مقایسه نگرش به ازدواج، نگرش به زندگی و نگرش معنوی در دختران و پسران مجرد
الموضوعات :
1 - دانشگاه تبریز
الکلمات المفتاحية: نگرش به ازدواج, نگرش به زندگی, نگرش معنوی,
ملخص المقالة :
چکیده: مقدمه: از عواملی که باعث تفاوت نگرش انسان‌ها به مسائل مختلف از جمله ازدواج، زندگی و معنویت می‌شود، جنسیت آن‌ها است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف مقایسه نگرش به ازدواج، نگرش به زندگی و نگرش معنوی در دختران و پسران مجرد شهر اردبیل در سال 1403 انجام شد. روش پژوهش: روش پژوهش توصیفی از نوع علی-مقایسه‌ای بود. جامعه آماری را کلیه دختران و پسران مجرد در شهر اردبیل تشکیل دادند که 371 نفر (203 نفر پسر و 168 نفر دختر) به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس به پرسشنامه پاسخ دادند. به منظور اجرای پژوهش حاضر از سه پرسشنامه‌ی نگرش به زندگی (LRI)، نگرش به ازدواج براتن و روزن (MAS) و نگرش معنوی شهیدی و فرج‌نیا استفاده شد. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها با روش آمار توصیفی و استنباطی (آزمون t مستقل) با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS-26 انجام شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج حاکی از آن است که دختران و پسران در نگرش‌های خوش‌بینانه و ایده‌آل گرایانه به ازدواج و نگرش به زندگی با هم تفاوت معناداری دارند. به طوری‌که نگرش پسران به ازدواج، خوش‌بینانه‌تر و ایده‌آل گرایانه‌تر از نگرش دختران می‌باشد و در میزان نگرش به زندگی و معنویت نتایج بهتری نسبت به دختران داشته‌اند. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج این‌پژوهش می‌توان گفت جنسیت افراد در نگرش آن‌ها به ازدواج و زندگی تاثیر دارد و نگرش دختران نسبت به پسران بدبینانه‌تر است، لذا پیشنهاد می‌گردد سیاستگذاران و مسئولان فرهنگی نسبت به فرهنگ‌سازی در جهت بهبود نگرش جوانان به زندگی و ازدواج بخصوص در دختران اهتمام جدی داشته باشند.
المصادر:
1. Heidari M, Kiani asiabar A, Mohammaditabar S. Comparison of Attitude towards Marriage of Female Students Before and After Family Knowledge Course. 2023 JNE 3; 12 (3): 1-9. URL: http://jne.ir/article-1-1462-en.html
2. Tayebnia M. S., Kardavani R., Yaraghy S. Qualitative Typology of Attitude towards Marriage among Unmarried Students of Isfahan Universities. Journal of Applied Sociology, 2023; 34(2): 101-122. https://doi.org/10.22108/jas.2023.136080.2347
3. Shrout MR, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Individual, relational, and developmental–contextual pathways linking marriage to health: Reply to Brazeau, Pfund, and Hill (2020), 2020; 75(1): 111 -112. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000578
4. Aman J, Abbas J, Lela U, Shi G. Religious affiliation, daily spirituals, and private religious factors promote marital commitment among married couples: does religiosity help people amid the COVID-19 crisis?. Frontiers in psychology. 2021 Aug 6; 12: 657400. doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.657400
5. Shahmoradi S, Aghababaie R, Habibi Z. Relationship between the Communication Patterns and the Emotional Atmosphere of the Family of Origin and the Attitude toward Marriage Mediating Role of Self-Differentiation. Journal of Applied Psychological Research. 2021 Nov 22; 12(3): 289-305. doi.org/10.22059/JAPR.2021.322585.643821
6. Saqqezi A, YazdaniEsfidvajani H, Sarallahi F. Comparison of the marital attitude based on the severity of mind wandering in single students. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi Journal (RRJ). 2020 Dec 10; 9(10): 9-16. URL: http://frooyesh.ir/article-1-2188-en.html
7. Fiskin G, Sari E. Evaluation of the relationship between youth attitudes towards marriage and motivation for childbearing. Children and Youth Services Review. 2021 Feb 1; 121: 105856. doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105856
8. Gawande S, Lateef P. A study of perspectives on marriage among college students with reference to gender, family, and their category. UGC Care Journal. 2024; 48(1). 60-67. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379564610_A_STUDY_OF_PERSPECTIVES_ON_MARRIAGE_AMONG_COLLEGE_STUDENTS_WITH_REFERENCE_TO_GENDER_FAMILY_AND_THEIR_CATEGORY
9. Dayani HD, Zarbakhsh MR, Tavakoli RM. The mediating role of marriage horizon components in the relationship between attachment styles and attitudes toward marriage. Applied Family Therapy Journal (AFTJ). 2023 Sep 10; 4(4): 203-224. Doi: 10.61838/kman.aftj.4.4.12
10. Mikelani N, Rezaei-Jamaloei H, Taheri M, Didehban E. Structural Equation Modeling of Attitudes toward Marriage Based on Emotional Regulation and Schema Mode. Journal of Health System Research. 2024 Apr 10; 20(1): 70-78. doi.org/10.48305/jhsr.v20i1.1531
11. Nikbakhsh B. Sociological investigation of the factors affecting young people's attitude towards cohabitation. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Journal of Social Sciences. 2023 Jun 3. doi.org/10.22067/social.2023.80178.1280
12. Sönmez N, Aktaş SC. The Relationships between Attitudes towards Gender Roles, Marriage and Marriage Anxiety of Single Youth Individuals. Third Sector Social Economic Review. 2023; 58(2): 1118-1136. DOI: 10.15659/3.sektor-sosyal-ekonomi.23.04.2090
13. Garriga Alsina A, Pennoni F. The causal effects of parental divorce and parental temporary separation on children’s cognitive abilities and psychological well-being according to parental relationship quality. Social Indicators Research, 2020 Jul; 27: 1-25. Doi:10.1007/s11205-020-02428-2
14. Yucel D. What predicts egalitarian attitudes towards marriage and children: Evidence from the European values study. Social Indicators Research. 2015 Jan; 120(1): 213-228. Doi: 10.1007/s11205-014-0580-3
15. Yazdani F, Fakhimi-Farhadi R. The Evaluation of the Effect of Parent’s Life Attitude on Social Adjustment, Resilience, and Subjective Vitality in High School Students. Journal of School Counseling. 2023 Feb 20; 2(4): 1-22. doi.org/10.22098/JSC.2023.12357.1080
16. Porzoor P, Narimani M, Shojaei A, Ebrahimi M. The role of hope (basis of Islamic attitude), life meaning and irrational beliefs in predicting tendency to marriage in university students. Culture in the Islamic university. 2015; 5(16): 365-384. https://sid.ir/paper/236903/en
17. Asadi Khalili M, Emadian SO, Fakhri MK. Comparison of the effectiveness of reality therapy and acceptance & commitment therapy on social anxiety and attitude to the life in head of household women with. IJPN. 2020; 8 (4): 10-23. http://ijpn.ir/article-1-1598-en.html
18. Kiani AR, Dergahi S, Ahmadbookani S, Esmaeilbeigi MM. The Role of Attitudes to Life in the Thwarted Belongingness and Perceived Burdensomeness in Veterans. Journal of nursing and physician within war [Internet]. 2019; 7(24): 66-71. http://npwjm.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-724-fa.html
19. Azimzadeh Tehrani N, Shakeri Nasab M, Nejati Farboudi M. Relationship between attitude towards life and adaptation to disease with Islamic coping style in patients with breast cancer. Islam and Health Journal. 2021 Dec 10; 6(2): 1-11. http://iahj.ir/article-1-253-en.html
20. Takagi G, Sakamoto K, Nihonmatsu N, Hagidai M. The impact of clarifying the long-term solution picture through solution-focused interventions on positive attitude towards life. Plos one. 2022 May 13; 17(5): e0267107. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267107
21. Singh R, Dhyani A. Attitude towards life: a family environment perspective. In International Conference on Social Science Research.–2013.–Penang, Malaisia, 2013: 1547-1551. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314189408_Attitude_Towards_Life_A_Family_Environment_Perspective
22. Ziadloo E, Asadi J, Jahedi-Delivand S. Comparison of personality traits, quality of life, and attitude towards life in pet clients with veterinary clinics in Gorgan. Scientific Journal of Social Psychology. 2022 Jun 22; 10(64):53-67. https://sanad.iau.ir/journal/psychology/Article/694138?jid=694138&lang=en
23. Ahmadi S, Heidari M, Bagherian F, Kashfi A. Adolescence and development of meaning: Comparing the sources and dimensions of meaning in life in adolescent boys and girls. Clinical Psychology Studies. 2016 Aug 22; 6(23): 149-77. doi.org/10.22054/jcps.2016.4563
24. Vahedi H, Eghbali A. Predicting marital satisfaction based on attitude towards spirituality and resilience in the spouses of veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Military Psychology. 2023 Mar 21; 14(1): 173-191. https://www.sid.ir/paper/1072219/fa
25. Yavarian Baei M, Halimi Jloudar H, Baezzat F. Effectiveness of parental religiosity on their attitude towards. Journal of Woman and Family Studies. 2021; 8(4): 103-121. Doi: 10.22051/JWFS.2020.32670.2509
26. Ghanipourajarabad T., Javamshirafshar M. Predicting attitudes towards marriage in young people based on internal and external religious orientation and time perspective. Applied Research in Consulting, 2022; 5(1): 19-33. https://www.jarci.ir/article_253250.html?lang=fa
27. Nazemi M, Ranjbaripour T, Shah NM, Mashayekh M, Yousefi KA. Comparing the effectiveness of psychodrama therapy and positive therapy on the spiritual attitude of breast cancer patients. Medical journal of Mashhad University of medical sciences. 2022; 65(2):248-258. http://chp-ipa.ir/article-1-32-en.html
28. Heidari Sngjeli. M., Rasoli, M., Shirinabadi Farahani, A., Shakeri, N., Ilkhani, M. Correlation between spiritual attitude and hope with quality of life in adolescents with chronic disease. Quarterly Journal of Medical Ethics. 2016; 9(34): 143-163. doi.org/10.22037/mej.v9i34.11186
29. Farajnia, S., Beliad, M. R., Hosseinian, S., Hosseinzadeh Taqvai, M. Modeling marital adaptability based on communication patterns and sexual relationship performance mediated by spiritual attitude. Journal of Applied Family Therapy, 2023; 4(2): 258-278. Doi: 10.22034/AFTJ.2023.377755.1873
30. Hashemian, B., Ahmadi Sarabi, I., Eslami, A. Comparative analysis differentiae religiosorum in women and men. Third National Conference on Innovation and Research in Ethics and Education, Religion and Psychology, 2019. https://civilica.com/doc/967657
31. Modiri F, Azadarmaki T. Gender and religiosity. Journal of Applied Sociology. 2013 Jul 23; 24(3): 1-4. https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18312.html
32. Hazrati S, Noori R. A survey of attitudes toward marriage based on religious attitudes in male and female students. The Journal of New Advances in Behavioral Sciences. 2021; 5(53): 39-47. http://ijndibs.com/article-۱-۵۵۰-fa.html
33. Nikkhah HA, Fani M, Asgharpour A. Students' attitude towards marriage and factors affecting it. Journal of Applied Sociology. 2017 Sep 23; 28(3): 99-122. doi.org/10.22108/JAS.2017.21711
34. Nilforoshan P, Navidian A, Abedi A. Studying the psychometric properties of marital attitude scale. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing. 2013 Apr 10; 1(1): 35-47. http://ijpn.ir/article-1-59-fa.html
35. Mahdinia N, Porebramim T, Sedaghat M, Ahmadi Tahor Soltani M. Investigating the relationship between career decision making and attitude towards marriage among college students. Nurse and Physician Within War. 2022 Dec 10; 10(36): 38-45. doi.org/10.29252/npwjm.10.36.38
36. Gholami Gherashiran Z, Sanaeizaker B, Kiamanesh A, Zahrakar K. The role of marriage attitude and emotional maturity in predicting marriage instability in women and men. Journal of psychological science. 2022 Nov 10; 21(116): 1581-98. doi.org/10.52547/JPS.21.116.1581
37. Motevalian, S. M., Noori, Z., Hosseini Shirvani, S. M. The Relationship between Dimensions of Religiosity, Gender, and Marital Status and the Rate of Life Satisfaction among the Female and Male Students of the University of Mazandaran. Journal of Islam and Social Sciences, 2018; 9(18): 139-160. doi.org/10.30471/SOCI.2018.1461
38. Mirfardi A, Valinezhad A. A Study on the Role of Gender Differences in the Students› Dimensions of Religiosity. The Islamic Journal of Women and the Family. 2016 Sep 22; 4(2): 73-90. https://sid.ir/paper/509313/fa
39. Khojasteh Mehr R, Mombeini J, Aslani KH. A comparison of attitude toward marriage, attitude toward divorce and peer attachment of male high school students in divorced and intact families. Journal of School Psychology. 2013 Sep 23; 2(3): 57-75. https://journal.uma.ac.ir/article_72.html?lang=en
40. Battista J, Almond R. The development of meaning in life. Psychiatry. 1973 Nov 1; 36(4): 409-427. doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1973.11023774
41. Shahidi S., Farajnia S. Construction and Validation of Spiritual Attitude Measurement Questionnaire, Scientific-Research Quarterly of Psychology and Religion, 2012; 5(3): 97-115. https://ravanshenasi.nashriyat.ir/node/194
42. Khalajabadi Farahani F. The Importance of Marriage and its Determinants; Emphasizing the Role of Sexual Attitude and Experience before Marriage among Female College Students in Tehran. Iranian Population Studies, 2022; 7(1): 3-34. https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_97397.html?lang=fa
1. Heidari M, Kiani asiabar A, Mohammaditabar S. Comparison of Attitude towards Marriage of Female Students Before and After Family Knowledge Course. 2023 JNE 3; 12 (3): 1-9. URL: http://jne.ir/article-1-1462-en.html
2. Tayebnia M. S., Kardavani R., Yaraghy S. Qualitative Typology of Attitude towards Marriage among Unmarried Students of Isfahan Universities. Journal of Applied Sociology, 2023; 34(2): 101-122. https://doi.org/10.22108/jas.2023.136080.2347
3. Shrout MR, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Individual, relational, and developmental–contextual pathways linking marriage to health: Reply to Brazeau, Pfund, and Hill (2020), 2020; 75(1): 111 -112. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000578
4. Aman J, Abbas J, Lela U, Shi G. Religious affiliation, daily spirituals, and private religious factors promote marital commitment among married couples: does religiosity help people amid the COVID-19 crisis?. Frontiers in psychology. 2021 Aug 6; 12: 657400. doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.657400
5. Shahmoradi S, Aghababaie R, Habibi Z. Relationship between the Communication Patterns and the Emotional Atmosphere of the Family of Origin and the Attitude toward Marriage Mediating Role of Self-Differentiation. Journal of Applied Psychological Research. 2021 Nov 22; 12(3): 289-305. doi.org/10.22059/JAPR.2021.322585.643821
6. Saqqezi A, YazdaniEsfidvajani H, Sarallahi F. Comparison of the marital attitude based on the severity of mind wandering in single students. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi Journal (RRJ). 2020 Dec 10; 9(10): 9-16. URL: http://frooyesh.ir/article-1-2188-en.html
7. Fiskin G, Sari E. Evaluation of the relationship between youth attitudes towards marriage and motivation for childbearing. Children and Youth Services Review. 2021 Feb 1; 121: 105856. doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105856
8. Gawande S, Lateef P. A study of perspectives on marriage among college students with reference to gender, family, and their category. UGC Care Journal. 2024; 48(1). 60-67. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379564610_A_STUDY_OF_PERSPECTIVES_ON_MARRIAGE_AMONG_COLLEGE_STUDENTS_WITH_REFERENCE_TO_GENDER_FAMILY_AND_THEIR_CATEGORY
9. Dayani HD, Zarbakhsh MR, Tavakoli RM. The mediating role of marriage horizon components in the relationship between attachment styles and attitudes toward marriage. Applied Family Therapy Journal (AFTJ). 2023 Sep 10; 4(4): 203-224. Doi: 10.61838/kman.aftj.4.4.12
10. Mikelani N, Rezaei-Jamaloei H, Taheri M, Didehban E. Structural Equation Modeling of Attitudes toward Marriage Based on Emotional Regulation and Schema Mode. Journal of Health System Research. 2024 Apr 10; 20(1): 70-78. doi.org/10.48305/jhsr.v20i1.1531
11. Nikbakhsh B. Sociological investigation of the factors affecting young people's attitude towards cohabitation. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Journal of Social Sciences. 2023 Jun 3. doi.org/10.22067/social.2023.80178.1280
12. Sönmez N, Aktaş SC. The Relationships between Attitudes towards Gender Roles, Marriage and Marriage Anxiety of Single Youth Individuals. Third Sector Social Economic Review. 2023; 58(2): 1118-1136. DOI: 10.15659/3.sektor-sosyal-ekonomi.23.04.2090
13. Garriga Alsina A, Pennoni F. The causal effects of parental divorce and parental temporary separation on children’s cognitive abilities and psychological well-being according to parental relationship quality. Social Indicators Research, 2020 Jul; 27: 1-25. Doi:10.1007/s11205-020-02428-2
14. Yucel D. What predicts egalitarian attitudes towards marriage and children: Evidence from the European values study. Social Indicators Research. 2015 Jan; 120(1): 213-228. Doi: 10.1007/s11205-014-0580-3
15. Yazdani F, Fakhimi-Farhadi R. The Evaluation of the Effect of Parent’s Life Attitude on Social Adjustment, Resilience, and Subjective Vitality in High School Students. Journal of School Counseling. 2023 Feb 20; 2(4): 1-22. doi.org/10.22098/JSC.2023.12357.1080
16. Porzoor P, Narimani M, Shojaei A, Ebrahimi M. The role of hope (basis of Islamic attitude), life meaning and irrational beliefs in predicting tendency to marriage in university students. Culture in the Islamic university. 2015; 5(16): 365-384. https://sid.ir/paper/236903/en
17. Asadi Khalili M, Emadian SO, Fakhri MK. Comparison of the effectiveness of reality therapy and acceptance & commitment therapy on social anxiety and attitude to the life in head of household women with. IJPN. 2020; 8 (4): 10-23. http://ijpn.ir/article-1-1598-en.html
18. Kiani AR, Dergahi S, Ahmadbookani S, Esmaeilbeigi MM. The Role of Attitudes to Life in the Thwarted Belongingness and Perceived Burdensomeness in Veterans. Journal of nursing and physician within war [Internet]. 2019; 7(24): 66-71. http://npwjm.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-724-fa.html
19. Azimzadeh Tehrani N, Shakeri Nasab M, Nejati Farboudi M. Relationship between attitude towards life and adaptation to disease with Islamic coping style in patients with breast cancer. Islam and Health Journal. 2021 Dec 10; 6(2): 1-11. http://iahj.ir/article-1-253-en.html
20. Takagi G, Sakamoto K, Nihonmatsu N, Hagidai M. The impact of clarifying the long-term solution picture through solution-focused interventions on positive attitude towards life. Plos one. 2022 May 13; 17(5): e0267107. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267107
21. Singh R, Dhyani A. Attitude towards life: a family environment perspective. In International Conference on Social Science Research.–2013.–Penang, Malaisia, 2013: 1547-1551. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314189408_Attitude_Towards_Life_A_Family_Environment_Perspective
22. Ziadloo E, Asadi J, Jahedi-Delivand S. Comparison of personality traits, quality of life, and attitude towards life in pet clients with veterinary clinics in Gorgan. Scientific Journal of Social Psychology. 2022 Jun 22; 10(64):53-67. https://sanad.iau.ir/journal/psychology/Article/694138?jid=694138&lang=en
23. Ahmadi S, Heidari M, Bagherian F, Kashfi A. Adolescence and development of meaning: Comparing the sources and dimensions of meaning in life in adolescent boys and girls. Clinical Psychology Studies. 2016 Aug 22; 6(23): 149-77. doi.org/10.22054/jcps.2016.4563
24. Vahedi H, Eghbali A. Predicting marital satisfaction based on attitude towards spirituality and resilience in the spouses of veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Military Psychology. 2023 Mar 21; 14(1): 173-191. https://www.sid.ir/paper/1072219/fa
25. Yavarian Baei M, Halimi Jloudar H, Baezzat F. Effectiveness of parental religiosity on their attitude towards. Journal of Woman and Family Studies. 2021; 8(4): 103-121. Doi: 10.22051/JWFS.2020.32670.2509
26. Ghanipourajarabad T., Javamshirafshar M. Predicting attitudes towards marriage in young people based on internal and external religious orientation and time perspective. Applied Research in Consulting, 2022; 5(1): 19-33. https://www.jarci.ir/article_253250.html?lang=fa
27. Nazemi M, Ranjbaripour T, Shah NM, Mashayekh M, Yousefi KA. Comparing the effectiveness of psychodrama therapy and positive therapy on the spiritual attitude of breast cancer patients. Medical journal of Mashhad University of medical sciences. 2022; 65(2):248-258. http://chp-ipa.ir/article-1-32-en.html
28. Heidari Sngjeli. M., Rasoli, M., Shirinabadi Farahani, A., Shakeri, N., Ilkhani, M. Correlation between spiritual attitude and hope with quality of life in adolescents with chronic disease. Quarterly Journal of Medical Ethics. 2016; 9(34): 143-163. doi.org/10.22037/mej.v9i34.11186
29. Farajnia, S., Beliad, M. R., Hosseinian, S., Hosseinzadeh Taqvai, M. Modeling marital adaptability based on communication patterns and sexual relationship performance mediated by spiritual attitude. Journal of Applied Family Therapy, 2023; 4(2): 258-278. Doi: 10.22034/AFTJ.2023.377755.1873
30. Hashemian, B., Ahmadi Sarabi, I., Eslami, A. Comparative analysis differentiae religiosorum in women and men. Third National Conference on Innovation and Research in Ethics and Education, Religion and Psychology, 2019. https://civilica.com/doc/967657
31. Modiri F, Azadarmaki T. Gender and religiosity. Journal of Applied Sociology. 2013 Jul 23; 24(3): 1-4. https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18312.html
32. Hazrati S, Noori R. A survey of attitudes toward marriage based on religious attitudes in male and female students. The Journal of New Advances in Behavioral Sciences. 2021; 5(53): 39-47. http://ijndibs.com/article-۱-۵۵۰-fa.html
33. Nikkhah HA, Fani M, Asgharpour A. Students' attitude towards marriage and factors affecting it. Journal of Applied Sociology. 2017 Sep 23; 28(3): 99-122. doi.org/10.22108/JAS.2017.21711
34. Nilforoshan P, Navidian A, Abedi A. Studying the psychometric properties of marital attitude scale. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing. 2013 Apr 10; 1(1): 35-47. http://ijpn.ir/article-1-59-fa.html
35. Mahdinia N, Porebramim T, Sedaghat M, Ahmadi Tahor Soltani M. Investigating the relationship between career decision making and attitude towards marriage among college students. Nurse and Physician Within War. 2022 Dec 10; 10(36): 38-45. doi.org/10.29252/npwjm.10.36.38
36. Gholami Gherashiran Z, Sanaeizaker B, Kiamanesh A, Zahrakar K. The role of marriage attitude and emotional maturity in predicting marriage instability in women and men. Journal of psychological science. 2022 Nov 10; 21(116): 1581-98. doi.org/10.52547/JPS.21.116.1581
37. Motevalian, S. M., Noori, Z., Hosseini Shirvani, S. M. The Relationship between Dimensions of Religiosity, Gender, and Marital Status and the Rate of Life Satisfaction among the Female and Male Students of the University of Mazandaran. Journal of Islam and Social Sciences, 2018; 9(18): 139-160. doi.org/10.30471/SOCI.2018.1461
38. Mirfardi A, Valinezhad A. A Study on the Role of Gender Differences in the Students› Dimensions of Religiosity. The Islamic Journal of Women and the Family. 2016 Sep 22; 4(2): 73-90. https://sid.ir/paper/509313/fa
39. Khojasteh Mehr R, Mombeini J, Aslani KH. A comparison of attitude toward marriage, attitude toward divorce and peer attachment of male high school students in divorced and intact families. Journal of School Psychology. 2013 Sep 23; 2(3): 57-75. https://journal.uma.ac.ir/article_72.html?lang=en
40. Battista J, Almond R. The development of meaning in life. Psychiatry. 1973 Nov 1; 36(4): 409-427. doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1973.11023774
41. Shahidi S., Farajnia S. Construction and Validation of Spiritual Attitude Measurement Questionnaire, Scientific-Research Quarterly of Psychology and Religion, 2012; 5(3): 97-115. https://ravanshenasi.nashriyat.ir/node/194
42. Khalajabadi Farahani F. The Importance of Marriage and its Determinants; Emphasizing the Role of Sexual Attitude and Experience before Marriage among Female College Students in Tehran. Iranian Population Studies, 2022; 7(1): 3-34. https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_97397.html?lang=fa
