اثر دور آبياري و محلولپاشي کود فسفر بر عملکرد و بهرهوري مصرف آب در گياه لوبيا
الموضوعات :
علی عبدزادگوهری
1
,
عادل غدیری
2
,
سید علی غفاری نژاد
3
1 - ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮ، بخش آبياري و فيزيک خاک، موسسه تحقيقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقيقات، آموزش و ترويج کشاورزي، کرج، ايران
2 - بخش تحقيقات اصلاح و تهيه نهال و بذر، مركز تحقيقات و آموزش كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي استان مرکزي، سازمان تحقيقات،آموزش و ترويج كشاورزي، اراک، ايران.
3 - استاديار، بخش تحقيقات حاصلخيزي خاک و تغذيه گياه، موسسه تحقيقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقيقات، آموزش و ترويج کشاورزي، کرج، ايران.
الکلمات المفتاحية: تابع توليد, همبستگي, رگرسيون, آب مصرفي,
ملخص المقالة :
زمينه و هدف: کشاورزي بزرگترين مصرف کننده آب در سراسر جهان است که 70 درصد از کل منابع آب شيرين را استفاده ميکند. لوبيا معمولي (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) از حبوبات مهمي است که در بسياري از کشورها داراي اهميت اقتصادي فراواني ميباشد. لوبيا معمولي حدود نيمي از حبوبات مصرفي جهان را تشکيل ميدهد و در رژيم غذايي انسان، نقش اساسي در تامين پروتئين دارد. منابع آب يک عامل کمياب و محدود کننده براي گسترش کشت و توليدات گياهي در بسياري از مناطق خشک و نيمهخشک است. تحويل درست و کارآمد آب ميتواند بهافزايش عملکرد محصول و بهبود بهرهوري مصرف آب و کود کمک کند. بهبود بهرهوري آب بدون هيچگونه کاهشي در محصول براي برآوردن امنيت غذايي در حال و آينده، از موضوعات بسيار مهم بهحساب ميآيد که ممکن است بهکاهش مصرف آب، کاهش تلفات آب آبياري و افزايش سطح زيرکشت کمک کند. فسفر يکي از ضروريترين مواد مغذي در رشد گياه است و يک عنصر حياتي از ترکيبات بيولوژيکي مانند اسيدهاي نوکلئيک، نوکلئوتيدها، فسفوليپيدها و فسفو پروتئينها است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسي اثرات مديريت دور آبياري و سطوح مختلف کود فسفر بر عملکرد، بهرهوري مصرف آب و تخمين عملکرد توليد در بوته‌هاي لوبيا استان گيلان انجام شد.
روش پژوهش: اين تحقيق در استان گيلان و در شهرستان آستانهاشرفيه با عرض جغرافيايي 37 درجه و 25 دقيقه، طول جغرافيايي 49 درجه و 94 دقيقه و ميانگين ارتفاع 5- متر از سطح دريا بهصورت آزمايشي کرتهاي خرد شده در طرح بلوک‌هاي کامل تصادفي در سه تکرار در سال‌هاي زراعي 1401 و 1402 انجام شد. مديريت آبياري شامل بدون آبياري و آبياري با فواصل 6، 12 و 18 روز بهعنوان فاکتور اصلي و محلولپاشي کود فسفر (P2O5 بهميزان 50 درصد) شامل 0، 1، 2 و 3 ليتر در هزار ليتر آب به عنوان عامل ثانويه در فواصل 10 روز در نظر گرفته شد.
يافتهها: اثر فواصل آبياري و کود فسفر و اثر متقابل آنها در سطح 1 درصد بر عملکرد زيستتوده، غلاف و دانه معنيدار بود و بيشترين عملکرد زيستتوده، غلاف و دانه در دور آبياري 6 روز و تيمار کودي 1 ليتر در هزار ليتر آب بهترتيب با ميانگين 11996، 6518 و 2809 کيلوگرم در هکتار به دست آمد. بيشترين بهرهوري مصرف آب مبتني بر عملکرد دانه با ميانگين 53/0 کيلوگرم بر متر مکعب در شرايط بدونآبياري و تيمار کودي 1 ليتر بود. بيشترين درصد آب نسبي برگ با ميانگين 4/85 درصد در شرايط آبياري 6 روز و تيمار کودي 1 ليتر فسفر در هزار ليتر آب بود.
نتيجه‌گيري: نتايج مطالعه نشان داد که استفاده از مقادير مناسب فسفر و فواصل آبياري که بر اساس نياز محصول تعيين ميشود، براي دستيابي به حداکثر عملکرد در لوبيا و به حداقل رساندن هزينه‌هاي قابل اجتناب و اثرات منفي کم‌آبي بسيار مهم است. ضرايب همبستگي ساده صفات زراعي نشان داد که عملکرد زيستتوده صفات، تعداد غلاف در بوته، تعداد دانه در بوته و وزن 100 دانه با عملکرد دانه همبستگي مثبت و معني‌داري داشتند. نتايج رگرسيون گام بهگام بين عملکرد دانه و ساير صفات زراعي در لوبيا نشان داد که عملکرد غلاف، تعداد غلاف در بوته، شاخص برداشت، عملکرد زيستتوده و عمق ريشه تأثيرگذارترين صفات بودند که در سال‌هاي 1401 و 1402 بهترتيب 7/98 و 6/98 درصد از تغييرات دادهها را تبيين کردند. به طور کلي کشت لوبيا معمولي با فاصله آبياري 6 روز و مصرف 1 ليتر کود فسفر در هزار ليتر آب براي منطقه مورد مطالعه توصيه ميشود.
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