طراحی و تست آنتن دو بانده4G/5G برای باندهای فرکانسی 6/2 GHz و 5/3 GHz
الموضوعات :امیر رضاقلی 1 , حسین زرگر 2 , ایران سرافراز 3
1 - موسسه آموزش عالی زند شیراز
2 - پژوهشگاه ارتباطات و فناوری اطلاعات
3 - دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد شیراز
الکلمات المفتاحية: 4G LTE, 5G NR, آنتن چندبانده, آنتن پچ, شکاف.,
ملخص المقالة :
نسل پنجم شبکه تلفن¬های همراه (5G NR) با تکیه بر نسل چهارم (4G LTE) خود، پایه و اساس پهنای باند بهبودیافته شامل ظرفیت بیشتر برای کاربران بی¬سیم، لینک¬های بهبود یافته بین کاربران (زمان تأخیر و تلفات کمتر) و افزایش نرخ داده را برقرار می¬نماید. باندهای n38 (2600 مگاهرتز)، n48 (3500 مگاهرتز) و n78 (3500 مگاهرتز) به دلیل در دسترس بودن نسبتاً متداول، از رایج¬ترین باندهای فرکانسی 5G تست شده و مستقر می¬باشند. آنتن¬های دو یا چند بانده از الزامات اصلی همزیستی 5G با 4G هستند. از آنجایی که شکاف¬ها، آنتن¬های پچ را کوچک¬تر و کم-هزینه¬تر می¬کنند، آنتن¬های پچ شکاف¬دار برای استفاده در کاربردهای دو یا چند بانده 4G/5G بسیار جذاب می¬باشند. در این مقاله، یک آنتن پچ شکاف¬دار دو بانده برای باندهای فرکانسی 6/2 گیگاهرتز (برای هر دو4G LTE و 5G NR) و 5/3 گیگاهرتز (برای 5G NR) ارائه و پیشنهاد شده و عملکرد آن به صورت تجربی با موفقیت بررسی و تأیید شده است. توافق بسیار خوبی بین شبیه¬سازی ها و نتایج تجربی مشاهده می¬شود.
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Design and Experimental Verification of a Dual-Band …/ Rezagholi et al.
Design and Experimental Verification of a Dual-Band 4G LTE/5G Antenna for 2.6 GHz and 3.5 GHz Frequency Bands
Amir Rezagholi1*, Hossein Zargar2, Iran Sarafraz3
1 Electrical Engineering Department, Zand Institute of Higher Education, Shiraz, Iran
2 Radio Communications Group, ICT Research Institute (ITRC), Tehran, Iran
3 PhD Student, Department of Electrical Engineering, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
Abstract:
Building upon 4G LTE, 5G NR establishes the foundation for enhanced mobile broadband, including more capacity for wireless users, improved links among users (less lag time and network loss), and enhanced data rates. n38 (2600 MHz), n48 (3500 MHz), and n78 (3500 MHz) 5G NR bands are among the most commonly tested and deployed 5G frequency bands due to their relatively common availability. Dual-band or multi-band antennas are the key requirements of 5G coexistence with 4G. Since slots make patch antennas smaller and more low-cost, slot-patch antennas are extremely attractive to be used in 4G/5G dual-band or multi-band applications. In this paper, we have demonstrated a dual-band 4G LTE/5G NR slot-patch antenna for 2.6 GHz (for both 4G LTE and 5G NR) and 3.5 GHz (for 5G NR) frequency bands, and successfully verified its performance experimentally. A very good agreement can be seen between simulations and experimental results.
Keywords: 4G LTE, 5G NR, Multi-band antenna, Patch antenna, Slot.
JCDSA, Vol. 2, No. 1, Spring 2024 | Online ISSN: 2981-1295 | Journal Homepage: https://sanad.iau.ir/en/Journal/jcdsa |
Received: 2023-12-25 | Accepted: 2024-05-12 | Published: 2024-06-13 |
CITATION | Rezagholi, A., et. al., " Design and Experimental Verification of a Dual-Band 4G LTE/5G Antenna for 2.6 GHz and 3.5 GHz Frequency Bands ", Journal of Circuits, Data and Systems Analysis (JCDSA), Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 52-58, 2024. DOI: 00.00000/0000 | |
COPYRIGHTS
| ©2024 by the authors. Published by the Islamic Azad University Shiraz Branch. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) | |
* Corresponding author
1- Introduction
By Q3 2023, more than 11.7 billion mobile connections, including cellular IoT, and nearly 5.6 billion unique mobile subscribers are reported [1-2], and it is expected to reach 6.3 billion unique mobile subscribers in 2030 [1-3]. There will be also more than 600 million new subscribers by 2025 [1-2]. Global mobile data usage will also grow almost fourfold by 2025 [1-2]. Other reports show the same growth [4-7]. Mobile computing with wireless communications has already changed how people socialize and how companies do business. Early examples of this exciting future include virtual and augmented reality, autonomous driving, smart cities, wearable computers, connected devices, and on-demand video [8]. The available spectrum has a major impact on how a network’s maximum capacity and coverage are defined [9]. Some services depend on ultra-low latency capabilities, while others need superfast download speeds. Some need highly localized connectivity, while others need nationwide connectivity. Each of these examples needs different spectrum and network resources [6-7]. The aggregation of the different spectrum bands from sub-1 GHz to mm-waves provides the best combination of coverage, capacity and user data rates. An important feature of the 3GPP1 Release 15 standard resides in the ability for LTE2 and NSA3 5G NR4 to coexist and share the same low frequency bands without having to fully free those bands from LTE use [10-11]. The IMT5-2020 Vision (Recommendation ITU6-R M.2083) includes three usage scenarios for NSA 5G NR, as shown in Fig. 1 [11-12].
The mid-band frequencies meet the needs of wide area coverage and data rates of up to a few Gbps [13-14]. Higher frequency bands in 5G will provide capacity with smaller cells, and lower bands will provide coverage with larger cells [14]. ITU-R has identified the 2500-2690 MHz as a global band for IMT and this was formally included in the Radio Regulations in accordance with Resolution 223 (Rev.WRC-15) [11-15]. 3400-3600 MHz (formally known as 3.5 GHz band) is harmonized in the Radio Regulations, and the use of 3300-4200 MHz for mobile broadband is the subject of harmonization activity from 2003 [14-17]. As multi-band operation is the key requirement of 5G, a single antenna is highly desirable if it can operate at different 5G bands, especially if they are common to 4G [18], and may provide an alternative to large-bandwidth planar antennas, in applications with operation at two separate bands. Various dual-band or even tri-band antenna deigns can be found in the literature for different frequency bands, which most of them are for GSM7, DCS8, UMTS9, Bluetooth, WLAN10, WiMAX11, or satellite communications [19-22]. For dual-band/tri-band 5G designs, most of the work has been done for high-band (mm-Wave) frequencies, in which 28/38 GHz and 38/60 GHz combinations seem to be the most favored [23-29]. However, some designs can be found on dual-band 4G/5G applications, which is the case of our interest. Ojaroudi proposed double-element square-ring slot radiators located on the corners and fed by a microstrip-line for a multi-band antenna array for 2.5–2.7 GHz, 3.45–3.8 GHz, and 5.00–5.45 GHz [30]. Ojaroudi proposed eight identical PIFA elements placed at different edge corners of the handset mainboard operating at 2.5–2.7 GHz, 3.4–3.75 GHz, and 5.6–6 GHz [31]. Yang proposed a compact wideband printed antenna which can provide three wide operating bandwidths over 685–1012 MHz, 1596–2837 MHz, and 3288–3613 MHz for 4G/5G/WLAN communication systems [32]. In this paper, a dual-band 4G LTE/5G NR patch antenna based on L-shaped slots is proposed for n38 (2600 MHz), n48 (3500 MHz), and n78 (3500 MHz) 5G NR bands. These bands are among the most commonly deployed 5G frequency bands due to their common availability.
The paper is structured as follows. Different methods of achieving multi-band performance as well as L-shaped slots are described in the 2nd section. Our design method based on L-shaped slots is presented in the 3rd section, and finally, the simulations and measurements results are summarized and compared in the 4th section. The conclusions are stated at the end.
2- Dual-band Patch Antennas based on L-Shaped Slots
Conventional techniques to achieve dual-band operation are orthogonal modes, multiple patches, and reactive loadings [33]. By using multiple patches, the dual-band operation is achieved through multiple radiating elements [33]. This method does not seem to be a suitable method for our case, since the achieved frequency ratio is practically above 1.5 in most cases, while in our case, the frequency ratio is 3.5/2.6 = 1.346.
53 |
Fig. 1. Multi-layer frequency band for NSA 5G NR usage scenarios. 2-6 GHz is mentioned as mid-band in [13].
Fig. 2. L-shaped slots close to the edges of the patch to achieve dual-band behavior
Fig. 3. The PTFE Teflon substrate specifications
Fig. 4. S11 parameter of the proposed single-band rectangular patch antenna for 2.6 GHz
Fig. 5. Radiation pattern measurement of the proposed 4G/5G dual-band antenna
54 |
TABLE 1. Design parameters (in mm) of the proposed dual-band antenna
Parameter |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Value (mm) | 5 | 16.17 | 33.43 | 26.96 | 33.43 | 26.96 | 55 |
Parameter |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Value (mm) | 35.88 | 8 | 8 | 0.918 | 0.026 | 1.078 | 2.157 |
Patch dimensions | Antenna dimensions | Paper |
0.32λg × 0.32λg | 1.36λg × 1.36λg | Ojaroudi et al., 2019 |
0.27λg × 0.17λg | 1.71λg × 0.85λg | Manteghi and Rahmat-Samii, 2007 |
0.61λg × 0.52λg | 2.7λg × 1.36λg | Ojaroudi et al., 2020 |
0.42λg × 0.42λg | 0.91λg × 0.91λg | Our proposed antenna |
TABLE 3. The fractional bandwidth of the proposed antenna compared with others
Second resonance | First resonance | Paper |
9.59% | 7.69% | Ojaroudi et al., 2019 |
3.81% | 4.08% | Manteghi and Rahmat-Samii, 2007 |
9.79% | 7.69% | Ojaroudi et al., 2020 |
9.16% | 3.42% | Our proposed antenna |
3- Dual-band Antenna Design Procedures
To build an antenna supporting both 2.6 GHz and 3.5 GHz frequency band for 4G LTE and 5G NR, a rectangular patch antenna with two slots is considered. Since the lower resonant frequency determines the dimensions of the antenna, Ansoft HFSS Antenna Design Kit recommends a 45.61×38.11 mm2 rectangular patch on top of a PTFE12 substrate, shown in Fig. 3, with 𝜀r = 2.1, tand = 2×10-4, and H = 5.14 mm for 2.6 GHz which is fed by a 4.852 mm-thick strip line at the edge.
These dimensions and specifications are in complete agreement with patch design formulas [34]. The S11 parameter of such single-band patch antenna is shown in Fig. 4. As seen, the desired resonant frequency of 2.6 GHz has shifted to the left and has a very low 10 dB depth. Since the two L-shaped slots introduce LC resonances [24-25], the resonant frequency of the patch increases and hence, the dual-band patch can be designed in smaller dimensions. The initial length of each slot is half of its corresponding resonance wavelength [24-25]. Hence, the two lengths are initially:
(1)
in which λ1 and λ2 are resonance wavelengths. As mentioned in Section 2, the width of the gap between slots can control the first and second resonance frequencies. The final dimensions of the proposed dual-band antenna, as shown in Fig. 2, are listed in Table 1.
4- Results and Discutions
The comparison of S11 and radiation pattern measurements, shown in Fig. 5, with simulations results are shown in Figs. 6-8. As Fig. 6 shows, the proposed dual-band antenna has a typical 6 dB bandwidth of 182.545 MHz for 2.6 GHz band and 503.861 MHz for 3.5 GHz band. However, for the strict 10 dB criteria, the bandwidths are 89.5509 MHz and 320.496 MHz, respectively. With a little approximation for 6 dB bandwidth, the 3.5 GHz frequency band can be extended up to more than 4.1 GHz and this increases the bandwidth to more than 700-800 MHz. As Fig. 6 shows, the proposed dual-band antenna has a typical 6 dB bandwidth of 182.545 MHz for 2.6 GHz band and 503.861 MHz for 3.5 GHz band. However, for the strict 10 dB criteria, the bandwidths are 89.5509 MHz and 320.496 MHz, respectively. With a little approximation for 6 dB bandwidth, the 3.5 GHz frequency band can be extended up to more than 4.1 GHz and this increases the bandwidth to more than 700-800 MHz. The electrical equivalent size and the fractional (10 dB) bandwidth of the proposed dual-band antenna is compared with some similar works in Tables 2 and 3, respectively, in which λg is the guided-wavelength and takes the different used substrates into account.
As seen in Table 2, our design has a very good specification among other designs, especially for antenna's total dimensions. Also, it can be seen in Table 3 that the second fractional bandwidth is among the best values obtained from other designs. The radiation pattern of the proposed antenna is shown in Figs. 7-8 for the two principal planes. As seen, the proposed antenna has a broad beam and the HPBW (Half-Power Beam Width, also known as 3 dB beam width) is ~80° at both resonances. The comparison of radiation patterns (ignoring the back-lobe radiations) for the proposed dual-band L-shaped slot antenna with (ideal) single-band 2.6 GHz patch antenna is shown in Fig. 9. The similarity of both radiation patterns is very interesting. Fig. 9 shows that, in fact, the two L-shaped slots have not very strong effect on the radiation pattern, but have actually made the single-band patch antenna to work dual-band. The proposed dual-band antenna has 86% and near 90% radiation efficiency, and 83% and 86% total efficiency for 2.6 GHz and 3.5 GHz bands, respectively, as shown in Figs. 10-11. The current densities on the patch are shown in Figs. 12-13. As seen in Fig. 12, the 2.6 GHz current density covers the entire patch, which confirms the initial design procedure of the patch dimensions for 2.6 GHz frequency, and higher values of the current density can be seen around both slots. However, as seen in Fig. 13, the current density reduces dramatically on the patch for 3.5 GHz band, and its higher values focuses mainly around the shorter slot, whose dimensions are exactly calculated for 3.5 GHz resonance. These two figures clearly demonstrate the reason for dual-band behavior of the proposed antenna.
5- Conclusion
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Acknowledgment
The authors would wish to thank Mr. R. Bahri (Head of Radio Communications Group) from ICT Research Institute, Mr. A.A. Faraj-Zadeh from Nasooz Sanat Apadana (http://nsapadana.ir), Mr. M.H. Alighanbari, Mr. Tayyebi from Raad Sanat, Mr. A. Abbasi from Zarrin-Hak (http://www.zarrinhak.com), and Eng. Rezayati and Eng. Akhlagh Pasand from ICT Research Institute for their great help and support of this work, and wish them all the best.
Fig. 7. Comparison of φ = 90° radiation pattern measurements with simulations
Fig. 8. Comparison of φ = 0° radiation pattern measurements with simulations
Fig. 9. Comparison of radiation patterns (ignoring the back-lobe radiations) for the proposed dual-band L-shaped slot antenna with (ideal) single-band patch antenna
Fig. 10. Radiation efficiencies for the proposed dual-band antenna
Fig. 11. Total efficiencies for the proposed dual-band antenna
Fig. 12. Current density (calculated for maximum field amplitude) for 2.6 GHz band
Fig. 13. Current density (calculated for maximum field amplitude) for 3.5 GHz band
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56 |
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Amir Rezagholi was born in Shiraz, Fars, Iran, in 1988, and received his B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering, M.Sc. degree in Fields Communication Engineering, and PhD degree in Fields Communication Engineering in 2011, 2013, and 2020, respectively, all from Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. He has published several technical papers and proceeding articles, and his research interests include mobile technologies, fractal antennas, optimization algorithms, plasma applications in microwave and antenna design, and artificial intelligence (AI).
Hossein Zargar was born in Khoor, Isfahan, Iran, in 1985. He received the B.E. degree from Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran, in 2007, and the M.E. degree from Tehran University, Tehran, Iran, in 2010, Ph.D. degree from Sharif University, Tehran, Iran in 2015 all in electrical engineering. Since 2019, he has been a member of the faculty with the IRAN Telecommunication Research Center (ITRC). His main interests include power amplifier behavioral modeling and microwave circuits design, mixed-signal circuit design and new radio technology development.
Iran Sarafraz was born in Shoosh, Khuzestan, Iran, in 1983, and received her B.S. degree from Islamic Azad University, Dezfoul Branch, Dezfoul, Iran, in Electrical Engineering and her M.Sc. degree from Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch, Shiraz, Iran, in System Communication Engineering, in 2006 and 2016, respectively. She is now a PhD candidate in System Communication Engineering in Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch, Shiraz, Iran, and her research interests include mobile technologies, image processing, sound processing, and artificial intelligence (AI).
[1] 3rd Generation Partnership Project
[2] Long-Term Evolution
[3] Non-Standalone
[4] New Radio
[5] International Mobile Telecommunications
[6] International Telecommunication Union) ITU)
[7] Global System for Mobile Communications
[8] Digital Communication System
[9] Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service
[10] Wireless Local-Area Network
[11] Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
[12] Polytetrafluoroethylene
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طراحی و تست آنتن دو بانده4G/5G برای باندهای فرکانسی
6/2 GHz و 5/3 GHz
امیر رضاقلی11، حسین زرگر2، ایران سرافراز3
1- استادیار، بخش مهندسی برق، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، موسسه آموزش عالی زند شیراز، شیراز، ایران (amir.rezagholi@shirazu.ac.ir)
2- استادیار، گروه ارتباطات رادیویی، پژوهشگاه ارتباطات و فناوری اطلاعات، تهران، ایران (h.zargar@itrc.ac.ir)
3- دانشجوی دکتری، گروه مهندسی برق، واحد شیراز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران (ideh.sarafraz@gmail.com)
چکیده: نسل پنجم شبکه تلفنهای همراه (5G NR) با تکیه بر نسل چهارم (4G LTE) خود، پایه و اساس پهنای باند بهبودیافته شامل ظرفیت بیشتر برای کاربران بیسیم، لینکهای بهبود یافته بین کاربران (زمان تأخیر و تلفات کمتر) و افزایش نرخ داده را برقرار مینماید. باندهای n38 (2600 مگاهرتز)، n48 (3500 مگاهرتز) و n78 (3500 مگاهرتز) به دلیل در دسترس بودن نسبتاً متداول، از رایج‌ترین باندهای فرکانسی 5G تست شده و مستقر میباشند. آنتنهای دو یا چند بانده از الزامات اصلی همزیستی 5G با 4G هستند. از آنجایی که شکافها، آنتنهای پچ را کوچکتر و کمهزینهتر میکنند، آنتنهای پچ شکافدار برای استفاده در کاربردهای دو یا چند بانده 4G/5G بسیار جذاب میباشند. در این مقاله، یک آنتن پچ شکافدار دو بانده برای باندهای فرکانسی 6/2 گیگاهرتز (برای هر دو4G LTE و 5G NR) و 5/3 گیگاهرتز (برای 5G NR) ارائه و پیشنهاد شده و عملکرد آن به صورت تجربی با موفقیت بررسی و تأیید شده است. توافق بسیار خوبی بین شبیهسازی ها و نتایج تجربی مشاهده میشود.
واژه های کلیدی: 4G LTE، 5G NR، آنتن چندبانده، آنتن پچ، شکاف.
[1] نویسنده مسئول
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