فناوری زیست پالایی: یک راهکار قابل اعتماد و سازگار با محیط زیست برای احیای محیط‌های آلوده
الموضوعات :
محمد صفری
1
,
نسیم موسی خانی
2
,
احمد اصل هاشمی
3
,
غلامحسین صفری
4
1 - دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرمان، کرمان، ایران
2 - کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، تبریز، ایران
3 - گروه آموزش بهداشت محیط دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز
4 - گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، تبریز، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: آلودگی محیط زیست, میکروارگانیسم‌ها, تجزیه زیستی, زیست پالایی درجا, زیست پالایی دگرجا,
ملخص المقالة :
آلودگی محیط‌زیست در چندین دهه اخیر به دلیل افزایش فعالیت‌های انسانی افزایش یافته است. صنعتی‌شدن جهانی و روش‌های کشاورزی مدرن، به بروز آلاینده‌هایی مانند هیدروکربن‌ها، آفت‌کش‌ها و فلزات سنگین منجر شده است. فناوری زیست‌پالایی یک استراتژی کلیدی برای مواجهه با چالش‌های متنوع ناشی از آلودگی محیطی است که از توان میکروارگانیسم‌ها برای پاک‌سازی و حفاظت از اکوسیستم‌ها و حذف آلاینده‌ها از محیط‌های آلوده بهره می‌برد. زیست‌پالایی فرآیندی است که شامل کاهش، حذف، تغییر و تبدیل آلاینده‌ها در محیط‌های طبیعی نظیر خاک، رسوبات، هوا و آب با استفاده از میکروارگانیسم‌ها، قارچ‌ها، گیاهان یا آنزیم‌های آن‌ها به منظور بازگرداندن محیط آسیب‌دیده به شرایط اولیه است. فناوری‌های زیست‌پالایی را می‌توان به دو دسته اصلی درجا و دگرجا تقسیم‌بندی کرد. زیست‌پالایی درجا به تصفیه آلاینده‌ها در محل آلوده اختصاص دارد، در حالی که زیست‌پالایی دگرجا شامل جمع‌آوری و انتقال مواد آلوده به محل دیگری برای تصفیه است. روش‌های زیست‌پالایی درجا شامل تزریق زیستی، تهویه زیستی، تحریک زیستی، مکش زیستی، تقویت زیستی و گیاه‌پالایی هستند. از طرفی، روش‌های دگرجا شامل تصفیه به کمک زمین، کمپوست‌سازی، توده‌های بیولوژیکی، فیلترهای زیستی، راکتورهای زیستی و روش ویندرو می‌باشند. با وجود مزایای فراوان این فناوری نظیر پایداری، هزینه کم و سازگاری با محیط‌زیست، زیست‌پالایی با چالش‌های مهمی مانند ویژگی‌های بیولوژیکی، تنوع زیست‌محیطی، ناهمگونی سایت‌ها، مشکلات مقیاس‌پذیری و موانع نظارتی روبرو است. برای مواجهه با این چالش‌ها، تحقیق، توسعه و مدیریت چندرشته‌ای ضروری است. این مقاله یک مرور جامع از زیست‌پالایی، اهداف، اصول، روش‌ها، عوامل مؤثر، مزایا و چالش‌های پیش روی آن و همچنین چشم‌اندازهای آتی این فناوری را ارائه می‌دهد و بر نیاز به تحقیقات مستمر برای بهینه‌سازی و گسترش کاربرد آن تأکید می‌کند.
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