Effects of Barley Silage Particle Size with Two Levels of Concentrate, Beet Bulp Levels and Grain Levels on Dry Matter Intake, Digestibility, Ruminal Parameters, and Feed Intake Behavior in Sheep
الموضوعات :
M.M. Sharifi-Hoseini
1
(Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran)
O. Dayani
2
(Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran)
P. Dadvar
3
(Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Kerman, Iran)
الکلمات المفتاحية: barley grain, chewing activity, digestibility, microbial protein synthesis, NH3-N,
ملخص المقالة :
Three experiments were conducted to investigate effects of particle size and levels of barley silage with different levels of concentrate, non-forage fiber, and grain on intake, digestibility, ruminal parameters, and feeding behavior on sheep In all experiments, silages were prepared as the size of large and short particle size (16 and 8 mm, respectively). The barley silage particle size was examined with two levels of concen-trate as the first experiment, with two levels of non-forage fiber sources as the second experiment and with two levels of barley grain as the third experiment. In each experiment, eight rams were used in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 factorial method in four 21-day periods. In experiment 1, dry matter intake was higher in the diet with 40 percentage concentrate compared to 60 percentage concentrate (P<0.01). Rumen pH decreased in diets with small silage particle size and high concentrate at two and four hours after feeding. Microbial protein synthesis increased in diets with small silage particle size and diet with 60 per-centage concentrate (P<0.04 and P<0.02, respectively). In experiment 2, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in-take and digestibility were higher in diets with 20 percentage sugar beet pulp (P<0.05 and P<0.05, respec-tively). Rumen pH was lower in diets with 20 percentage sugar beet pulp after two and four hours of feed-ing (P=0.05 and P<0.05, respectively). In experiment 3, rumen pH was lower in diets with 40 percentage barley grain and small particle size silage at two and four hours after feeding. In all three experiments, the time of eating, rumination and chewing activity were higher in diets with large silage particle size. Geomet-ric mean was higher in three experiments in diets with long silage. The results suggest that barley silage shows promise for use in combination with other feedstuffs to potentially enhance animal performance and rumen health.
Addah W., Baah J., Groenewegen P., Okine E.K. and McAllister T.A. (2011). Comparison of the fermentation characteristics, aerobic stability and nutritive value of barley and corn silages ensiled with or without a mixed bacterial inoculant. Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 91, 133-146.
Alamouti A.A., Alikhani M., Ghorbani G. and Zebeli Q. (2009). Effects of inclusion of neutral detergent soluble fibre sources in diets varying in forage particle size on feed intake, digestive processes, and performance of mid-lactation Holstein cows. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 154(1), 9-23.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE). (2002). Method of Determining and Expressing Particle Size of Chopped Forage (S424.1). ASABE St. Joseph, Michigan.
AOAC. (2012). Official Methods of Analysis. 19th Ed. Associa-tion of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, Washington, DC., USA.
Aragona K.M., Suarez-Mena F.X., Dennis T.S., Quigley J.D., Hu W., Hill T.M. and Schlotterbeck R.L. (2020). Effect of starter form, starch concentration, and amount of forage fed on Hol-stein calf growth from 2 to 4 months of age. J. Dairy Sci. 103, 2324-2332.
Aschenbach J.R., Penner G.B., Stumpff F. and Gäbel G. (2011). Ruminant nutrition symposium: Role of fermentation acid ab-sorption in the regulation of ruminal pH. Anim. Sci J. 89(4), 1092-1107.
Beauchemin K.A. (2018). Current perspectives on eating and ru-mination activity in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 101(6), 4762-4784.
Beecher M., Buckley F., Waters S.M., Boland T.M., Enriquez-Hidalgo D., Deighton M.H., O’Donovan M. and Lewis E. (2014). Gastrointestinal tract size, total-tract digestibility, and rumen microflora in different dairy cow genotypes. J. Dairy Sci. 97(6), 3906-3917.
Bourquin L.D., Titgemeyer E.C., Van Milgen J. and Fahey G.C. (1994). Forage level and particle size effects on orchadgrass digestion by steers: II. Ruminal digestion kinetics of cell wall components. J. Anim. Sci. 72(3), 759-767.
Bowman J.G. and Firkins J.L. (1993). Effects of forage species and particle size on bacterial cellulolytic activity and coloniza-tion in situ. Anim. Sci. J. 71(6), 1623-33.
Broderick G.A. and Kang J.H. (1980). Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. J. Dairy Sci. 63(1), 64-75.
Chen X.B. and Gomes M.J. (1992). Estimation of Microbial Pro-tein Supply to Sheep and Cattle based on Urinary Excretion of Purine Derivatives–an Over View of the Technical Details. Occasional Publication, Rowette Research Institute, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
Clark P.W. and Armentano L.E. (2002). Influence of particle size on the effectiveness of the effectiveness of the fiber in alfalfa silage. J Dairy Sci. 85(11), 3000-3007.
Denek N. and Can A. (2006). Feeding value of wet tomato po-mace ensiled with wheat straw and wheat grain for Awassi sheep. Small Rumin. Res. 65(3), 260-265.
DePeters E.G. and Arosemena A. (2000). Composition and di-gestibility of beet pulp with and without molasses and dried using three methods. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 85, 121-129.
Ferraretto L.F., Crump P.M. and Shaver R.D. (2013). Effect of cereal grain type and corn grain harvesting and processing methods on intake, digestion, and milk production by dairy cows through a meta-analysis. J. Dairy Sci. 96(1), 533-550.
Gomes M.J., Guedes C.M., Silva S.R., Azevedoa J.M.T. and Dias-da-Silva A. (2014). Utilization of high and low roughage diets by a local and an exotic breed of sheep: intake, growth and di-gestive efficiency. Livest. Sci. 167, 110-120.
Hattori I., Sawai A. and Muraki M. (2008). Fermentation quality of purple corn [zea mays] silage. J. Japanese Soc. Grassland Sci. 54(2), 141-143.
Heydari M., Ghorbani G.R., Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi A., Rafiee H., Ahamdi F. and Saeidy H. (2021). Beet pulp substituted for corn silage and barley grain in diets fed to dairy cows in the summer months: feed intake, total-tract digestibility, and milk production. Animals. 73(1), 142-148.
Hu W., Hill T.M., Dennis T.S., Suarez-Mena F.X., Quigley J.D., Knapp J.R. and Schlotterbeck R.L. (2018). Relationships be-tween starch concentration of dry feed, diet digestibility, and growth of dairy calves up to 16 weeks of age. J. Dairy Sci. 101(8), 7073-7081.
Iranian Council of Animal Care. (1995). Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals, Vol. 1. Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran.
Jones B.A., Hatfield R.D. and Muck R.E. (1992). Effect of fermentation and bacterial inoculation on lucerne cell walls. J. Sci. Food Agric. 60(2), 147-153.
Kazemi-Bonchenari M., Mirzaei M., Hossein Yazdi M., Moradi M.H., Khodaei-Motlagh M. and Pezeshki A. (2020). Effects of a grain source (corn versus barley) and starter protein content on performance, ruminal fermentation, and blood metabolites in Holstein dairy calves. Animals. 10(10), 1722-1735.
Khan M.A., Lee H.J., Lee W.S., Kim H.S., Kim H.S., Park S.B., Baek K.S., Ha J.K. and Choi Y.J. (2008). Starch source evaluation in calf starter: II. Ruminal parameters, rumen de-velopment, nutrient digestibilities, and nitrogen utilization in Holstein calves. J. Dairy Sci. 91(3), 1140-1149.
Kmicikewycz A.D. and Heinrichs A.J. (2015). Effect of corn si-lage particle size and supplemental hay on rumen pH and feed preference by dairy cows fed high-starch diets. J. Dairy Sci. 98(1), 373-385.
Knapp J.R., Laur G.L., Vadas P.A., Weiss W.P. and Tricarico J.M. (2014). Invited review: Enteric methane in dairy cattle production: Quantifying the opportunities and impact of re-ducing emissions. J. Dairy Sci. 97(6), 3231-3261.
Kononoff P.J. and Heinrich A.J. (2003). The effect of corn silage particle size and cottonseed hulls on cows in early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 86(7), 2438-2451.
Kononoff P.J., Heinrichs A.J. and Buckmaster D.A. (2003). Modi-fication of the Penn state forage and total mixed ration particle separator and the effects of moisture content on its measure-ments. J. Dairy Sci. 86(5), 1858-1863.
Krause K.M., Combs D.K. and Beauchemin K.A. (2002). Effects of forage particle size and grain fermentability in midlactation cows. I. Milk production and diet digestibility. J. Dairy Sci. 85, 1947-1957.
Li C., Beauchemin K.A. and Yang W. (2019). Feeding diets vary-ing in forage proportion and particle length to lactating dairy cows: I. Effects on ruminal pH and fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, digestibility, and milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 103(5), 4340-4354.
March M.D., Haskell M.J., Chagunda M.G.G., Langford F.M. and Roberts D.J. (2014). Current trends in British dairy manage-ment regimens. J. Dairy Sci. 97(12), 7985-7994.
Maulfair D.D. and Heinrichs A.J. (2013). Effects of varying for-age particle size and fermentable carbohydrates on feed sort-ing, ruminal fermentation, and milk and component yields of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 96(5), 3085-3097.
McDonald P., Edwards R.A., Greenhalgh J.F.D., Morgan C.A., Sinclair L.A. and Wilkinson R.G. (2011). Animal Nutrition. Prentice Hall/Pearson, Harlow, England, United Kingdom.
McDonald P., Henderson A.R. and Heron S.J.E. (1991). The Bio-Chemistry of Silage. Chalcombe Publications, Marlow, Bucks, United Kingdom.
Meng Q., Kerley M.S., Ludden P.A. and Belyea R.L. (1999). Fermentation substrate and dilution rate interact to affect mi-crobial growth and efficiency. J. Anim. Sci. 77(1), 206-214.
Mohsen M.K., Ali M.F., Gaafar H.M., Al-Sakka T.S., Aboelenin S.M., Soliman M.M. and Dawood M.A.O. (2021). Impact of dry sugar beet pulp on milk production, digestibility traits, and blood constituents of dairy Holstein cows. Animals. 11, 3496-3510.
Munnich M., Khiaosa-ard R., Klevenhusen F., Hilpold A., Khol-Parisini A. and Zebeli Q.A. (2017). Meta-analysis of feeding sugar beet pulp in dairy cows: effects on feed intake, ruminal fermentation, performance, and net food production. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 224, 78-89.
Nasrollahi S.M., Imani M. and Zebeli Q. (2015). A meta-analysis and metaregression of the effect of forage particle size, level, source, and preservation method on feed intake, nutrient di-gestibility, and performance in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 98(12), 8926-8939.
Nousiainen J., Rinne M. and Huhtanen P. (2009). A meta-analysis of feed digestion in dairy cows. 1. The effects of forage and concentrate factors on total diet digestibility. J. Dairy Sci. 92(10), 5019-5030.
NRC. (2007). Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants, Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
Oba M. (2011). Review: Effects of feeding sugars on productivity of lactating dairy cows. Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 91, 37-46.
Rodriguez-Prado M., Calsamiglia S. and Ferret A. (2004). Effects of fiber content and particle size of forage on the flow of mi-crobial amino acids from continuous culture fermenters. J. Dairy Sci. 87(5), 1413-1424.
SAS Institute. (2004). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 9.4. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Sharifi-Hoseini M.M., Torbati-Nejad N.M., Teimouri Yansari A., Hasani S., Goorchi T. and Tahmasbi R. (2018). The effects of corn silage particle size and fat supplement on feed intake, di-gestibility, ruminal function, chewing activity, and perform-ance in mid-lactating Holstein dairy cows. J. Livest. Sci. Tech-nol. 6(2), 21-32.
Sharifi-Hoseini M.M., Torbati-Nejad N.M., Teimouri-Yansari A., Hasani S. and Ghorchi T. (2012). Effect of corn silage particle size and level of soybean oil on ruminal mat composition, dis-tribution and consistency in Zel sheep. African J. Biotechnol. 11(89), 15580-15589.
Soita H.W., Christensen D.A. and McKinnon J.J. (2000). Influ-ence of particle size on the effectiveness of the fiber in barley silage. J. Anim. Sci. 83(10), 2295-2300.
Tafaj M., Zebeli Q., Baes C., Steingass H. and Drochner W. (2007). A meta-analysis examining effects of particle size of total mixed rations on intake, rumen digestion and milk pro-duction in high-yielding dairy cows in early lactation. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 138(2), 137-161.
Tayyab U., Wilkinson R.G., Charlton G.L., Reynolds C.K. and Sinclair L.A. (2018). Grass silage particle size when fed with or without maize silage alters performance, reticular pH and metabolism of Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. Animals. 13(3), 524-532.
Teimouri-Yansari A. (2016). Physical characteristics and physi-cally effectiveness of beet pulp for ruminant. Iranian J. Appl. Anim. Sci. 6(2), 317-326.
Teimouri-Yansari A., Valizadeh R., Naserian A., Christensen D.A., Yu P. and Eftekhari Shahroodi F. (2004). Effects of al-falfa particle size and specific gravity on chewing activity, di-gestibility, and performance of Holstein dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 87(11), 3912-3924.
Van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B. and Lewis B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch poly-saccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74(10), 3583-3597.
Voelker J. and Allen M. (2003). Pelleted beet pulp substituted for high-moisture corn: 1. Effects on feed intake, chewing behav-ior, and milk production of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 86(11), 3542-3552.
Yahaya M.S., Kawai M. and Takahashi J. (2002). The effects of different moisture content and ensiling time on silo degrada-tion of structural carbohydrate of orchard grass. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 15, 213-217.
Yang W.Z. and Beauchemin K.A. (2006). Effects of physically effective fiber on chewing activity and ruminal pH of dairy cows fed diets based on barley silage. J. Dairy Sci. 89(11), 217-228.
Yang W.Z. and Beauchemin K.A. (2004). Grain processing, for-age-to-concentrate ratio, and forage length effects on ruminal nitrogen degradation and flows of amino acids to the duode-num. J. Dairy Sci. 87(8), 2578-2590.
Yang W.Z., Beauchemin K.A. and Rode L.M. (2001). Effects of grain processing, forage to concentrate ratio, and forage parti-cle size on rumen pH and digestion by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84(10), 2203-2216.
Zebeli Q., Aschenbach J.R., Tafaj M., Boghun J., Ametaj B.N. and Drochner W. (2012). Review: Role of physically effective fiber and estimation of dietary fiber adequacy in high-producing dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 95(3), 1041-1056.
Zebeli Q., Tafaj M., Weber I., Dijkstra J., Steingass H. and Dro-chner W. (2007). Effects of varying dietary forage particle size in two concentrate levels on chewing activity, ruminal mat characteristics, and passage in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90(4), 1929-1942.
Zhao X., Zhang T. and Yao J.H. (2010). Effects of physically effective fiber on chewing activity, ruminal fermentation, and digestibility in goats. J. Anim. Sci. 89(2), 501-509.
