Effect of Irrigation Systems on the Contamination of Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxin Production in Shahpasand Pistachio Cultivar
الموضوعات :
Mahdi Mohammadi Moghadam
1
(Plant Protection Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Semnan Province (Shahrood), AREEO, Shahrood, Iran)
Ali Reza Tavakkoli
2
(Associate Prof, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, (AREEO), Karaj, Iran)
Amir Hossein Mohammadi
3
(Pistachio Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research,
Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rafsanjan, Iran)
Mohammad Moradi
4
(Pistachio Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research,
Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rafsanjan, Iran)
Hossein Hokmabadi
5
(Education and Extension Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran)
الکلمات المفتاحية: Pistachio, Aflatoxin, Irrigation methods, Soilborne fungi,
ملخص المقالة :
Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, A. tamari, A. bombycis and A. nomius species. Relative humidity (RH) is one of the most important parameters influencing the development of aflatoxins in pistachio orchards by Aspergillus species. The type of irrigation system affects density and frequency of the Aspergillus species in the soil. In the current study, to evaluate fungus population density three irrigation treatments (flood, drip-surface, and subsurface irrigation) were applied. In order to investigate the population density of Aspergillus flavus in different irrigation systems, sampling was done from soil and kernels of Shahpasand cultivar at Damghan's Pistachio Research Station under various types of irrigation systems implementation. The samples were inoculated on AFPA medium using serial dilution method. The results indicated that the population density of A. flavus ranged various in pistachio kernels and soils between different types of irrigation system. Through subsurface irrigation, the population density of fungal colonies was significantly at the lowest level. The results showed that the use of modified adopted subsurface irrigation system had been effective in reducing soil surface moisture and led to decrease of population density in comparison with the conventional surface drip irrigation.
Abbas HK (2005) Aflatoxin and food safety. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
Ahmadi K, Ebadzadeh HR, Hatami F, Hosseinpour R and Abdeshah H. (2017) Agricultural statistics. Volume III: Horticultural products. Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad, Deputy of Planning and Economics, Information and Communication Technology Center, 233 p.
Alipour H (2018) Photosynthesis properties and ion homeostasis of different pistachio cultivar seedlings in response to salinity stress. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 1:5(1), 19-29.
Brown RL, Menkir A, Chen Z, Bhatnagar D, Yu J, Yao H. and Cleveland TE. (2013) Breeding aflatoxin-resistant mazie lines using recent advances in technologies, a review. Food Additives and Contaminants: part A: 1-10
Cary JW, Rajasekaran K, Brown R, Luo M, Chen Z and Bhatnagar D (2011) Developing resistance to aflatoxin in maize and cottonseed. Toxins 3, 678-696.
Doster MA, Michailides TJ, Goldhamer DA and Morgan DP (2001) Insufficient spring irrigation increases abnormal splitting of pistachio nuts. California Agriculture 55(3), 27-30.
Fani SR, Moradi M, Zamanizadeh HR, Mirabolfathy M, and Probst C (2014) Distribution of nontoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus throughout pistachio growing areas in Iran. Applied Entomology Phytopathology. 81(2), 179-189 (In Persian with English abstract).
Goldhamer DA, Michailides TJ and Morgan DP (1996) Buried drip irrigation reduces Alternaria late blight in pistachio. In II International Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops. 449, 335-340.
Mahbobinejhad Z, Aminian H, Ebrahimi L, Vahdati K. (2019) Reduction of aflatoxin production by exposing Aspergillus flavus to CO2. Journal of Crop Protection 8(4): 441-8.
Mohammadi Moghadam M, Rezaee S, Mohammadi AH, Zamanizadeh HR and Moradi M (2020) A Survey on Contamination of Iranian Pistachio Cultivars to Aspergillus Section Flavi and Aflatoxin. Journal of Nuts 11(1), 13-22.
Mohammadi Moghadam M, Rezaee S, Mohammadi AH, Zamanizadeh HR and Moradi M (2020) Relationship between Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin B1 and B2 production with phenolic and flavonoid compounds in green hull and kernels of pistachio cultivars. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology 87(2), 13-23.
Moradi M, Hokmabadi H, Fani S (2015) A Study Concerned with the Factors Affecting the Fungal Growth and Aflatoxin Production During Storage of Pistachio in Kerman Province. Food Technology and Nutrient 12, 83-92.
Moradi M, Ershad D, Allaei H, Aminae MM, Masoomi H (2000) Determination of the density of Aspergillus species in pistachio orchards in Kerman province during the year. 14th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, 128.
Moradi M, Ershad D, Mirabolfathy M, and Panahi B (2004) The role of plant debris, soil and manure on population density of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger groups in pistachio orchards of Kerman province. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology 40(3-4), 221-234 (In Persian with English abstract).
Moradi M, and Ershad J (2004) Density fluctuations of Aspergillus spp. in pistachio production processing in Kerman province during 1998-2004, Final report of research project. 89145. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) Press, Tehran (In Persian with English abstract), 55 pp.
Moradi M, Tajabadipour A, and Fani SR (2017) The Time of Occurrence and Physical Characteristics of Pistachio Early Splitting as Sources of Contamination with Aflatoxin in Three Commercial Cultivars of Pistachio in Kerman. Pistachio Science and Technology, 2(4), 60-75 (In Persian with English abstract).
Nigam SN, Waliyar F, Aruna R, Reddy SV, Kumar PL, Craufurd PQ, Diallo AT, Ntare BR and Upadhyaya HD (2009) Breeding peanut for resistance to aflatoxin contamination at ICRISAT. Peanut Science 36, 42-49.
Norozi M, Valizadeh Kaji B, Karimi R, Nikoogoftar Sedghi M (2019) Effects of foliar application of potassium and zinc on pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) fruit yield. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 1:6(1), 113-23
Samapundo SB, De Meulenaer D, Osei-Nimoh Y, Lamboni, J, Devlieghere F (2007) Can phenolic compounds be used for the protection of corn from fungal invasion and mycotoxin contamination during storage? Food Microbiology 24(5), 465-473.
Sharifkhah M, Bakhshi D, Pourghayoumi M, Abdi S, Hokmabadi H (2020) Effect of Pollination Time on Yield and Antioxidant Properties of Some Pistachio Cultivars. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 1:7(1), 51-8.
Sommer NF, Buchanan JR and Fortlage RJ (1986) Relation of early splitting and tattering of pistachio nuts to aflatoxin in the orchard. Phytopathology 76, 692–694.
Tajabadipour A (2003) The effect of rootstock and scion on early splitting of pistachio. Final report of research project. 1038889. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) Press, Tehran (In Persian with English abstract), 27pp.
Van Egmond HP, Ronald CS and Marco AJ (2007) Regulations relating to mycotoxins in food. Perspectives in a global and European context. Analytical and Bioanalyticl Chemistry 389, 147-157.
Williams JH, Phillips TD, Jolly PE, Stiles JK, Jolly CM and Aggarwal D (2004) Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: a review of toxicology, exposure, potential health conse-quences, and interventions. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80, 1106-1122.
