اثر مقادیر مختلف اوره بر برخی ویژگی‌های مورفولوژیک و فیتوشیمیایی گیاه دارویی کنگر فرنگی
الموضوعات : بوم شناسی گیاهان زراعی
مرضیه اله دادی
1
(دانش آموخته دکتری اکولوژی گیاهان زراعی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران)
لاله مشرف بروجنی
2
(بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اصفهان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اصفهان، ایران)
الکلمات المفتاحية: فلاونوئید کل, فنل کل, کود نیتروژنی, مدیریت کود, مهارکنندگی رادیکال آزاد,
ملخص المقالة :
استفاده مناسب از کودهای نیتروژنی و بهینه نمودن مدیریت مصرف آن در گیاهان از اهمیت به سزایی برخوردار می باشد. در این راستا به منظور بررسی اثر مقادیر مختلف کود نیتروژنی بر برخی صفات مورفولوژیک و فیتوشیمیایی گیاه دارویی کنگر فرنگی، آزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در شرایط مزرعه ای در اصفهان انجام شد. تیمارها کاربرد مقادیر مختلف کود نیتروژنی صفر، 100، 150 و 200 کیلوگرم در هکتار نیتروژن خالص از منبع اوره بودند. در این آزمایش صفات مورفولوژیکی شامل ارتفاع ساقه، تعداد برگ و کاپیتول در بوته و صفات کیفی از جمله مقدار فنل کل، فلاونوئید کل و فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی اندازه گیری شدند. نتایج نشان داد که با افزایش مصرف کود اوره از صفر تا 200 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص در هکتار ارتفاع ساقه، تعداد برگ و کاپیتول در بوته افزایش یافت ولی میزان فنل کل، فلاونوئید کل و فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی کاهش یافت. اگر چه نیتروژن یک عنصر ضروری برای رشد و توسعه این گیاه است اما به دلیل اینکه مصرف سطوح بالای کود شیمیایی نیتروژنی تاثیر منفی بر صفات کیفی این گیاه دارد و همچنین با توجه به آثار سوء زیست محیطی ناشی از مصرف بی رویه کودهای شیمیایی، جهت حصول عملکرد کمی و کیفی مطلوب پیشنهاد می شود از کود اوره به میزان 100 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص در هکتار استفاده شود.
المصادر:
Abbaszadeh B, Farahani HA, Valadabadi SA, Darvishi HH (2009) Nitrogenous fertilizer influence on quantity and quality values of balm (Melissa officinalis L.). Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development 1(1): 31-33.
Aburajai A, Darwish RM, Al-Kalil S, Mahafzah A, Al-Abbadi A (2001) Screening of antibiotic resistant inhibitors from local plant materials against two different strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 76(1): 39-44.
AghaAlikhani M, Iranpour A, Naghdi Badi H (2013) Changes in agronomical and phytochemical yield of purple coneflower (Echinaceae purpurea (L.) Moench) under urea and three bio fertilizers application. Journal of Medicinal Plants 2(46): 121-136.
Aksu Ö, Altinterim B (2013) Hepatoprotective effects of artichoke (Cynara scolymus). Bilim ve Genclik Dergisi 1(2): 44-49.
Alencar MVOB, Oliveira GLS, Oliveira FRAM, Gomes Junior AL, Souza AA, Melo Cavalcante AAC, Freitas RM (2014) Evaluation of antioxidant capacity of the aqueous extract of Cynara scolymus L. (Asteraceae) in vitro and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 8(5): 136-147.
Alijani M, Amini Dehaghi M, Ahmadi J, Modares Sanavi SAM (2009) Effects of different levels of phosphorous and nitrogen fertilizers on yield of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) under semi-arid climatic conditions. Agronomy Sciences 2(3): 39-48.
Alizadeh A, Khoshkhui M, Javidnia K, Firuzi O, Tafazoli E, Khalighi, A (2010) Effects of fertilizer on yield, essential oil composition, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in Satureja hortensis L. (Lamiaceae) cultivated in Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 4(1):33-40.
Argyropoulou K, Salahas G, Hela D, Papasavvas A (2015) Impact of nitrogen deficiency on biomass production, morphological and biochemical characteristics of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants, cultivated aeroponically. Agriculture and Food 3:32-42.
Azizi A, Yan F, Honermeier B (2009) Herbage yield, essential oil content and composition of three oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) populations as affected by soil moisture regimes and nitrogen supply. Industrial Crops and Products 29: 554-561.
Chang C, Yang M, Wen H, Chern J (2002) Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 10: 178-182.
Dadkhah A, Amini Dahaghi M, Kafi M (2012) Effects of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers on yield quantity and quality of Matricaria recutita L. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 10(2): 321-326. [in Persian with English abstract]
Durazzo A, Foddai MS, Temperini A, Azzini E, Venneria E, Lucarini M, Finotti E, Maiani G, Crinò P, Saccardo F, Maiani G (2013) Antioxidant properties of seeds from lines of artichoke, cultivated cardoon and wild cardoon. Antioxidants 2:52–61.
Eblagh N, Fateh E, Farzane M, Osfuri M (2014) Effect of cattle manure application, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and different phosphrous levels on yield and essence components of Trachyspermum ammi L. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 23(4.1): 1-15.
El-Abagy HM (1993) Physiological studies on growth, yield and quality of artichoke. PhD thesis, Zagazig University, Benha Branch Moshtohor, Zagazig, Egypt.
Fratianni F, Pepe R, Nazzaro F (2014) Polyphenol composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and quorum quenching activity of the “Carciofo di Montoro” (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus) global artichoke of the campania region, southern Italy. Food and Nutrition Sciences 5: 2053-2062.
Georgieva E, Karamalakova Y, Nikolova G, Grigorov B, Pavlov D, Zheleva A (2011) Radical scavenging capacity of seed and leaves ethanol extracts of Cynara scolymus L. a comparative study. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 26: 151-155.
Griffe P, Metha S, Shankar D (2003) Organic production of medicinal, aromatic and dye-yielding plants (MADPs): Forward, preface and introduction, FAO.
Habibi H, Mazaheri D, Majnoon Hosseini N, Chaeechi MR (2006) Effect of altitude on essential oil and components in wild thyme (Thymus kotschyanus Boiss.) Taleghan region. Applied Crop Research 73: 2-10. [in Persian with English abstract]
Ibrahim MH, Jaafar HZE, Rahmat A, Abdul Rahman Z (2011) involvement of nitrogen on flavonoids, glutathione, anthocyanin, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activities of Malaysian medicinal plant Labisia pumila Blume (Kacip Fatimah). International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13(1):393-408.
Ionescu D, Predan G, Rizea GD, Mihele D, Dune A, Ivopol G, Ioniţă C (2013) Antimicrobial activity of some hydroalcoholic extracts of artichoke (Cynara scolymus), burdock (Arctium lappa) and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov 6: 113-120.
Izadi Z, Ahmadvand G, Asna Ashri M, Piri J (2010) Effect of nitrogen and plant density on some growth characteristic, yield and essence in peppermint. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 8(5): 824-836. [in Persian with English abstract]
Kariminejad M, Pazoki A (2015) Effect of biological and chemical nitrogen fertilizers on yield, yield components and essential oil content of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) in Shahr-e-Ray Region. Biological Forum – An International Journal 7(1): 1698-1703.
Koksal E, Bursal E, Dikici E, Tozoglu F, Gulcin I (2011) Antioxidant activity of Melissa officinalis leaves. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 5: 217-222.
Li J, Zhu Z, Gerend´as J (2008) Effects of nitrogen and sulfur on total phenolics and antioxidant activity in two genotypes of leaf mustard. Journal of Plant Nutrition 31(9):1642-1655.
Liu D, Liu W, Zhu D, Geng M, Zhou W, Yang T (2010) Nitrogen effects on total flavonoids, chlorogenic acid and antioxidant activity of the medicinal plant Chrysanthemum morifolium. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 173: 268-274.
Loi B, Fantini N, Colombo G, Gessa GL, Riva A, Carai MA (2013) Reducing effect of a combination of Phaseolus vulgaris and Cynara scolymus extracts on food intake and glycemia in rats. Phytotherapy Research 27(2): 258-263.
Lombardo S, Pandino G, Mauromicale G, Knodler M, Carle R, Schieber A (2010) Influence of genotype, harvest time and plant part on polyphenolic composition of globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.) Fiori). Food Chemistry 119: 1175–1181.
Longnecker N, Robson A (1994) Leaf emergence of spring wheat receiving varying nitrogen supply at different stages of development. Annals of Botany 74: 1–7.
Magielse J, Verlaet A, Breynaert A, Keenoy BM, Apers S, Pieters L, Hermans N (2014) Investigation of the in vivo ant oxidative activity of Cynara scolymus (artichoke) leaf extract in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 58(1): 211-215.
Mansol Mollashahi Khumaki A, Varasteh moradi A (2015) Effect of different extraction methods on effective compounds and antioxidant activity of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) extract in Golestan province. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants 11(3): 74-85. [in Persian with English abstract]
Margna U (1977) Control at the level of substrate supply: An alternative in the regulation of phenylpropanoid accumulation in plant cells. Phytochemistry 16:419-426.
Mc Donald S, Prenzler PD, Autolovich M, Robards K (2001) Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of olive extracts. Food Chemistry 73:73-84.
Mehrabani M, Mahdavi Meymand Z, Khandanizadeh B, Hassan Abadi N (2014) Effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer and harvest time on the quantity and quality of essential oil and total phenol content in Satureja hortensis L. in Kerman province. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants 8(4): 1-11. [in Persian with English abstract]
Mehrafarin A, Naghdi Badi H, Poorhadi M, Hadavi E, Qavami N, Kadkhoda Z (2011) Phytochemical and agronomical response of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) to bio-fertilizers and urea fertilizer application. Journal of Medicinal Plants 4(40): 107-118. [in Persian with English abstract]
Mocelin R, Marcon M, Santo GD, Zanatta L, Sachett A, Schönell AP, Bevilaqua F, Giachini M, Chitolina R, Wildner SM, Duarte, MMMF, Conterato MMG, Piato AL, Gomes DB, Roman Junior WA (2016) Hypolipidemic and antiatherogenic effects of Cynara scolymus in cholesterol-fed rats. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 26: 233–239.
Moghaddam M, Ehdaie B, Waines JDG (1997) Genetic variation and interrelationships of agronomic characters in landraces of bread wheat from southeastern Iran. Euphytica 95: 361-369.
Mohamed Abdel Magied M, Hussien S, Mohamed Zaki S, Mohamed EL, Said R (2016). Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) leaves and heads extracts as hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic in rats. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 4(1): 60-68.
Mushtaq M, Wani SM (2013) Polyphenols and human health - A review. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 4: B338-B360.
Ngetich O, Niyokuri A, Rono J, Fashaho A, Ogweno J (2013) Effect of different rates of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and yield of zucchini (Curcubita pepo cv. Diamant L.) hybrid F1 in Rwandan high altitude zone. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 5:54-62.
Nguyen PM, Niemeyer ED (2008) Effects of nitrogen fertilization on the phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, 8685- 8691.
Pistón M, Machado I, Branco CS, Cesio V, Heinzen H, Ribeiro D, Fernandes E, Chisté RC, Freitas M (2014) Infusion, decoction and hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves from artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. cardunculus) are effective scavengers of physiologically relevant ROS and RNS. Food Research International 64: 150–156.
Poshtdar A, Abdali Mashhadi AR, Moradi F, Siadat SA Bakhshandeh A (2016) Ecological and phytochemical response of Mentha piperita L. to nitrogenous fertilizers types in Khuzestan region. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants 13(1): 19-32. [in Persian with English abstract]
Rahmati M, Azizi M, Hassanzadeh Khayat M, Nemati H (2009) The effects of different level of nitrogen and plant density on the agro morphological characters, yield and essential oils content of improved chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) cultivar "Bodegold". Journal of Horticulture Science 23(1):27-35. [in Persian with English abstract]
Saikia SP, Dutta SP, Goswami A, Bhau BS, Kanjilal PB (2010) Role of Azospirillum in the improvement of legumes. In: Microbes for Legume Improvement. Springer-Verlag: Wien 389-408.
Saxena A (2004) Effect of nitrogen levels and harvesting management on quality of essential oil in peppermint cultivars. Indian Performer 33(3): 182-185.
Siriamompus S, Suttajit M (2010) Microchemicals compounds and antioxidant activity of different morphological part of thai wildpurslane (portulaca oleraceae L.).Weed science 58(3):182-188.
Soares AA, Souza CGM, Daniel FM, Ferrari GP, Costa SMG, Peralta RM (2009) Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of Agaricus brasiliensis (Agaricus blazei Murril.) in two stages of maturity. Food Chemistry 112: 775-781.
Soroori S, Moghaddam M, Hashemi Moghaddam H (2013). Effect of N fertilizer of different levels and cultivated density on yield and essential oil content on Moldavian dragonhead. Journal of Crops Improvement 15(4): 179-194. [in Persian with English abstract]
Sotiropoulou DE, Karamanos AJ (2010) Field studies of nitrogen application on growth and yield of Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart). Industrial Crops and Products 32(3): 450-457.
Wahba HE, Motawe HM, Ibrahim AY (2014) Effect of nitrogen fertilizers on productivity of Urtica pilulifera plant. Bioscience 6(1): 49-56.
Wong C, Li H, Cheng F (2006) A systematic survey of antioxidant activity of 30 Chinese medicinal plants using the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. Food Chemistry 97: 705-711.
Wu C, Gao Q, Keith Kjelgren R, Guo X, Wang M (2013) Yields, phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of Ziziphus jujube Mill. in response to different fertilization treatments. Molecules 18:12029-12040.
Zadehesfahlan M, Emaratpardaz J, Zarehaghaghi D, Vaez N (2015) Effects of Nitrogen and zinc fertilizers on the yield of flowering shoots in Hypericum Perforatum. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 24(4.1): 31-40. [in Persian with English abstract]
Zare S, Sirousmehr A, Ghanbari A, Tabatabaei S (2013) The effect of different rates of municipal compost and n fertilizer on the essential oil and some vegetative characteristics of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 11(1):191-199. [in Persian with English abstract]
Zeinali H, Bagheri Kholanjani M, Golparvar MR, Jafarpour M, Shiranirad AH )2008( Effect of different planting time and nitrogen fertilizer rates on flower yield and its components in German chamomile (Matricaria recutita). Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 10(3): 220-230. [in Persian with English abstract]
Ziaee S, Dast Pak A, Naghdibadi A, Poor Hosseini H, Hemati Moghadam L, Gharavi A, Naeini M (2004) Review on Cynara scolymus L. Journal of Medicinal Plants 4(13): 1-10. [in Persian with English abstract]
_||_
Abbaszadeh B, Farahani HA, Valadabadi SA, Darvishi HH (2009) Nitrogenous fertilizer influence on quantity and quality values of balm (Melissa officinalis L.). Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development 1(1): 31-33.
Aburajai A, Darwish RM, Al-Kalil S, Mahafzah A, Al-Abbadi A (2001) Screening of antibiotic resistant inhibitors from local plant materials against two different strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 76(1): 39-44.
AghaAlikhani M, Iranpour A, Naghdi Badi H (2013) Changes in agronomical and phytochemical yield of purple coneflower (Echinaceae purpurea (L.) Moench) under urea and three bio fertilizers application. Journal of Medicinal Plants 2(46): 121-136.
Aksu Ö, Altinterim B (2013) Hepatoprotective effects of artichoke (Cynara scolymus). Bilim ve Genclik Dergisi 1(2): 44-49.
Alencar MVOB, Oliveira GLS, Oliveira FRAM, Gomes Junior AL, Souza AA, Melo Cavalcante AAC, Freitas RM (2014) Evaluation of antioxidant capacity of the aqueous extract of Cynara scolymus L. (Asteraceae) in vitro and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 8(5): 136-147.
Alijani M, Amini Dehaghi M, Ahmadi J, Modares Sanavi SAM (2009) Effects of different levels of phosphorous and nitrogen fertilizers on yield of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) under semi-arid climatic conditions. Agronomy Sciences 2(3): 39-48.
Alizadeh A, Khoshkhui M, Javidnia K, Firuzi O, Tafazoli E, Khalighi, A (2010) Effects of fertilizer on yield, essential oil composition, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in Satureja hortensis L. (Lamiaceae) cultivated in Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 4(1):33-40.
Argyropoulou K, Salahas G, Hela D, Papasavvas A (2015) Impact of nitrogen deficiency on biomass production, morphological and biochemical characteristics of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants, cultivated aeroponically. Agriculture and Food 3:32-42.
Azizi A, Yan F, Honermeier B (2009) Herbage yield, essential oil content and composition of three oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) populations as affected by soil moisture regimes and nitrogen supply. Industrial Crops and Products 29: 554-561.
Chang C, Yang M, Wen H, Chern J (2002) Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 10: 178-182.
Dadkhah A, Amini Dahaghi M, Kafi M (2012) Effects of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers on yield quantity and quality of Matricaria recutita L. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 10(2): 321-326. [in Persian with English abstract]
Durazzo A, Foddai MS, Temperini A, Azzini E, Venneria E, Lucarini M, Finotti E, Maiani G, Crinò P, Saccardo F, Maiani G (2013) Antioxidant properties of seeds from lines of artichoke, cultivated cardoon and wild cardoon. Antioxidants 2:52–61.
Eblagh N, Fateh E, Farzane M, Osfuri M (2014) Effect of cattle manure application, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and different phosphrous levels on yield and essence components of Trachyspermum ammi L. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 23(4.1): 1-15.
El-Abagy HM (1993) Physiological studies on growth, yield and quality of artichoke. PhD thesis, Zagazig University, Benha Branch Moshtohor, Zagazig, Egypt.
Fratianni F, Pepe R, Nazzaro F (2014) Polyphenol composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and quorum quenching activity of the “Carciofo di Montoro” (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus) global artichoke of the campania region, southern Italy. Food and Nutrition Sciences 5: 2053-2062.
Georgieva E, Karamalakova Y, Nikolova G, Grigorov B, Pavlov D, Zheleva A (2011) Radical scavenging capacity of seed and leaves ethanol extracts of Cynara scolymus L. a comparative study. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 26: 151-155.
Griffe P, Metha S, Shankar D (2003) Organic production of medicinal, aromatic and dye-yielding plants (MADPs): Forward, preface and introduction, FAO.
Habibi H, Mazaheri D, Majnoon Hosseini N, Chaeechi MR (2006) Effect of altitude on essential oil and components in wild thyme (Thymus kotschyanus Boiss.) Taleghan region. Applied Crop Research 73: 2-10. [in Persian with English abstract]
Ibrahim MH, Jaafar HZE, Rahmat A, Abdul Rahman Z (2011) involvement of nitrogen on flavonoids, glutathione, anthocyanin, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activities of Malaysian medicinal plant Labisia pumila Blume (Kacip Fatimah). International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13(1):393-408.
Ionescu D, Predan G, Rizea GD, Mihele D, Dune A, Ivopol G, Ioniţă C (2013) Antimicrobial activity of some hydroalcoholic extracts of artichoke (Cynara scolymus), burdock (Arctium lappa) and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov 6: 113-120.
Izadi Z, Ahmadvand G, Asna Ashri M, Piri J (2010) Effect of nitrogen and plant density on some growth characteristic, yield and essence in peppermint. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 8(5): 824-836. [in Persian with English abstract]
Kariminejad M, Pazoki A (2015) Effect of biological and chemical nitrogen fertilizers on yield, yield components and essential oil content of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) in Shahr-e-Ray Region. Biological Forum – An International Journal 7(1): 1698-1703.
Koksal E, Bursal E, Dikici E, Tozoglu F, Gulcin I (2011) Antioxidant activity of Melissa officinalis leaves. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 5: 217-222.
Li J, Zhu Z, Gerend´as J (2008) Effects of nitrogen and sulfur on total phenolics and antioxidant activity in two genotypes of leaf mustard. Journal of Plant Nutrition 31(9):1642-1655.
Liu D, Liu W, Zhu D, Geng M, Zhou W, Yang T (2010) Nitrogen effects on total flavonoids, chlorogenic acid and antioxidant activity of the medicinal plant Chrysanthemum morifolium. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 173: 268-274.
Loi B, Fantini N, Colombo G, Gessa GL, Riva A, Carai MA (2013) Reducing effect of a combination of Phaseolus vulgaris and Cynara scolymus extracts on food intake and glycemia in rats. Phytotherapy Research 27(2): 258-263.
Lombardo S, Pandino G, Mauromicale G, Knodler M, Carle R, Schieber A (2010) Influence of genotype, harvest time and plant part on polyphenolic composition of globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.) Fiori). Food Chemistry 119: 1175–1181.
Longnecker N, Robson A (1994) Leaf emergence of spring wheat receiving varying nitrogen supply at different stages of development. Annals of Botany 74: 1–7.
Magielse J, Verlaet A, Breynaert A, Keenoy BM, Apers S, Pieters L, Hermans N (2014) Investigation of the in vivo ant oxidative activity of Cynara scolymus (artichoke) leaf extract in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 58(1): 211-215.
Mansol Mollashahi Khumaki A, Varasteh moradi A (2015) Effect of different extraction methods on effective compounds and antioxidant activity of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) extract in Golestan province. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants 11(3): 74-85. [in Persian with English abstract]
Margna U (1977) Control at the level of substrate supply: An alternative in the regulation of phenylpropanoid accumulation in plant cells. Phytochemistry 16:419-426.
Mc Donald S, Prenzler PD, Autolovich M, Robards K (2001) Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of olive extracts. Food Chemistry 73:73-84.
Mehrabani M, Mahdavi Meymand Z, Khandanizadeh B, Hassan Abadi N (2014) Effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer and harvest time on the quantity and quality of essential oil and total phenol content in Satureja hortensis L. in Kerman province. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants 8(4): 1-11. [in Persian with English abstract]
Mehrafarin A, Naghdi Badi H, Poorhadi M, Hadavi E, Qavami N, Kadkhoda Z (2011) Phytochemical and agronomical response of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) to bio-fertilizers and urea fertilizer application. Journal of Medicinal Plants 4(40): 107-118. [in Persian with English abstract]
Mocelin R, Marcon M, Santo GD, Zanatta L, Sachett A, Schönell AP, Bevilaqua F, Giachini M, Chitolina R, Wildner SM, Duarte, MMMF, Conterato MMG, Piato AL, Gomes DB, Roman Junior WA (2016) Hypolipidemic and antiatherogenic effects of Cynara scolymus in cholesterol-fed rats. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 26: 233–239.
Moghaddam M, Ehdaie B, Waines JDG (1997) Genetic variation and interrelationships of agronomic characters in landraces of bread wheat from southeastern Iran. Euphytica 95: 361-369.
Mohamed Abdel Magied M, Hussien S, Mohamed Zaki S, Mohamed EL, Said R (2016). Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) leaves and heads extracts as hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic in rats. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 4(1): 60-68.
Mushtaq M, Wani SM (2013) Polyphenols and human health - A review. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 4: B338-B360.
Ngetich O, Niyokuri A, Rono J, Fashaho A, Ogweno J (2013) Effect of different rates of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and yield of zucchini (Curcubita pepo cv. Diamant L.) hybrid F1 in Rwandan high altitude zone. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 5:54-62.
Nguyen PM, Niemeyer ED (2008) Effects of nitrogen fertilization on the phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, 8685- 8691.
Pistón M, Machado I, Branco CS, Cesio V, Heinzen H, Ribeiro D, Fernandes E, Chisté RC, Freitas M (2014) Infusion, decoction and hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves from artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. cardunculus) are effective scavengers of physiologically relevant ROS and RNS. Food Research International 64: 150–156.
Poshtdar A, Abdali Mashhadi AR, Moradi F, Siadat SA Bakhshandeh A (2016) Ecological and phytochemical response of Mentha piperita L. to nitrogenous fertilizers types in Khuzestan region. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants 13(1): 19-32. [in Persian with English abstract]
Rahmati M, Azizi M, Hassanzadeh Khayat M, Nemati H (2009) The effects of different level of nitrogen and plant density on the agro morphological characters, yield and essential oils content of improved chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) cultivar "Bodegold". Journal of Horticulture Science 23(1):27-35. [in Persian with English abstract]
Saikia SP, Dutta SP, Goswami A, Bhau BS, Kanjilal PB (2010) Role of Azospirillum in the improvement of legumes. In: Microbes for Legume Improvement. Springer-Verlag: Wien 389-408.
Saxena A (2004) Effect of nitrogen levels and harvesting management on quality of essential oil in peppermint cultivars. Indian Performer 33(3): 182-185.
Siriamompus S, Suttajit M (2010) Microchemicals compounds and antioxidant activity of different morphological part of thai wildpurslane (portulaca oleraceae L.).Weed science 58(3):182-188.
Soares AA, Souza CGM, Daniel FM, Ferrari GP, Costa SMG, Peralta RM (2009) Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of Agaricus brasiliensis (Agaricus blazei Murril.) in two stages of maturity. Food Chemistry 112: 775-781.
Soroori S, Moghaddam M, Hashemi Moghaddam H (2013). Effect of N fertilizer of different levels and cultivated density on yield and essential oil content on Moldavian dragonhead. Journal of Crops Improvement 15(4): 179-194. [in Persian with English abstract]
Sotiropoulou DE, Karamanos AJ (2010) Field studies of nitrogen application on growth and yield of Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart). Industrial Crops and Products 32(3): 450-457.
Wahba HE, Motawe HM, Ibrahim AY (2014) Effect of nitrogen fertilizers on productivity of Urtica pilulifera plant. Bioscience 6(1): 49-56.
Wong C, Li H, Cheng F (2006) A systematic survey of antioxidant activity of 30 Chinese medicinal plants using the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. Food Chemistry 97: 705-711.
Wu C, Gao Q, Keith Kjelgren R, Guo X, Wang M (2013) Yields, phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of Ziziphus jujube Mill. in response to different fertilization treatments. Molecules 18:12029-12040.
Zadehesfahlan M, Emaratpardaz J, Zarehaghaghi D, Vaez N (2015) Effects of Nitrogen and zinc fertilizers on the yield of flowering shoots in Hypericum Perforatum. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 24(4.1): 31-40. [in Persian with English abstract]
Zare S, Sirousmehr A, Ghanbari A, Tabatabaei S (2013) The effect of different rates of municipal compost and n fertilizer on the essential oil and some vegetative characteristics of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 11(1):191-199. [in Persian with English abstract]
Zeinali H, Bagheri Kholanjani M, Golparvar MR, Jafarpour M, Shiranirad AH )2008( Effect of different planting time and nitrogen fertilizer rates on flower yield and its components in German chamomile (Matricaria recutita). Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 10(3): 220-230. [in Persian with English abstract]
Ziaee S, Dast Pak A, Naghdibadi A, Poor Hosseini H, Hemati Moghadam L, Gharavi A, Naeini M (2004) Review on Cynara scolymus L. Journal of Medicinal Plants 4(13): 1-10. [in Persian with English abstract]
_||_
