as gamma-linolenic acid. Encouraging the plant to flower without winter conditions is important in biennial plants. This experiment aimed to investigate the phenology of evening primrose as affected by vernalization and gibberellic acid. At the beginning of the experiment, the seeds samples were kept in refrigerator conditions (2 to 4 °C) at different periods of 0 to 60 days. To study the influence of GA3 at the end of 60 days, half of the vernalized seeds were treated with 500 ppm GA3 solution for 24 hours and then were planted. The time of seedling emergence; 4, 6, 8, and 10 leave stages of seedling; stem formation time, flowering time, capsule formation, capsule filling time, side stem production, the time of physiological ripening of the seed, the time capsule browning, and harvest time was recorded. Results showed that, while control plants did not flower, vernalization significantly influenced all of the phenological stages of experimental plants. A combination of vernalization and GA3 significantly affected stem formation time, side stems production time, and capsule filling time. Finally, according to the results, seed priming with 2 to 4 °C moist-chilling for at least 10 days and GA3 in a minimum concentration of 500 ppm guarantee flower formation of seeds of evening primrose with late sowing time in spring.
Ami, E. J., M. T. Islam and A. Farooque. 2013. Effect of vernalization on seed production of onion. Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2, (6) 212-217.
Anton, S. and B. Denisow. 2018. Floral phenology and pollen production in the five nocturnal Oenothera species (Onagraceae). Acta Agrobotanica, 71, (2)
Beites, C. L. and L. Morgan. 2014. Evening primrose oil for cervical ripening. Can J Comp Med, 13, 47-49.
Binenbaum, J., R. Weinstain and E. Shani. 2018. Gibberellin localization and transport in plants. Trends in plant science, 23, (5) 410-421.
Cave, R. L., G. L. Hammer, G. Mclean, C. J. Birch, J. E. Erwin and M. E. Johnston. 2013. Modelling temperature, photoperiod and vernalization responses of Brunonia australis (Goodeniaceae) and Calandrinia sp.(Portulacaceae) to predict flowering time. Annals of Botany, 111, (4) 629-639.
Dall'agnese, L., C. Petry, F. Backes, N. Schwab, L. Girard and R. Bellé. 2014. Effects of vernalization on flowering of Dianthus barbatus. Proc. XXIX International Horticultural Congress on Horticulture: Sustaining Lives, Livelihoods and Landscapes (IHC2014): 1104, 2014:191-196:
Dhall, R. K. 2017. Effect of vernalization on flowering and true seed prodaction behavior of garlic (Allium sativum) under North Indian Plants. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 87, (11) 1554-1558.
Dietz, B. M., A. Hajirahimkhan, T. L. Dunlap and J. L. Bolton. 2016. Botanicals and their bioactive phytochemicals for women’s health. Pharmacological reviews, 68, (4) 1026-1073.
Dixon, L. E., I. Karsai, T. Kiss, N. M. Adamski, Z. Liu, Y. Ding, V. Allard, S. A. Boden and S. Griffiths. 2019. VERNALIZATION1 controls developmental responses of winter wheat under high ambient temperatures. Development, 146, (3) dev172684.
Edrisi, B. and S. Mirzaei. 2017. An investigation into the effect of gibberellic acid and storage temperature on vegetative and reproductive characteristics of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa). Journal of Ornamental Plants, 7, (2) 137-146.
Elsiddig, E. A., O. M. Elamin and M. E. Elkashif. 2015. Induction of flowering in texas early grano onion cultivar using vernalization and gibberellic acid under gezira state Conditions, Sudan.
Fukuda, M., Y. Yanai, Y. Nakano and T. Higashide. 2017. Differences in Vernalization Responses in Onion Cultuvars. The Journal of Horticulture Science and Biotechnology. 1-7.
Fukuda, M., Y. Yanai, Y. Nakano and T. Higashide. 2018. Differences in vernalisation responses in onion cultivars. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 93, (3) 316-322.
Ghasemnezhad, A. and B. Honermeier. 2012. Effects of Nitrogen and Pre-Harvest Desiccation on Seed Yield and Oil Quality of Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis L.). Journal of Medicinal plants and By-product, 1, (1) 61-65.
Greiner, S. and K. Köhl. 2014. Growing evening primroses (Oenothera). Frontiers in plant science, 5, 38.
Jaques, L., I. R. Carvalho, V. J. Szareski, J. R. Pimentel, C. Troyjack, S. M. Dellagostin, M. T. Mendonça, T. C. D. Rosa, F. A. Villela and V. Q. D. Souza. 2019. Gibberellic acid utilization in seeds and plants of beans: effect on growth and seeds physiological quality. Journal of Agricultural Science, 11, (2) 541.
Khatun, S., T. Roy, M. Haque and B. Alamgir. 2016. Effect of plant growth regulators and their time of application on yield attributes and quality of soybean. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 11, (1) 1-9.
Mccormick, J., R. Goodger and R. Chynoweth. 2014. Cardinal temperatures and vernalisation requirements for a selection of vegetables for seed production. Agronomy New Zealand, 44, 71-83.
Mekki, B. 2016. Growth and yield of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) in response to gibberellic acid and uniconizole foliar application. Int J Chem Tech Res, 9, (3) 76-82.
Mzabri, I., M. Legsayer, M. Chetouani, A. Aamar, N. Kouddane, A. Boukroute, I. Bekkouch and A. Berrichi. 2017. Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) yield parameter assessment of abiotic stressed corms stored in low temperature. Journal of Materials and Environmental Sciences, 8, (10) 3588-3597.
Nagai, K., Y. Mori, S. Ishikawa, T. Furuta, R. Gamuyao, Y. Niimi, T. Hobo, M. Fukuda, M. Kojima and Y. Takebayashi. 2020. Antagonistic regulation of the gibberellic acid response during stem growth in rice. Nature, 584, (7819) 109-114.
Nishiura, A., S. Kitagawa, M. Matsumura, Y. Kazama, T. Abe, N. Mizuno, S. Nasuda and K. Murai. 2018. An early-flowering einkorn wheat mutant with deletions of PHYTOCLOCK 1/LUX ARRHYTHMO and VERNALIZATION 2 exhibits a high level of VERNALIZATION 1 expression induced by vernalization. Journal of plant physiology, 222, 28-38.
Ramazani, S. H. R., M. Ebrahimi, H. Ghazvini, M. Jalal Kamali and A. I. Darbandi. 2015. Growth habit and vernalization requirement in some of Iranian bread wheat cultivars.
Rodrigues, O., M. C. C. Teixeira, E. R. Costenaro, L. Vargas and R. Damo. 2014. Influence of Vernalization and Photoperiod on the Duration of Stem Elongation and Spikelet Fertility in Wheat. Agricultural Sciences, 5, (14) 1547.
Sohrabi, O., A. Ghasemnezhad, A. Nadimi and M. Shahbazy. 2017. Seed oil quality of GA3 induced flowering evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.). Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology, 7, (2) 1971-1981.
Sønsteby, A. and O. Heide. 2012. Effects of photoperiod and temperature on growth, flowering and fruit yield in annual-fruiting red raspberry cultivars (Rubus idaeus L.). European Journal of Horticultural Science, 77, (3) 97.
Timoszuk, M., K. Bielawska and E. Skrzydlewska. 2018. Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) biological activity dependent on chemical composition. Antioxidants, 7, (8) 108.
Woods, D. P., T. S. Ream, F. Bouché, J. Lee, N. Thrower, C. Wilkerson and R. M. Amasino. 2017. Establishment of a vernalization requirement in Brachypodium distachyon requires REPRESSOR OF VERNALIZATION1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114, (25) 6623-6628.
Yadwinder, K. and R. Dhall. 2017. Effect of vernalization on flowering and true seed production behaviour of garlic (Allium sativum) under North Indian Plains. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 87, (11) 1554-1558.
Yalamalle, V. 2016. Vernalization Responses in Onion (Allium cepa) Pre-flowering and Reproductive Phases. International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management, 7, (Dec, 6) 1413-1417.
Zheng, Y., L. Luo, Y. Liu, Y. Yang, C. Wang, X. Kong and Y. Yang. 2018. Effect of vernalization on tuberization and flowering in the Tibetan turnip is associated with changes in the expression of FLC homologues. Plant diversity, 40, (2) 50-56.
