بهبود کنترل بیولوژیک کپک خاکستری سیب با استفاده از مخلوط جدایه‌های مخمر و سیلیکون و القای پاسخ های دفاعی

الموضوعات : دو فصلنامه تحقیقات بیماریهای گیاهی

اسماعیل زنگویی ¹ (دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد گروه گیاهپزشکی، پردیس ابوریحان، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران)
حسن رضا اعتباریان ² (استاد گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد شهر ری)
نوازاله صاحبانی ³ (دانشیار گروه گیاهپزشکی، پردیس ابوریحان، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران)

تاريخ الإرسال : 15 السبت , رمضان, 1438 تاريخ التأكيد : 15 السبت , رمضان, 1438 تاريخ الإصدار : 15 الثلاثاء , رمضان, 1434

الکلمات المفتاحية: ترکیبات فنلی, پراکسیداز, کاتالاز, کپک خاکستری سیب, سیلیکون,

ملخص المقالة :

در این پژوهش جدایه مخمر A5 از گونهCandida membranifuciens و جدایه A6 از گونه Pichia guilliermondiiبه صورت انفرادی و مخلوط با سیلیکون (Si) برای کنترل بیماری کپک خاکستری سیب با عامل Botrytis cinerea مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. آزمایش اثر غلظت­های گوناگون سیلیکون بر روی جدایه­های مخمر در شرایط آزمایشگاه نشان داد سیلیکون سبب کاهش رشد مخمرها می­گردد. هم­چنین سیلیکون مانع جوانه­زنی اسپور قارچ عامل بیماری در غلظت­های بالای 8/0% w/v می­گردد. نتایج آزمایشات در شرایط انبار نیز نشان داد مخلوط جدایه+ A5  سیلیکون 2/0درصد و جدایه+ A6  سیلیکون 2/0 درصد با قطر لکه برابر با 87/3 و 48/3 میلی متر در دمای 4 درجه سانتی گراد و هم­چنین در دمای20 درجه سانتی گراد تیمار +A5 سیلیکون 2/0 با ایجاد قطر لکه معادل 23/5 میلی متر، بیش­ترین کنترل کنندگی را نسبت به دیگر تیمارها به صورت انفرادی و مخلوط با سیلیکون دارند. توانایی مخلوط جدایه مخمر A5 و سیلیکون 2/0 درصد در القای پاسخ­های دفاعی در بافت سیب نشان داد این مخلوط چهار روز بعد از مایه زنی عامل بیماری فعالیت آنزیم کاتالاز را کاهش می­دهد. علاوه بر آن این مخلوط دو روز بعد از مایه زنی سبب افزایش فعالیت آنزیم پراکسیداز و ترکیبات فنلی نیز می­گردد. مطابق نتایج این پژوهش مخلوط مخمرها بهمراه سیلیکون با افزایش القاء مقاومت در بافت میوه سیب، سبب بهبود کنترل بیولوژیک می­گردند.

المصادر:

1. Agrios GN .1988. Plant Pathology. 3rd ed. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc. 803 p.

2. Alavifar F. 2007. Study of the possibility of biological control of gray mold on apple by of some yeast [MSc.]. [Tehran]: University of Tehran.

3. Ashraf MY, Azmy AH and Khan SA. 1994. Effect of water stress on total phenols, peroxidase activity and chrolophyll content in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 16: 185–191.

4. B´elanger RR, Bowen PA, Ehret DL and Menzies JG.1995. Soluble silicon: its role in crop and disease management of greenhouse crops. Plant Disease 79: 329–336.

5. B´elanger RR, Benhamou N and Menzies JG. 2003. Cytological evidence of an active role of silicon in wheat resistance to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici). Phytopathology 93: 402–412.

6. Biggs AR, El-Kholi MM, El-Neshawy S and Nickerson R .1997. Effects of calcium salts on growth, polygalacturonase activity, and infection of peach fruit by Monilinia fructicola. Plant Disease 81: 399–403.

7. Bi Y, Tian SP, Guo YR, Ge YH and Qin GZ. 2006. Sodium silicate reduces postharvest decay on Hami melons: Induced resistance and fungistatic effects. Plant Disease 90: 279–283.

8. Bradford M. 1976. A rapid sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry 72: 248–254.

9. Chan Z and Tian S. 2005. Interaction of antagonistic yeasts against postharvest pathogens of apple fruit and possible mode of action. Postharvest Biology and Technology 36: 215–223.

10. Cherif MN, Benhamou JG and Menzies RR. 1994. Defense responses induced by soluble silicon in cucumber roots infected by Pythium sp. Phytopathology84:236–242 .

11. Droby ME, Wisniewski L, Cohen B, Weiss D, Touitou Y and Eilam E. 1997. Influence of CaCl₂ on Penicillium digitatum, grapefruit peel tissue, and biocontrol activity of Pichia guilliermondii, Phytopathology 87: 310–315.

12. Droby S, Vinokur V, Weiss B, Cohen L, Daus A., Goldschmidt EE and Porat R. 2002. Induction of resistance to Penicillium digitatum in grapefruit by the yeast biocontrol agent Candida oleophila. Phytopathology 92: 393–399.

13. Du Z and, Bramlage WJ. 1995. Peroxidative activity of apple peel in relation to development of poststorage disorders.HortScience 30: 205–209.

14. Elad Y, Williamson B, Tudzynski P and Delen N. 2004. Botrytis: Biology, Pathology and Control. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 428 p.

15. El-Ghaouth A, Smilanick JL, Wisniewski M and Wilson CL. 2000. Improved control of apple and citrus fruit decay with a combination of Candida saitoana and 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Plant Disease 84: 249–253.

16. El-Ghaouth A, Wilson CL and Wisniewski M. 2003. Control of postharvest decay of apple fruit with Candida saitoana and induction of defense responses. Phytopathology 93: 344–348.

17. Epstein E. 1999. Silicon. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 50:641–664.

18. Etebarian HR, Sholberg PL, Eastwell KC and Sayler RJ. 2005. Biological control of apple blue mold with Pseudomonas fluorescens. Microbiology 51: 591–598.

19. Etebarian HR. 1988. Studies on quantitive change in phenolic compound of barly varieties during the development of puccinia hordei and the relationship between these susceptible and brown rust resistance in barley. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology 24:61–62.

20. Franceschi VR, Krekling AA and Berryman E. 1998. Specialized phloem parenchyma cells in Norway spruce (Pinaceae) are a primary site of defense reactions. American Journal of Botany 85:601–615.

21. Gong Y, Toivonen MA, Lau OL and Wiersma A .2001.Antioxidant system level in Braeburn apple is related to its browning disorder. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 42: 259–264.

22. Guo Y, Liu L, Zhao J and Bi Y .2007. Use of silicon oxide and sodium silicate for controlling Trichothecium roseum postharvest rot in Chinese cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.). International Journal of Food Science & Technology 42:1012–1018.

23. Janisiewicz WJ. 1988. Biocontrol of post harvest diseases of apples with antagonist mixtures. Phytopathology 78: 194–198.

24. Janisiewicz WJ and Bors B. 1995. Development of a microbial community of bacterial and yeast antagonists to control wound-invading postharvest pathogens of fruits. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61:3261–3267.

25. Kanto T, Miyoshi A, Ogawa T, Maekawa Knand Aino M .2004. Suppressive effect of potassium silicate on powder mildew of strawberry in hydroponics. Journal of General Plant Pathology 70:207–211.

26. Little TM and Hills FJ. 1978. Agricultural Experimentation Design and Analysis. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 479 p.

27. Lima GDE, Curtis F, Castoria RDE and Cicco V. 1998. Activity of the yeasts Cryptococcus laurentii and Rhodotorula glutinis against postharvest rots on different fruits. Biocontrol Science and Technology. 8: 257–267.

28. Li YC, Bi Y, Ge YH, Sun XJ and Wang Y .2009. Antifungal activity of sodium silicate on Fusarium sulphureum and its effect on dry rot of potato tubers. Journal of Food Science 74:213–218.

29. Mayer AM, Staples RC and Gil-ad NL. 2001. Mechanisms of the reduction of pathogens in hosts expressing the hypersensitive respone. Phytopathology 58: 33–41.

30. Podseked A, Wilska-Jeska J, Anders B and Markowski J. 2000. Compositional characterization of some apple varieties. European Food Research and Technology 210: 268–272.

31. Qin GZ, and Tian SP. 2005. Enhancement of biocontrol activity of Cryptococcus laurentii by silicon and the possible mechanisms involved. Phytopathology 95:69–75.

32. Rotem J, Cohen Y and Bashi E. 1978. Host and environmental influences on sporulation in vivo. Annual Review of Phytopathology 16:83–101.

33. Seebold W, Kucharek TA, Datnoff LE, Correa-Victoria FJ, and Marchetti MA. 2001. The influence of silicon on components of resistance to blast in susceptible, partially resistant, and resistant cultivars of rice. Phytopathology 91:63–69.

34. Tian SP, Qin GZ and Xu Y .2005. Synergistic effects of combining biocontrol agents with silicon against postharvest diseases of jujube fruit. Journal of Food Protection 68:544–550.

35. Ting YU and Zheng XD. 2006. Salicylic Acid Enhances Biocontrol Efficacy of the Antagonist Cryptococcus laurentii in Apple Fruit. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 25: 166–174.

36. Vivekananthan R, Ravi M and Ramanathan A. 2006. Pre-harvest application of a new biocontrol formulation induces resistance to post-harvest anthracnose and enhances fruit yield in mango. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 45: 126–138.

37. Wainwright M, Al-Wajeeh K and Grayston SJ .1997.Effect of silicic acid and other silicon compounds on fungal growth in oligotrophic and nutrient-rich media. Mycological Research 101: 933–938.

38. Wang YS, Tian S, Xu Y, Qin GZ and Yao H. 2004. Changes in the activities of pro- and anti-oxidant enzymes in peach fruit inoculated with Cryptococcus laurentii or Penicillium expansum at 0 or 20 ^◦C. Postharvest Biology and Technology 34: 21–28.

39. Wisniewski M, Biles C, Droby S, McLaughlin, R, Wilson C and Chalutz E. 1991. Mode of action of the postharvest biocontrol yeast Pichia guilliermondii: characterization of attachment to Botrytis cinerea. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 39: 245–258.

40. Yao H, Tian S and Wang Y. 2004. Sodium bicarbonate enhances biocontrol efficacy of yeasts on fungal spoilage of pears. International Journal of Food Microbiology 93:297–304.

41. Zangoei E, Etebarian HR and Sahebani N. 2011. Improvement in the biocontrol of postharvest diseases of apples with the use of yeast mixtures.Iranian Journal of Plant protection sience 36: 322–342.