Population Density of Aspergillus Section Flavi and Aflatoxin Content in Different Types of Pistachio Nuts

الموضوعات :

Mehdi Mohammadi-Moghadam ¹ (Crop and Horticultural Sciences Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Semnan Province (Shahrood), AREEO, Shahrood, Iran)
Seyed Reza Fani ² (Plant Protection Research Department, Yazd Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Yazd, Iran)
Mostafa Ghasemi ³ (Crop and Horticultural Sciences Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Qazvin Province (Qazvin), AREEO, Qazvin, Iran)
Majid Aldaghi ⁴ (Plant Protection Research Department, Razavi Khorasan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Mashhad, Iran)

تاريخ الإرسال : 10 الخميس , ذو القعدة, 1443 تاريخ التأكيد : 26 الأربعاء , محرم, 1444 تاريخ الإصدار : 17 الجمعة , جمادى الأولى, 1445

الکلمات المفتاحية: Contamination, Mycotoxin, Secondary metabolite, FFood safety,

ملخص المقالة :

Infection of pistachio nuts with Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin is one of the serious and important threats in the process of production, export, and consumption of pistachios in the world. Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites that are mainly produced by A. flavus and A. parasiticus. Aflatoxins are generally produced before harvesting and under horticultural conditions. Early-splitting pistachios are one of the most significant sources of contamination to aflatoxigenic fungi in the orchard. In the present study, the population density of Aspergillus section Flavi and aflatoxin content were investigated in early-splitting, irregular cracking, and intact pistachios of the Shahpasand cultivar. Sampling was done from the pistachio orchard of Damghan Pistachio Research Station in the first half of August, and pistachio kernel contamination and population density of the fungus were investigated. Pistachio samples were cultured on an AFPA medium using a serial dilution method (completely randomized design with three repetitions). Aspergillus section Flavi colonies were identified and counted and after three days at 28°C and dark. Aflatoxin contents of pistachio kernels were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The results were statistically analyzed by SPSS statistical software and the means were compared using Duncan's multiple range test. The results showed that the highest and the lowest contamination rates for Aspergillus section Flavi and aflatoxin have belonged to early-splitting and intact nuts, respectively (P≤0.05). The contamination rate in early splitting pistachios is much higher than in irregular cracking and intact kernel pistachios.

المصادر:

1. Esmaeilpour A., Tajabadipour A. 2005. Study, recognition, collection, conservation, improvement and elevation of pistachio genetics resources of Iran. Iranian Pistachio Research Institute. Final Report. pp. 56.

2.Tajabadipour A., 1997. Identification some of Iranian pistachio cultivars. PhD Thesis, Tehran University: Karaj.

3. Moradi M., Hokmabadi H., 2011. Control of Mycotoxin Bioactives in Nuts: Farm to Fork. In Tokusoglu, Ö (ed), Fruit and Cereal Bioactives Sources, Chemistry, and Applications; CRC Press. pp. 253-273.


4. Doster M.A., Michailides T.J., 1999. Relationship between shell discoloration of pistachio nuts and incidence of fungal decay and insect. Plant Disease. 83, 259-264.


5. Doster M.A., Michailides T.J., 1994. Development of Aspergillus molds in litter from pistachio trees. Plant Disese. 78, 393-397.


6. Thomson S.V., Mehdy M.C., 1978. Occurrence of Aspergillus flavus in pistachio nuts prior to harvest. Phytopathology. 68, 1112-1114.


7. Moradi M., Hokmabadi H., Mirabolfathy M., 2010. Incidence of Aspergillus Species Airborne Spores in Pistachio Growing Regions of Iran. International Journal of Nuts. 1, 54-64.


8. Sommer N.F., Buchanan J.R., Fortlage R.J., 1986. Relation of early splitting and tattering of pistachio nuts to aflatoxin in the orchard. Phytopathology. 76, 692-694.


9. Doster M.A., Michailides T.J., 1995. The relationship between date of hull splitting and decay of pistachio nuts by Aspergillus species. Plant Disease. 79, 766-769.


10. Tajabadipour A., Panahi B., 2004. Determination and identification of aflatoxin contaminated pistachio in processing stage. Final report project. Pistachio Research Center. Rafsanjan. Iran.


11. Doster M.A. Michailides T.J., 1993. Influence of cultural practices on occurrence of early split pistachio nuts. in: California Pistachio Industry, Annual Report Crop Year. 1992-1993, California Pistachio Commission, Fersno. pp. 82-84


12. Mirabolfathy M., 1981. Study of pistachio molds. Annual Report of Laboratory of Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute, Rafsanjan, Iran.


13. Moradi M., Fani S.R., Masoumi H., 2014. Population Density of Aspergillus Species Belong to Section Flavi and Nigri on Pistachio Nut in Kerman Province. Journal of Applied Research in Plant Protection. 3(2), 79-91.


14. Moradi M., Tajabadipour A., Fani S.R., 2017. The Time of Occurrence and Physical Characteristics of Pistachio Early Splitting as Sources of Contamination with Aflatoxin in Three Commercial Cultivars of Pistachio in Kerman. Journal of Pistachio Science and Technology. 2(4), 60-75.


15. Moradi M., Javanshah A., 2006. In: Distribution of aflatoxin in processed pistachio nut terminals, Proceeding of the 4^th International Symposium on Pistachios and Almonds, Tehran, Iran, May 22-25, A. Javanshah, E. Facelli, M. Wirthensohn, Eds. ISHS Acta Horticulturae, Belgium, 2006. pp. 431-436.


16. Pitt J.I., Hocking A.D. Fungi and Food Spoilage, 2nd ed., Blackie Academic and Professional, London. 1997.


17. Abbas H.K. Aflatoxin and food safety. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2005.


18. Gourama H., Bullerman L.B., 1995. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus: Aflatoxigenic fungi of concern in foods and feeds: A review. Journal of Food Protection. 58(12), 1395-1404.


19. Samson R.A., Hong S.B., Frisvad J.C., 2006. Old and new concepts of species differentiation in Aspergillus. Medical Mycology. 44, 133–148.


20. Mohammadi Moghadam M., Rezaee S., Mohammadi A.H., Zamanizadeh H.R., Moradi M., 2020. Relationship between Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin B₁ and B₂ production with phenolic and flavonoid compounds in green hull and kernels of pistachio cultivars. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology. 87(2), 13-23.


21. Cotty P.J., Jaime-Garcia R., 2007. Influences of climate on aflatoxin producing fungi and aflatoxin contamination. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 119, 109–115.


22. Probst C., Njapau H., Cotty P.J., 2007. Outbreak of an acute aflatoxicosis in Kenya in 2004: identification of the causal agent. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 73(8), 2762-2764.


23. Probst C., Schulthess F., Cotty P.J., 2010. Impact of Aspergillus section Flavi community structure on the development of lethal levels of aflatoxins in Kenyan maize (Zea mays). Journal of Applied Microbiology. 108, 600–610.


24. Kaminiaris M., Tsitsigiannis D., Pre-harvest management strategies to control aflatoxin contamination in crops. In: Aflatoxins: Biochemistry, Toxicology, Public Health, Policies and Modern Methods of Analysis, Kintzios, S., Mavrikou, S., Eds., Analytical Chemistry and Microchemistry; Nova Science Publishers Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 2020.


25. Rushing B.R., Selim M.I., 2019. Aflatoxin B₁: A review on metabolism, toxicity, occurrence in food, occupational exposure, and detoxification methods. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 124, 81–100.


26. Torre L.A., Bray F., Siegel R.L., Ferlay J., Lortet‐Tieulent J., Jemal A., 2015. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 65(2), 87-108.


27. Liu Y., Chang C.C.H., Marsh G.M., Wu F., 2012. Population attributable risk of aflatoxin-related liver cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Cancer. 48(14), 2125-2136.


28. IARC. 2002. Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks ti humans: Some traditional herbal medicines,some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene. Summary of data reported and evaluation, Vol. 82.


29. Fani S., Moradi M., Tajabadipour A., Dargahi R., Mirabolfathy, M., 2014. The role of early splitting in contamination of pistachio nuts by Aspergillus species and aflatoxin in Kerman province. Journal of Food Technology and Nutrition. 3(43), 97-105.


30. Tajabadipour A., Sheibani Tezerji Z., 2011. Aflatoxin contamination of commercial pistachio cultivars in Iran, I International Symposium on Mycotoxins in Nuts and Dried Fruits. 963, 129-132.


31. Taghizadeh S.F., Rezaee R., Davarynejad G., Asili J., Nemati S.H., Goumenou M., Tsakiris I., Tsatsakis A.M., Shirani K., Karimi G., 2018. Risk assessment of exposure to aflatoxin B₁ and ochratoxin A through consumption of different Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) cultivars collected from four geographical regions of Iran. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 61, 61-66.


32. Mehrnejad M.R., Panahi B., 2006. The influence of hull cracking on aflatoxin contamination and insect infestation in pistachio nuts. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology. 73(2), 39-42.


33. Aghdaei S.F.A. 2009. Investigating Effective Factors on Iran’s Pistachio Exportation. International Journal of Marketing Studies. 1, 35-40.


34. Menkir A., Brown R.L., Bandyopadhyay R., Chen Z.Y., Cleveland T.E., 2006. A USA–Africa collaborative strategy for identifying, characterizing, and developing maize germplasm with resistance to aflatoxin contamination. Mycopathologia. 162(3), 225-232.


35. Cary J. W., Rajasekaran K., Brown R., Luo M., Chen Z., Bhatnagar D. 2011. Developing resistance to aflatoxin in maize and cottonseed. Toxins. 3, 678-696.