چالش‌های محیط زیستی پسماندها در حقوق بین الملل
الموضوعات :
زینب پورخاقان شاهرضایی
1
(گروه حقوق بین الملل، واحد اصفهان(خوراسگان)، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، اصفهان، ایران)
زهراسادات حسینی
2
(گروه حقوق، واحد نجف آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف آباد، ایران.)
الکلمات المفتاحية: چالش‌های محیط‌زیستی, حقوق محیط‌زیست, حقوق بین الملل, پسماند.,
ملخص المقالة :
امروزه، خطرهای محیط‌زیستی ناشی از سوء مدیریت پسماندها به عنوان یکی از مشکلات اساسی در کشورهای جهان محسوب می‌شود. با رشد روز افزون تکنولوژی، مدیریت زباله‌ها و پسماندها، از مباحث مهم در زمینه قوانین بین‌المللی محیط‌زیستی بوده که تنها شامل حفاظت از طبیعت و محیط‌زیست نبوده و باید به عنوان یک مجموعه از هنجارها، نهادها و شیوه‌های طراحی شده برای مدیریت پسماندهای مختلف در ابعاد جهانی محسوب شود. در این مقاله با استفاده از روش توصیفی تحلیلی، چالش‌های محیط‌زیستی پسماندها در حقوق بین‌الملل بررسی می‌شود. روش کار این مقاله به صورت کتابخانه‌ای بوده و با بررسی پژوهش‌های انجام شده و همچنین قوانین و مقررات بین‌المللی موجود در زمینه پسماندها انجام شده است. در زمینه نتایج حاصل از پژوهش می‌توان عنوان نمود که آلودگی‌های ناشی از پسماندها یکی از دغدغه‌های اساسی بشر بوده و سندهای بین‌المللی متعددی در ارتباط با چالش‌های محیط‌زیستی ناشی از پسماندها چه در ابعاد داخلی کشورها و چه در ابعاد بین‌المللی به تصویب رسیده که سبب ایجاد مسئولیت‌های محیط‌زیستی برای دولت‌ها می‌گردد. همچنین با پیشرفت تکنولوژی و ایجاد پسماندهای الکترونیکی، چالش‌های جدیدی در زمینه محیط‌زیست و حفاظت از آن برای کشورها ایجاد شده که بازیافت نمودن آن‌ها از عوامل مهم در زمینه مدیریت پسماندها بوده است. می‌توان عنوان نمود که موضوع پسماندها موضوعی داخلی و محدود به قوانین و سیاست‌های هر کشور خاص نبوده و نیازمند همکاری تمامی کشورهاست و پیشنهاد می‌شود که سازمان‌های ذیربط در زمینه ایجاد یک رویه واحد در زمینه مدیریت پسماند با دارا بودن ضمانت اجرای قوی اقدام نمایند.
Abdoli, M. A. (1993). Municipal solid waste management system and its control methods, Organization of Recycling and Conversion of Material of Tehran Municipality, Tehran, Iran.
Abedini, M., & Saraei, B. (2023). Evaluating the Environmental Effects of Waste Burial in Saravan Forests Using the ANP Network Analysis Model and Choosing the Appropriate Place for Waste Burial. Geography and Human Relationships, 5(4), 760-777. [In Persian]
Abinaya, R., Nivethitha, G. U., Ponni, P., & Prabakaran, E. (2021). Flyash Based Rigid Pavement with Partial Replacement of E-Waste as Coarse Aggregate. International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, 4(5), 221-224.
Ahirwar, R., & Tripathi, A. K. (2021). E-Waste Management: A Review of Recycling Process, Environmental and Occupational Health Hazards, and Potential Solutions. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 15, 100409.
Alam, T., Golmohammadzadeh, R., Faraji, F., & Shahabuddin, M. (2022). E-Waste Recycling Technologies: an Overview, Challenges and Future Perspectives. Paradigm Shift In E-Waste Management, 143-176.
Alves, J., Sargison, F. A., Stawarz, H., Fox, W. B., Huete, S. G., Hassan, A., ... & Pickering, A. C. (2021). A Case Report: Insights into Reducing Plastic Waste in a Microbiology Laboratory. Access Microbiology, 3(3).
Arya, S., Rautela, R., Chavan, D., & Kumar, S. (2021). Evaluation of Soil Contamination due to Crude E-Waste Recycling Activities in the Capital City of India. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 152, 641-653.
Barouta, D., Alassali, A., Picuno, C., Bruno, M., Syranidou, E., Fiore, S., & Kuchta, K. (2022). E-Plastics in a Circular Economy: A Comprehensive Regulatory Review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 355, 131711.
Barsalou, O., & Picard, M. H. (2018). International Environmental Law in an Era of Globalized Waste. Chinese Journal of International Law, 17(3), 887-906.
Belkhir, L., & Elmeligi, A. (2018). Assessing ICT Global Emissions Footprint: Trends to 2040 & Recommendations. Journal of Cleaner Production, 177, 448-463.
Boyle, A. E. (2005). Globalising Environmental Liability: The Interplay of National and International Law. Journal of Environmental Law, 17(1), 3-26.
Brownlie, I. (1973). A Survey of International Customary Rules of Environmental Protection. The Natural Resources Journal, 13, 179.
Chen, D., Liu, R., Lin, Q., Ma, S., Li, G., Yu, Y., ... & An, T. (2021). Volatile Organic Compounds in an E-Waste Dismantling Region: from Spatial-Seasonal Variation to Human Health Impact. Chemosphere, 275, 130022.
Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, Basel, 1989
Convention on The Import Prohibition Into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movements and Management of Hazardous Wastes in Africa, Bamako, 1991
Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade, Rotterdam, 1998
Convention on The Prohibition of the Importation of Hazardous and Radioactive Wastes into the Forum Island States and on the Control of Transboundary Movements and Management of Hazardous Wastes in the South Pacific Region, 1995
Convention on Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents, Helsinki, 1992
Cordova-Pizarro, D., Aguilar-Barajas, I., Romero, D., & Rodriguez, C. A. (2019). Circular Economy in the Electronic Products Sector: Material Flow Analysis and Economic Impact of Cellphone E-Waste in Mexico. Sustainability, 11(5), 1361.
Debono, A. (2001). Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposals: A Maltese/Mediterranean Perspective (Master's Thesis, University of Malta).
Dodange, M. (2019). Strategic Planning of Urban Waste Management with the Approach of Implementing the Waste Law. Master Thesis, Shiraz University. [In Persian].
Dutta, D., Arya, S., Kumar, S., & Lichtfouse, E. (2021). Electronic Waste Pollution and the COVID-19 Pandemic. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 1-4.
Faryadi, M. (2022). Emergence of Waste Prevention Principle in the Production Process in the EU Laws. International Law Review, 39(66). Doi: 10.22066/Cilamag.2022.248379. [In Persian].
Garcia, D. G., & Van Langen, S. K. (2021). Urban Mining of E-Waste and the Role of Consumers.
Ghulam, S. T., & Abushammala, H. (2023). Challenges and Opportunities in the Management of Electronic Waste and Its Impact on Human Health and Environment. Sustainability, 15(3), 1837.
Gray, M. A. (1990). The United Nations Environment Programme: An Assessment. The Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation, 20, 291.
Gudarzi, M. (2017). Production, Accumulation and Transfer of Nuclear Waste from the Perspective of Human Rights. Master's Thesis, University of Tehran. [In Persian].
Guderzi, A. (2018). Nuclear Waste Safety Management in International Environmental Law. Master's Thesis, Shahid Beheshti University. [In Persian].
Hamzah Abbas, Baniya. 2017. Protecting the Air Environment and Protecting It Against Pollution. Master's Thesis, University of Mashhad. [In Persian]
Islam, M. T., Huda, N., Baumber, A., Shumon, R., Zaman, A., Ali, F., Hossain, R., & Sahajwalla, V. (2021). A Global Review of Consumer Behavior Towards E-Waste and Implications for the Circular Economy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 316, 128297.
Ismaili, E., Mahmoudi, B., Afshari, F., Mahmoudi, A., Zarina, Q., Moradi, V. (2018). The Effects of Plastic Waste on the Environment. 1sd Conference of Enviromental Challengs with Emphasis on Plastics Waste, Iran: Tehran. [In Persian].
Khan, S. A. (2016). E-Products, E-Waste and the Basel Convention: Regulatory Challenges and Impossibilities of International Environmental Law. Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, 25(2), 248-260.
Khan, S., Ali, S. S., & Singh, R. (2022). Determinants of Remanufacturing Adoption for Circular Economy: A Causal Relationship Evaluation Framework. Applied System Innovation, 5(4), 62.
Khosravi Moghaddam, A., Shayannia, S. A., Movahedi, M. M., & Azizi, K. (2021). Provide an Intelligent Model for Municipal Waste Management. Geography (Regional Planning), 11(45), 30-19. Doi: 10.22034/Jgeoq.2021.141769. [In Persian].
Kiss, A. (2006). State Responsibility and Liability for Nuclear Damage. Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, 35, 67.
Kluwer, W. (2010). The Precautionary Principle and International Law: The Challenge of Implementation. Permalink: Http://Digital.Casalini.It/9789041179296.
Kumar, P., & Fulekar, M. H. (2019). Multivariate and Statistical Approaches for the Evaluation of Heavy Metals Pollution at E-Waste Dumping Sites. SN Applied Sciences, 1, 1-13.
Lebbie, T. S., Moyebi, O. D., Asante, K. A., Fobil, J., Brune-Drisse, M. N., Suk, W. A., ... & Carpenter, D. O. (2021). E-Waste in Africa: A Serious Threat to the Health of Children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8488.
Liu, K., Li, Q., & Zhang, H. (2022). Analysis of the Impact of Remanufacturing Process Innovation on Closed-Loop Supply Chain from the Perspective of Government Subsidy. Sustainability, 14(18), 11333.
Lucier, C. A., & Gareau, B. J. (2019). Electronic Waste Recycling and Disposal: An overview. Assessment and Management of Radioactive and Electronic Wastes, 1-12.
Misra, N. R., Kumar, S., & Jain, A. (2021, February). A Review on E-Waste: Fostering the Need for Green Electronics. In 2021 International Conference on Computing, Communication, and Intelligent Systems (ICCCIS) (Pp. 1032-1036). IEEE.
Naik, S., & Eswari, J. S. (2022). Electrical Waste Management: Recent Advances Challenges and Future Outlook. Total Environment Research Themes, 100002.
Nirpur, E. (2019). Responsibility due to Waste in the Light of Management Approaches Governing It. Canon Yar, 15: 01-33. [In Persian]
Ottoni, M., Dias, P., & Xavier, L. H. (2020). A Circular Approach to the E-Waste Valorization Through Urban Mining in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Journal of Cleaner Production, 261, 120990.
Pahlavan, A. (2018). Examining the Challenges and Benefits of Waste Management in Iran and the World. 1sd Conference of Enviromental Challengs with Emphasis on Plastics Waste, Iran: Tehran. [In Persian].
Panchal, R., Singh, A., & Diwan, H. (2021). Economic Potential of Recycling E-Waste in India and Its Impact on Import of Materials. Resources Policy, 74, 102264.
Pejman, S H. (2018). Prohibition of Transfer and Export of Environmental Pollution in International Law. Doctoral Thesis, Allameh Tabatabai University. [In Persian].
Preeti, M., & Sayali, A. (2021). Scientometric Analysis of Research on End-Oflife Electronic Waste and Electric Vehicle Battery Waste. The Journal of Scientometric Research, 10, 37-46.
Qadiani, A. (2018). The Responsibility of Governments in the Field of Protection and Protection of the Environment Against Nuclear Waste. Master's Thesis, Damavand Branch. [In Persian].
Rayfuse, R. (2016). 1. Principles of International Environmental Law Applicable to Waste Management. Environmental Policy and Law, 177, 178.
Risco, A., Sucunza, D., & González-Egido, S. (2021). Chemical Recovery of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment by Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis: A Review. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 159, 105323.
Roush, C. (2016). Requirements of Environmental Rights. Translated by Ali Mashhadhi, First Edition, Tehran: Khorsandi. 9786001141928. [In Persian].
Saffari, A. (2012). Analysis of Environmental Hazards and Rural Waste Managerial Strategies Case Study: Central Ojarood, Germy County. Space Economy & Rural Development, 2 (3) :71-91. [In Persian].
Saha, L., Kumar, V., Tiwari, J., Rawat, S., Singh, J., & Bauddh, K. (2021). Electronic Waste and Their Leachates Impact on Human Health and Environment: Global Ecological Threat and Management. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 24, 102049.
Sand, P. H. (1991). International Law on the Agenda of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development: Towards Global Environmental Security?. Nordic Journal of International Law, 60(1), 5-18.
Simonsson, E. (1995). Hazardous Waste Management Policy in the European Union: Case of Germany and Unification Illustrates Need to Consider Principle of Subsidiarity.
Taherizadeh, A., & Abbasi, M. (2018). Environmental Impact Assessment of Urban Solid Waste Incineration Units. The First Conference on Environmental Challenges with an Emphasis on Plastic Waste, Iran: Tehran. [In Persian].
Talaie, F., & Heidari, E. (2015). The Role of International Organizations in Combating Environmental Pollution Resulting from Wastes. Journal of Legal Studies, 7(2), 123-171. Doi: 10.22099/Jls.2015.3215. [In Persian].
Tan, M., Wang, B., Zheng, K., & Cheng, H. (2022). Pricing Strategies of Dual-Recycling Channels Considering Refurbishing and Remanufacturing of WEEE. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2022, 1-12.
Tou, X. (2008). The Transboundary Movement of Harmful Wastes and the Transformation of Traditional State Responsibility. Macquarie Journal of International and Comparative Environmental Law, 5, 97.
Velayatzadeh, M. (2018). Health and Hygiene Effects of Plastic Waste in the Environment. 1sd Conference of Enviromental Challengs with Emphasis on Plastics Waste, Iran: Tehran. [In Persian].
Venugopal, G., Kaari, M., Ramakodi, M. P., & Manikkam, R. (2022). Bioleaching of Heavy Metals from E-Waste Using Actinobacteria. Methods in Actinobacteriology, 705-708.
