Assessing Populations Diversity of Small Panel Oak (Quercus brantii) in Western Forests of Iran: a Major Effort in Reforestation Programs
الموضوعات :
Adele Rafezi
1
,
Mohammad Reza Azimi
2
,
Mehrshad Zeinalabedini
3
,
Mohammad Reza ghaffari
4
1 - Department of Plant production and genetics, Agriculture Faculty, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
2 - Department of Plant production and genetics, Agriculture Faculty, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
3 - Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
4 - Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
الکلمات المفتاحية: Multivariate analysis, Ecotype, population structure, Hierarchical Clustering, Persian oak,
ملخص المقالة :
Persian oak (Quercus brantii) is a critical, economic, and environmental species of Zagros forests in Iran. The effects of climate change and drought have caused a decline in Persian oak populations, leading to a severe reduction in genetic resources for future conservation programs. This study aims to evaluate the diversity and population structure of Persian oak in the western forests of Iran using morphological features. A total of 187 samples were collected from 15 locations in the Ilam province. Twenty phenotypic traits related to leaf, seed, and trunk characteristics were evaluated. Several multivariate statistical analyses were performed. The results revealed significant morphological diversity among the Persian oak ecotypes. Correlation analyses revealed a significant positive correlation between leaf length attribute and distance from leaf base to maximum leaf width (0.55) and maximum width of the leaflet (0.64) traits. The leaf width at 50% attribute with the maximum width of the leaflet and distance from leaf base to maximum leaf width have a positive (0.8 and 0.51 respectively) and significant correlation (p≤0.05). According to principal component analysis, the components of leaf and seed traits have the most impact on morphological variance. Hierarchical cluster analysis divided the locations into two groups, with some oak locations distributed in two clusters, indicating higher diversity of this species in different locations. Further research is needed to determine the optimal ecotype; however, the oaks in Ghallaje region have characteristics that can increase their ability to resist water scarcity, making them potentially appropriate for reforestation in Ilam province.
Akça Y, Yuldaşulu YB, Murad E, Vahdati K (2020) Exploring of walnut genetic resources in Kazakhstan and evaluation of promising selections. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 7(2), 93-102.
Aldrich PR, Cavender-Bares J (2011) Wild crop relatives: genomic and breeding resources. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp.89-129.
Alfonso-Corrado C, Clark-Tapia R, Monsalvo-Reyes A, Rosas-Osorio C, González-Adame G, Naranjo-Luna F, Campos JE (2014) Ecological-genetic studies and conservation of endemic Quercus sideroxyla Trel. in Central Mexico. Natural Resources. 5, 442-453.
Alikhani L, Rahmani MS, Shabanian N, Badakhshan H, Khadivi-Khub A (2014) Genetic variability and structure of Quercus brantii assessed by ISSR, IRAP, and SCoT markers. Gene. 552(1), 176-183.
Aliyeva GN, Mammadova ZA, Ojagi J (2020) Variation analysis of leaf morphological traits in some oak species (Quercus spp.), Azerbaijan Republic. Advances in Biology & Earth Sciences. 5(3), 232-240.
Alvani nezhad S (2009) Heritability of Traits in 1-year seedling of Persian oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.). Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Korest Plant Breeding and Genetic Research. 16(2), 218-228. [In Persian]
Aminpour T (2009) Extending forestation and urban plantation in arid and semiarid regions. Research Project of Forest and Range Land Institute. pp, 43. 23-24. [In Persian]
Ansari A, Gharaghani A (2019) A comparative study of genetic diversity, heritability and inter-relationships of tree and nut attributes between Prunus scoparia and P. elaeagnifolia using multivariate statistical analysis. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 6(1), 137-150.
Anthony S (2013) Drought and water policy in Australia. Global Environmental Change. 23, 1615-1626.
Baghazadeh Daryaii L, Samsampour D, Bagheri A, Askari Seyahooei M, Raam M (2020) Molecular characterization of Zhumeria majdea Iranian germplasms using ISSR markers. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 7(4), 343-352.
Borazan A and Babac MT (2002) Morphometric leaf variation in oaks (Quercus) of Bolu, Turkey. Annales Botanici Fennici. 40(40), 233-242.
Bruschi P, Grossoni P, Bussotti F (2003) Within and among tree variation in leaf morphology of Quercus petraea (Matt) Liebl. Natural Population Trees. 17, 164-172.
Chung MY, Nason J, Chung MG, Kim K, Park C, Sun B, Pak J (2002) Landscape-level spatial genetic structure in Quercus acutissima (Fagaceae). American Journal of Botany. 89, 1229-1236.
Coart E, Lamote V, De Loose M, Van Bockstaele E, Lootens P, Roldan-Ruiz I (2002) AFLP markers demonstrate local genetic differentiation between two indigenous oak species [ Quercus robur L. and Querqus petraea (Matt) Liebl.] in Flemish population. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 105(2-3), 431-439.
Coelho AC, Lima MB, Neves D, Cravador A (2006) Genetic diversity of tow evergreen oaks [ Quercus suber (L.) and Quercus ilex subsp rotundifolia (Lam.)] in Portugal using AFLP markers. Silvae Genet. 55(3), 105-118.
Conte L, Cotti C, Schicchi R, Raimondo F, Cristofolini G (2004) Detection of ephemeral genetic sub-structure in the narrow endemic Abies nebrodensis (Lojac) Mattei (Pinaceae) using RAPD markers. Plant Biosystems. 138, 279-289.
Di Pietro R, Conte AL, Di Marzio P, Gianguzzi L, Spampinato G, Cardarella O, Fortini P (2020) A multivariate morphometric analysis of diagnostic traits in southern Italy and Sicily pubescent oaks. Folia Geobot. 55, 163-183.
Ebrahimi A, Nejadsattari T, Assadi M, Larijani K, Mehregan I (2017) Morphological and molecular differentiation in population of Persian Oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) in southwestern Iran. Egyptian Journal of Botany. 57(2), 379-393.
Fortini P, Di Marzio P, Di Pietro R (2015) Differentiation and hybridization of Quercus frainetto, Q. petraea and Q. pubescens (Fagaceae): insights from macro-morphological leaf traits and molecular data. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 301, 375-385.
Gailing O, Lind J, Lilleskov E (2012) Leaf morphological and genetic differentiation between Quercus rubra L. and Q. ellipsoidalis E.J. Hill population in contrasting environment. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 298, 1533-1545.
Ginwal HS, Phartyal SS, Rawat PS, Srivastava RL (2005) Seed source variation in morphology, germination and seedling growth of Jatropha curcus L. in central India. Silvae Genetica. 54, 76-80.
Gonzalea-Rodriguez A, Arias DM, Oyama K (2005) Genetic variation and differentiation of population within the Quercus affinis – Quercus laurina (Fagaceae) complex analyzed with RAPD markers. Canadian Journal of Botany. 83, 155-162.
Hamrick JL, Godt MJ W (1996) Effects of life history traits on genetic diversity in plant species. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Biological Sciences. 351(1345), 1291–1298.
Hemati A (1996) The experimental results of adaptability of tree and shrub species in dry farming in Lorestan Province. The Research Project of Forest and Range Land Institude. pp. 88. 65-66. [In Persian]
Himrane H, Camarero JJ, Gil-Pelegrín E (2004) Morphological and ecophysiological variation of the hybrid oak Quercus subpyrenaica (Q. faginea × Q. pubescens). Trees. 18, 566-575.
Jazirehi M, Rostaghi ME (2003) Zagros Silviculture. University of Tehran, Iran. pp, 264. 560–561.
Jurksiene G, Baranov OY, Kagan DI, Kovalevic-Razumova OA, Baliuckas V (2019) Genetic diversity and differentiation of pedunculated (Quercus robur) and sessile (Q. petraea) oaks. Forestry Research. 31(6), 2445-2452.
Kashani N, Dodd R (2002) Genetic differentiation of tow California red oak species, Quercus parvula var. Shreveii and Q. wislizeni, based on AFLP genetic markers. USDA Forest Service Gen. Forest Service Research and Development. 184, 417-426.
Kremer A, Dupouey LJ, Deans JD, Cottrell J, Csaikl U, Finkeldey R (2002) Morphological variation in mixedoak stands (Quercus robur and Quercus petraea) is stable western European population. Annals of Forest Science. 59, 777-787.
Larcher W (2003) Physiological Plant Ecology. Springer, New York. pp.513.
Lusk C, Reich PB, Montgomery RA, Ackerly DD, Cavender-Bares J (2008) Growth biomass allocation and crown morphology of understory sugar maple, yellow birch and beech. Ecoscience. 7, 345-356.
Martinik A, Dobrovolny L, Palatova E (2014) Tree growing space and acorn production of Quercus robur. Dendrobiology. 71, 101-108.
Maya – Garcia R, Torres – Miranda A, Cuevas – Reyes P, Oyama K (2020) Morphological differentiation among populations of Quercus elliptica Neé (Fagaceae) along an environmental gradient in Mexico and Central America. Botanical Sciences. 98(1), 50-65.
Mehri N, Mohebodini M, Behnamian M, Farmanpour-Kalalagh K (2022) Phylogenetic, genetic diversity, and population structure analysis of Iranian black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) genotypes using ISSR molecular markers. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 9(2), 151-163.
Mirmohammadi Meybodi SAM (2014) Research method in biological sciences with emphasis on agriculture. Isfahan Industrial Jahade Daneshgahi. pp.285.
Moradi MJ, Kiadaliri H, Babaie Kafaky S, Bakhoda H (2021) Detection of high potential areas of Persian oak forests decline in Zagros, Iran, using topsis method. Cerne. 27, e-102640.
Naveen P, Singh Cynthia B, Byjesh K (2014) Vulnerability and policy relevance to drought in the semi- arid tropics of Asia- A retrospective analysis. Weather and Climate Extremes. 3, 54-61.
Nocchi G, Brown N, Coker T, Plumb W, Jonathan S, Denman S, Buggs R (2022) Genomic structure and diversity of oak population in British Parklands. Plants People Planet. 4, 167-181.
Panahi P, Jamzad Z (2017) The conservation status of oak species of Iran. Nature of Iran. 2(1), 82-9. [In Iran].
Pettenkofer T, Reiner F, Markus M, Konstantin VK, Barbara V, Ludger L, Oliver G (2020) Genetic variation of introduced red oak (Quercus rubra) stands in Germany compared to North American populations. Forest Research. 139, 321-331.
Ramirez H, Ivey C, Wright J, MacDonald B, Sork V (2020) Variation in leaf shape and in a Quercus lobate common garden: tests for adaptation to climate and physiological consequences. Environmental Science, Madrono. 67(2), 77-84.
Ranker TA, Smith AR, Parris BS, Geiger LMO, Haufler CH, Straubank SK, Schneider H (2004) Phylogeny and evolution of Grammitid ferns (Grammitidaceae): a case rampant morphological homoplasy. Taxon. 53, 415-428.
Rogers PC, Chojnacky DC (1999) Converting tree diameter measured at root collar to diameter at breast height. Western Journal of Applied Forestry. 14(1), 14-16.
Royer DL, Wilf P, Janesko DA, Kowalski EA, Dilcher DL (2005) Correlations of climate and plant ecology to leaf size and shape: potential proxies for the fossil record. American Journal of Botany. 92(7), 1141-1151.
Sarikhani S, Vahdati K, Ligterink W (2021) Biochemical properties of superior Persian walnut genotypes originated from southwest of Iran. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology 8(1), 13-24.
Sarikhani S, Arzani K, Roozban MR, Vahdati K (2023). Phenological and pomological evaluation reveals high diversity among walnut populations in Southwestern Iran. Journal of Nuts. 14(2), 129-140.
Sayadi MHJ, Vahdati K, Leslie CA (2012a) Comparison of four geographically diverse natural populations of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) in North of Iran. Acta Horticulturae. 948, 91-96.
Sayadi MHJ, Vahdati K, Mozafari J, Vahdati K, Mohajer MRM, Leslie CA (2012b) Natural hyrcanian populations of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) in Iran. Acta Horticulturae. 948, 97-102.
Shabanian N, Rahmani M Sh, Alikhani L, Badakhshan H (2016) Genotypic and phenotypic diversity of Lebanon oak (Quercus libani) populations in north Zagros forests revealed by molecular SCoT maekers and morphological and biochemical properties. Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology. 22(4), 13-29.
Susiluoto S, Berninger F (2007) Interactions between morphological and physiological drought responses in Eucalyptus microtheca. Silva Fennica. 41(2), 221.
Taleshi H, Maasoumi Babarabi M (2013) Leaf morphological variation of Quercus brantii Lindl. Along an altitudinal gradiant in Zagros forests of Fars Province, Iran. European Journal of Experimental Biology. 3(5), 463-468.
Usli E, Bakis Y (2014) Morphometric analyses of the leaf variation within Quercus L. Sect. Cerris Loudon in Turkey. Dendrobiology. 71, 109-117.
Vahdati K, Mohseni Pourtaklu S, Karimi Rouhollah, Barzehkar Rouhollah, Amiri R, Mozaffari M and Woeste K (2015) Genetic diversity and gene flow of some Persian walnut populations in southeast of Iran revealed by SSR markers. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 301, 691-699.
Vega-Ortega MA, Llanderal-Mendoza J, Gerez-Fernandez P, Binnquist C L (2021) Genetic diversity in oak populations under intensive management for fuelwood in the Sierra de Zongolica, Mexico. Annals of Applied Biology. 178, 80-97.
Viscosi V, Fortini P (2011) Leaf shape variation and differentiation in three sympatric white oak species revealed by elliptic Fourier analysis. Nordic Journal of Botany. 29, 632-640.
Wang G, Wei QY, Lu SJ, Chen YF, Wang YL (2014) Genetic diversity of Quercus liaotungensis Koidz populations at different altitudes. Nordic Journal of Botany. 9(8), 249-256.
Wei H, Movahedi A, Xu C, Sun W, Li L, Wang P, Li D, Zhuge Q (2020) Overexpression of PtHMGR enhances drought and salt tolerance of Poplar. Annals of Botany. 125, 785–803.
Xu F, Guo W, Xu W, Wang R (2008) Habitat effects on leaf morphological plasticity in Quercus Acutissima. Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica. 50(2), 19– 26.
Zeng Yf, Liao WJ, Petit RJ, Zhang DY (2011) Geographic variation in the structure of oak hybrid zones provides insights into the dynamics of speciation. Molecular Ecology. 20(23), 4995-5011.
Zhanqing H, Jian Zh, Bo S, Ji Y, Buhang L (2007) Vertical structure and spatial associations of dominant tree species in an old-growth temperate forest. Forest Ecology and Management. 253, 1-11.
Zumwalde B, McCauley RA, Fullinwider IJ, Duckett D, Spence E, Hoban S (2021) Genetic, morphological and environmental differentiation of an arid-adapted oak with a disjunct distribution. Forest. 12(4), 465-490.
