نقش واسطهای نظم جویی هیجانی در رابطه بین تجربه های آسیب زای دوران کودکی و کنش تأملی مادر
الموضوعات :شهناز احمدی 1 , محترم نعمت طاوسی 2
1 - کارشناس ارشد روان شناسی بالینی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی
واحد تهران جنوب
2 - دانشیار گروه روان شناسی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی
واحد تهران جنوب
الکلمات المفتاحية: نظمجویی هیجانی, کنش تأملی والدین, تجربههای آسیبزای دوران کودکی,
ملخص المقالة :
در ایــن پژوهــش نقــش واســطهای نظمجویــی هیجانــی در رابطــه بیــن تجربههــای آســیبزای دوران کودکــی و کنــش تأملــی مــادر بررســی شــد. بـر مبنـای روش نمونهبـرداری در دسـترس، 312 نفـر از مـادران مراجعۀکننـده بـه خانههـای امـن شـهر تهـران در سـال 1400 انتخـاب شـدند و بـه پرسشـنامۀ کنـش تأملـی والدیـن (لویتـن و دیگـران، 2017)، پرسشـنامۀ تجربههـای آسـیبزای دوران کودکـی (برنشـتاین و دیگـران، 2003) و مقیـاس دشـواری نظمجویـی هیجـان (گرتـز و رومـر، 2004) پاسـخ دادنـد. نتایـج آزمـون تحلیـل مسـیر نشـان داد تجربههـای آسـیبزای دوران کودکـی 63 درصـد از واریانـس دشـواری نظمجویـی هیجـان را تبییـن میکننـد و تجربههـای آسـیبزای دوران کودکـی و دشـواری نظمجویـی هیجـان در مجمـوع توانایــی تبییــن 65، 25 و 32 درصــد از واریانــس حالــت پیشذهنیســازی، حالــت اطمینــان در مــورد حالتهــای ذهنــی و علاقهمنــدی و کنجــکاوی در حالتهـای ذهنـی کنـش تأملـی مـادر را دارنـد. ایـن یافتههـا بـا آشـکار کـردن نقـش واسـطهای نظمجویـی هیجانـی در رابطـه بیـن تجربههـای آسـیبزای دوران کودکـی و کنـش تأملـی مـادر، ضـرورت توجـه بـه دوران کودکـی را برجسـته میسـازد.
Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psycho- pathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psycholo- gy Review, 30(2), 217-237.
Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C. H., Perry, B. D., Dube, S. R., & Giles, W. H. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. European Archives of Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience, 256(3), 174- .186
Berking, M., & Wupperman, P. (2012). Emotion reg- ulation and mental health: recent findings, current challenges, and future directions. Current Opinion in Psychiatry,25(2), 128-134.
Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., Sapareto, E., & Ruggeiro, J. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retro- spective of child abuse and neglect. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(8), 1132-1136.
Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., & Zule, W. (2003). Devel- opment and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse &
Neglect, 27(2), 169-190.
Berthelot, N., Ensink, K., Bernazzani, O., Normandin, L., Luyten, P., & Fonagy, P. (2015). Intergenerational transmission of attachment in abused and neglected mothers: The role of trauma‐specific reflective func- tioning.Infant Mental Health Journal,36(2), 200-212.
Besharat, M. A., & Bazzazian, S. (2014). Psychometric properties of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Ques- tionnaire in a sample of Iranian population. Advances in Nursing & Midwifery, 24(84), 61-70. [In Persian].
Besharat, M. A., Asadi, M. M., & Tavalaeyan, F. (2015). Mediating role of ego strength in the relation- ship between attachment styles and cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Journal of Developmental Psy- chology: Iranian Psychologist, 12(46), 107-119. [In Persian].
Bowlby, J. W. (1969). Attachment and loss (Vol. 1). At- tachment (2nd ed). New York: Basic Books.
Brodsky, B. S., Mann, J. J., Stanley, B., Tin, A., Oquen- do, M., Birmaher, B., & Brent, D. (2008). Familial transmission of suicidal behavior: factors mediating the relationship between childhood abuse and off- spring suicide attempts. The Journal of Clinical Psy- chiatry,69(4), 584-596.
Danielson, C. K., Hankin, B. L., & Badanes, L. S. (2015). Youth offspring of mothers with posttraumatic stress disorder have altered stress reactivity in response to a laboratory stressor. Psychoneuroendocrinolo- gy,53, 170-178.
De Roo, M., Wong, G., Rempel, G. R., & Fraser, S. N. (2019). Advancing optimal development in children: examining the construct validity of a Parent Reflective Functioning Questionnaire. JMIR Pediatrics & Par- enting, 2(1), e11561.
Ebrahimi, H., Dejkam, M., & Seghatoleslam, T. (2014). Childhood Traumas & Suicide Attempt in adulthood. Iranian Psychiatry & Clinical Psycholo- gy, 19(4), 275-282. [In Persian].
Ensink, K., Berthelot, N., Bernazzani, O., Normandin, L., & Fonagy, P. (2014). Another step closer to mea- suring the ghosts in the nursery: preliminary validation of the Trauma Reflective Functioning Scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1471.
Ensink, K., Normandin, L., Plamondon, A., Berthel- ot, N., & Fonagy, P. (2016). Intergenerational path- ways from reflective functioning to infant attachment through parenting. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/ Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Compor- tement, 48(1), 9–18.
Essien, E. A., Attoe, O. R., Anake, G. A., Uwah, E. E., Aigbomian, E. J., Eleazu, F. I., & Udofia, O. (2018). The childhood trauma questionnaire: validity, reliabil- ity and factor structure among adolescents in Calabar, Nigeria.Nigerian Journal of Medicine,27(3), 252- .259
Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E. L., & Target, M. (2002). Affect regulation, mentalization, and the de- velopment of the self. New York, NY: Other Press
Fonagy, P., Steele, M., Steele, H., Moran, G. S., & Hig- gitt, A. C. (1991). The capacity for understanding men- tal states: The reflective self in parent and child and its significance for security of attachment. Infant Mental Health Journal, 12(3), 201-218.
Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V. (2006). Cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire- development of a short 18- item version (CERQ-short). Personality & Individual Differences, 41, 1045-1053.
Garner, A. S., Shonkoff, J. P., Siegel, B. S., Dobbins, M. I., Earls, M. F., McGuinn, L., Pascoe, J., Wood, D. L., & Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care. (2012). Early childhood adversity, toxic stress, and the role of the pediatrician: Translat- ing developmental science into lifelong health. Pediat- rics, 129(1), 224-231.
Goldberg, D. P., Gater, R., Sartorius, N., Ustun, T. B., Piccinelli, M., Gureje, O., & Rutter, C. (1997). The va- lidity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychological Medicine, 27(1), 191-197.
Goodman, R. (1997). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psy- chology & Psychiatry, 38(5), 581-586.
Goudarzi, Z., Ghanbari, S., Pakdaman, Sh., & Maza- heri, M. A. (2016). The mediating role of emotional regulation in the relationship between mothers’ reflec- tive functioning and children’s internalization and ex- ternalization problems. Master’s thesis, Faculty of Ed-
ucational Sciences and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University. [In Persian].
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology & Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), .41-54
Gratz, K.L., & Tull, M.T. (2010). Emotion regulation as a mechanism of change in acceptance- and mind- fulness-based treatments. In R. Baer (Ed.), Assessing mindfulness and acceptance processes in clients: Illu- minating the theory and process of change (pp. 107- 133). Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.
Gratz, K.L., Rosenthal, M.Z., Tull, M.T., Lejuez, C.W., & Gunderson, J.G. (2006). An experimental investiga- tion of emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 850- .855
Gross, J. J., & Jazaieri, H. (2014). Emotion, emotion regulation, and psychopathology: An affective science perspective. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(4), .387-401
Håkansson, U., Watten, R., Söderström, K., Skårderud, F., & Øie, M. G. (2018). Adverse and adaptive child- hood experiences are associated with parental reflec- tive functioning in mothers with substance use disor- der. Child Abuse & Neglect, 81, 259-273.
Hamilton, J. L., Shapero, B. G., Stange, J. P., Hamlat, E. J., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2013). Emo- tional maltreatment, peer victimization, and depressive versus anxiety symptoms during adolescence: Hope- lessness as a mediator. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology,42(3), 332-347.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1994). Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close rela- tionships.Psychological Inquiry,5(1), 1-22.
Karimifar, M. (2017). Effectiveness of emotion regulation training on quality of life among women with anxiety. Journal of Developmental Psychology: Irani- an Psychologist, 13(52), 407-420. [In Persian].
Kestenberg, J. S. (1980). Psychoanalyses of children of survivors from the Holocaust: Case presentations and assessment. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic
Association, 28(4), 775-804.
Kim, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2010). Longitudinal pathways linking child maltreatment, emotion regulation, peer relations, and psychopathology. Journal of child psy- chology & psychiatry, 51(6), 706-716.
Kim, P., Leckman, J. F., Mayes, L. C., Newman, M. A., Feldman, R., & Swain, J. E. (2010). Perceived quality of maternal care in childhood and structure and func- tion of mothers’ brain. Developmental Science, 13(4), .662-673
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structur- al equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Luyten, P., Mayes, L. C., Nijssens, L., & Fonagy, P. (2017). The parental reflective functioning question- naire: Development and preliminary validation. Plos One, 12(5).
Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S., & Robinson, L. R. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Social De- velopment, 16(2), 361-388.
Mousawi, W., & Bahrami Ehsan, H. (2020). A prelim- inary study of psychometric properties of the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ) on an Iranian sample. Journal of Applied Psychology Re- search,11(3),55-68.[In Persian].
Naragon-Gainey, K., McMahon, T. P., & Chacko, T. P. (2017). The structure of common emotion regulation strategies: A meta-analytic examination. Psychologi- cal Bulletin, 143(4), 384-427.
Poole, J. C., Dobson, K. S., & Pusch, D. (2018). Do adverse childhood experiences predict adult inter- personal difficulties? The role of emotion dysregula- tion. Child Abuse & Neglect, 80, 123-133.
Repetti, R. L., Taylor, S. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2002). Risky families: Family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring. Psychological Bulletin,128(2), 330-366.
Rojas, S. (2021). Emotional regulation as a mediator of adverse childhood experiences and parental reflective functioning. Doctoral dissertation, Alliant Internation- al University.
Roy, A. (2011). Combination of family history of sui- cidal behavior and childhood trauma may represent
correlate of increased suicide risk. Journal of Affective Disorders, 130, 205-208.
San Cristobal, P. S., Santelices, M. P., & Fuenzalida, D. A. M. (2017). Manifestation of trauma: The effect of early traumatic experiences and adult attachment on parental reflective functioning. Frontiers in Psycholo- gy, 8, Article 449.
Scheeringa, M. S., & Zeanah, C. H. (2001). A relational perspective on PTSD in early childhood. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The Inter- national Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 14(4), .799-815
Schultheis, A. M., Mayes, L. C., & Rutherford, H. J. (2019). Associations between emotion regulation and parental reflective functioning. Journal of Child and Family Studies,28(4), 1094-1104.
Shields, A. M., & Cicchetti, D. (1995). The development of an emotion regulation assessment battery: Reliabil- ity and validity among at-risk grade-school children. In Poster presented at the Society for Research in Child Development. IN, Indianapolis.
Slade, A. (2005). Parental reflective functioning: An in- troduction. Attachment & Human Development, 7(3), .269-281
Stacks, A. M., Muzik, M., Wong, K., Beeghly, M., Huth- Bocks, A., Irwin, J. L., & Rosenblum, K. L. (2014). Maternal reflective functioning among mothers with childhood maltreatment histories: Links to sensitive parenting and infant attachment security. Attachment & Human Development, 16(5), 515-533.
Teicher, M. H., & Samson, J. A. (2016). Annual research review: Enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(3), 241-266.
Torkashvand, F., Jafary, F., Rezaeian, M., & Sheikh Fathollahi, M. (2013). A survey on child abuse & some demographic factors affecting students of the third gradeofguidanceschoolinZanjanin2011.Journal of
Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 12(6), 447- 460. [In Persian].
van Harmelen, A. L., Hauber, K., Gunther Moor, B., Spinhoven, P., Boon, A. E., Crone, E. A., & Elzinga, B. M. (2014). Childhood emotional maltreatment sever- ity is associated with dorsal medial prefrontal cortex responsivity to social exclusion in young adults. PloS one, 9(1), e85107.
Veit, C. T. & Ware, J. E. (1983). The structure of psycho- logical distress and well-being in general population. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 51, 730- .742
Watson, D., Clarke, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Devel- opment and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS Scales. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., Kozakowski, S. S., & Chau- han, P. (2018). Does adult attachment style mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and mental and physical health outcomes? Child Abuse & Neglect,76, 533-545.
Winnicott, D.W. (1967). Mirror-role of the mother and family in child development. In P. Lomas (Ed.), The predicament of the family: A psycho-analytical sym- posium (pp. 26–33). London: Hogarth and Institute of Psycho-Analysis.
World Health Organization. (2006). Preventing child mal- treatment: A guide to taking action & generating evi- dence. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Yehuda, R., & Lehrner, A. (2018). Intergenerational trans- mission of trauma effects: Putative role of epigenetic mechanisms. World Psychiatry, 17(3), 243-257.
Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Kerin, J. L., Webb, H. J., Gard- ner, A. A., Campbell, S. M., Swan, K., & Timmer, S. G. (2019). Improved perceptions of emotion regula- tion and reflective functioning in parents: Two addi- tional positive outcomes of parent-child interaction therapy.Behavior Therapy,50(2), 340-352.