Determinants of Entrepreneurial Orientation of Rural Women Small Business Owners: The Case of Gambella Region of Ethiopia

الموضوعات :

Daniel Temesgen ¹ , Getachew Wodajo ²

1 - Associate Professor of Rural development Agricultural Extension, Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension Ambo University, Po box 364,code1250
2 - Agri-Service Ethiopia Gambella

تاريخ الإرسال : 13 الخميس , ربيع الأول, 1437 تاريخ التأكيد : 13 الخميس , ربيع الأول, 1437 تاريخ الإصدار : 28 الأحد , محرم, 1435

الکلمات المفتاحية: rural women, Small business and entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial Orientation,

ملخص المقالة :

Small business and entrepreneurship play critical role in stimulating economic activity, creating jobs, alleviating poverty and uplift living standards in Africa. It is widely accepted that the Micro and Small Enterprise (MSE) sectors have the potential to provide a livelihood for a considerably large number of poor rural and urban women in Ethiopia. Women account for the larger share of the informal economy operators as well as those running micro and small enterprises in Ethiopia. The target population of the study is the women engaged in micro and small business in Gambella District in Western Ethiopia. Probability Proportional to Size sampling and simple random sampling technique was adopted to draw 100 individual sample business women from each village. The key motivating factor for women to be involved in a business is to be independent from depending so much on their spouse. From the result of the study, many women unaware of credit sources and other business support services. The overall implication of this study is that since women business operators appear to be playing a major role in the economy of the country, besides up-lifting the lives of their families, especial effort is needed to develop entrepreneurship. Hence, appropriate and sustained interventions targeted to the women enterprise operators need to be developed and implemented. The women business owners themselves will be expected to more specifically identify the area of critical support and be involved in the development of suitable program.

المصادر:

1) Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. (2002). Women Entrepreneurs Profile and Factors Affecting Women Entrepreneurship, a Comparative Study, Research under the AWAKE Project: ECOS Ouverture, Thessaloniki.

2) Bureau of Finance and Economic Development (BOFED). (2010). Five year strategic plan (2011-2015) of Gambella Peoples National Regional State. BOFED, Gambella.

3) Central Statistical Authority (CSA). (1997). The Report on Urban Informal Sector Sample Survey. Central Statistical Authority, Addis Ababa.

4) Central Statistical Authority (CSA). (1997). The Report on Small Scale Manufacturing Industry Survey. Central Statistical Authority, Addis Ababa.

5) Central Statistical Authority (CSA). (2010). The 2007 Population and Housing Census of Gambella Region Statistical Summary Report. Central Statistical Authority, Addis Ababa.

6) Covin, J and Slevin, D. (1989). Strategic Management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10 (1):75-87.

7) Desta, S. (2010). Women Entrepreneurs in Ethiopia. Desk Review Studies. ,Addis Ababa Chamber of Commerce and Sect oral Associations with Financial Support from Swedish Agency for International Development Cooperation, Addis Ababa.

8) Getaneh, G. (2006). Gender, Poverty and Micro Enterprise Services in Ethiopia. Why only few women are joining? Women development initiative program (WDIP).

9) Ghosh, P and Cheruvalath, R. (2007). Indian female entrepreneurs as catalysts for economic growth and development. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 8(2): 139-148.

10)Gujarati, D. N. (1995). Basic econometrics, third Edition Mcgraw-Hill Inc. New York

11)Hansmark, O. C. (1998). The effect of entrepreneurship program on need for achievement and locus of control of reinforcement. Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research.4 (1): 28-50.

12)Hughes, K. D. (2006). Exploring motivation and success among Canadian women entrepreneurs. University of Alberta, America.109p.

13)International Labour Office. (ILO). (2012). Assessing the Enabling Environment for Women in Growth Enterprises. International Lbour Office, Geneva. 90p.

14)International Labour Office (ILO). (2003). Ethiopian Women Entrepreneurs; Going for Growth. ILO Sub-regional Office, Addis Ababa and Ministry of Trade and Industry, in association with SEED. International Labour Office, Geneva.

15)International Labour Office (ILO). (2003). Tanzanian Women Entrepreneurs; Going for Growth. ILO, Dares Salaam and Ministry of Industry & Trade- SME Section in association with InFocus Programme. International Labour Office, Geneva.

16)Knight, G. A and Cavusgil, S. T. (2004). Innovation, organizational capabilities, and the born global firm. Journal of International Business Studies. 35(2): 124-141.

17)Kreiser, P. M., Marino, L. W., and Weaver, K. M. (2002). Assessing the Psychometric properties of the Entrepreneurial orientation scale: A multi-Country Analysis. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(1): 71-94

18)Lumpkin, G.T., and Dess, G.G.,(1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1): 72-135

19)Miller, D. (1993). The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms. Management science.29 (7):70-91

20)Mulu, G. (2009). Innovation and Microenterprise Growth in Ethiopia. United Nation University, Maastricht Economic and Social Research and Training Center on Innovation and Technology, Netherlands.

21)New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD). (2003). African Renaissance, Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management Development in Africa. 24p.

22)Reynolds, P. (2002). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Executive Report. London Business and Kauftman Foundation.

23)Robinson,P. J. A. (2008). Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Ghana. Enterprising Africa Small Business Economics.32 (3):31-50

24)Skapa, B. C. (2005). The Small Scale and Informal Enterprise Sector in Zimbabwe. A policy Framework, Five years Development Plan, Harare.

25)Sul, H. K. (2002). An Explanatory model of the relationships among the external environment, entrepreneurial strategy, and financial performance of restaurant franhisions, Virginia polytechnic Institute and State University.

26)Wit, G and VanWinden, F. (1989). An empirical analysis of self –employment in the Netherlands. Small Business Economics; 1(4), 263-272.

27) International Labour Office-Addis Ababa. (2002). Jobs, Gender, and Small Enterprise in Africa; Preliminary Report, Women Entrepreneurs in Ethiopia. ILO, Addis Ababa in association with SEED, International Labour Office, Geneva.51p.