Factors Influencing the Place Attachment’s Users of Social Housing Complexes From the Perspective of Residents (Case Study: Residential Complexes in Districts 3, 7, 9 and 11 of Shiraz City)

Tabibzadeh, Kimia Sadat; Moztarzadeh, Hamed; Parva, Mohammad; Hodjati, Vahideh

doi:10.71711/ijaud.2024.795712

رقم المقالة : IJAUD-2306-1689 (R2) زيارة : 291 الصفحة: 65 - 82

10.71711/ijaud.2024.795712

نوع المخطوط: ابحاث

Factors Influencing the Place Attachment’s Users of Social Housing Complexes From the Perspective of Residents (Case Study: Residential Complexes in Districts 3, 7, 9 and 11 of Shiraz City)

الموضوعات :

Kimia Sadat Tabibzadeh ¹ , Hamed Moztarzadeh ² , Mohammad Parva ³ , Vahideh Hodjati ⁴

1 - Department of Architecture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
2 - Department of Urban Planning, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
3 - Department of Architecture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
4 - Department of Urban Planning, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran

تاريخ الإرسال : 01 الإثنين , ذو الحجة, 1444 تاريخ التأكيد : 13 الثلاثاء , صفر, 1445 تاريخ الإصدار : 03 الأحد , ذو الحجة, 1445

الکلمات المفتاحية: residential complex, Place attachment, housing design, the meanings of the place, social housing,

ملخص المقالة :

The present research aims to determine the factors influencing the place attachment users of social housing complexes from the residents' perspective using the content analysis research method. From the research methodology perspective, this research is qualitative research conducted with the help of library and field studies by studying documents related to the topic, taking photographs, and semi-structured interviews with 387 residents of social housing complexes in Shiraz who were selected by random probability method. The interviews, which were in the form of audio and video files, were converted into text and entered into the ATLAS-TI 9 software. After coding and determining the validity of the subcategories, concepts, and codes by ten experts in the design of residential complexes, they were extracted in the form of diagrams. The data coding by subcategories and concepts is also compared with the effective components of designing social housing complexes. It is worth mentioning that the selection of social housing complexes in Shiraz was done by the AHP method with the help of Expert Choice 11 software. The findings revealed that the components related to the place attachment of the residents's social housing complexes based on interviews with their users include social connections, emotional connection with the place, the meanings of the place, and the dark side of the attachment to the place.

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نص كامل:

Factors Influencing the Place Attachment's Users of Social Housing Complexes From the Perspective of Residents (Case Study: Residential Complexes in Districts 3, 7, 9, and 11 of Shiraz City)

Kimia Sadat Tabibzadeh 1, Hamed Moztarzadeh 2*, Mohammad Parva 3, Vahideh Hodjati 4

1 Department of Architecture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.

*2 Department of Urban Planning, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.

3 Department of Architecture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.

4 Department of Urban Planning, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.

ABSTRACT: The present research aims to determine the factors influencing the place attachment users of social housing complexes from the residents' perspective using the content analysis research method. From the research methodology perspective, this research is qualitative research conducted with the help of library and field studies by studying documents related to the topic, taking photographs, and semi-structured interviews with 387 residents of social housing complexes in Shiraz who were selected by random probability method. The interviews, which were in the form of audio and video files, were converted into text and entered into the ATLAS-TI 9 software. After coding and determining the validity of the subcategories, concepts, and codes by ten experts in the design of residential complexes, they were extracted in the form of diagrams. The data coding by subcategories and concepts is also compared with the effective components of designing social housing complexes. It is worth mentioning that the selection of social housing complexes in Shiraz was done by the AHP method with the help of Expert Choice 11 software. The findings revealed that the components related to the place attachment of the residents's social housing complexes based on interviews with their users include social connections, emotional connection with the place, the meanings of the place, and the dark side of the attachment to the place.

KEYWORDS: Place attachment, residential complex, social housing, housing design, social connections, emotional connection, the meanings of the place.

Corresponding author's email: hamed.moztarzadeh@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-7414-1290

INTRODUCTION

Behavioral and cognitive approaches were identified as the most important and widely used psychological approaches in analyzing human-environment relations (Zarei Hajiabadi et al., 2023). One of the important and influential meanings in the relationship between man and the environment, which has also attracted the attention of designers, is "attachment to place" (Pirbabae et al., 2015; Hernández, 2021), which is a multidimensional concept with personal dimensions, psychological and spatial process, is analyzed. Place attachment includes place dependence, place identity, emotional attachment, and social attachment (Irani et al., 2023) that describes the emotional connection that people hold with a physical space, and such bonds are associated with higher levels of life satisfaction, as well as physical and mental well-being (Lomas et al., 2023).

Unfit interventions will weaken places and the sense of attachment in users (Ujang, 2017). Until now, studies have been conducted in the field of "attachment to place," and experts in various fields of design, psychology, environmental psychology, sociology, and communication have conducted much research and analyzed this relationship's environmental and human aspects (Pirbabae et al., 2015). Among the places with which people are connected, their place of residence and life is considered among the most prominent places that can be examined at various levels, including home, neighborhood, city, and wider levels (Fornara et al., 2019), but until today, there has been little understanding of the formation of the attachment's users of residential spaces; So that this issue has reduced the loyalty, efficiency, and use of residential spaces, less than what it should or can be.

Ahmadi et al. (2021) wrote that neglecting the attachment to the place caused the semantic load to decrease in terms of perceptual contexts, values, meanings, and people's dependence on material and spiritual affairs in urban spaces, and this problem caused the audience to fail to receive the message of meanings. There has been a breakdown of place attachment and a reduction of loyalty towards urban spaces, but paying attention to it causes the success of managing and developing urban spaces.

In addition, Hataminejad et al. (2018) have emphasized that strengthening the attachment to the place strengthens the residents' ties with the place and is an important factor for urban planners to improve the quality of human habitation.

The present research aims to determine the factors affecting the attachment to the place of the users' social housing complexes from the perspective of the residents and to determine the most effective components of social housing design on the attachment to the place the residents from their point of view, and has tried to answer the following questions: 1- What are the factors affecting the attachment to the place of the users's social housing complexes from the perspective of the residents? 2- Which of the effective components of the design of social housing, from the point of view of the residents's social housing complexes, causes them to be more attached to their place?

Masoudi rad et al. (2015), in descriptive-analytical research, have concluded that the four indicators of sustainable housing (physical-physical dimensions, social-cultural dimensions, economic dimensions, and environmental dimensions) in the studied sample, in terms of sustainability in all dimensions have been low. In an article with a descriptive-analytical method, Soltani and Varesi (2017) found that in Shiraz City, the residents' satisfaction with social housing for rent with the ownership condition is high in all dimensions and indicators. In research with the correlation method, Kharabati and Yazdanfar (2017) found that human factors, spatial factors, and time factors are influential factors in creating attachment to a place, which has a significant relationship with attachment to a place.

Ghalenoui et al. (2016), in an article with a meta-analysis method, found that "spatial interests," "spatial identity," "social link with the place," and "attachment to place," respectively have the greatest effects on increasing attachment to place. Zarifpour Langeroudi et al. (2020) found in descriptive-analytical research that physical, perceptual-emotional, and functional-activity dimensions have a significant relationship with the concept of place attachment. In an article with a descriptive-analytical method, Casakin et al. (2021) concluded that attachment to a place is related to perception, neighborhood satisfaction, and motivation. In descriptive-analytical research, Cole et al. (2021) have concluded that green design (including biophilic design and creating opportunities to connect with nature.) increases attachment to a place. According to the investigation of the background of the research, it was concluded that so far, research still needs to be done with the title of the present research and its objectives and method, and it deserves to be addressed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

From the point of view of research methodology, the present research is qualitative research with the help of content analysis method with the help of library and field studies, using the study of documents related to the topic, semi-structured interviews with 387 residents of social housing complexes in Shiraz including Eskan, Bo Ali, Esar, Sadaf and Eram (Salman Farsi), which were selected by random probabilistic method, have been done.

First, with the method of collecting information in the form of library studies, with the help of studying the available sources in the subject area, the interview questions have been determined. After conducting the interviews and determining the validity of their coding, the data obtained from the semi-structured interview obtained by the field method were entered into the ATLAS-TI 9 software to produce analytical charts. It should be mentioned that the sample size is determined based on the Cochran formula (when the statistical population is large).

It is worth mentioning that the validity of the subcategories, concepts, and codes was done using the content validity method, which resulted from the agreement of 10 experts in designing residential complexes. To determine the reliability, the formula related to Cohen's kappa coefficient (1960) was used, and its value was obtained with sensitivity up to two decimal places equal to 0.91, which, according to the interpretation of different levels of the kappa coefficient, if the obtained coefficient is between 0.81 To be reported as 1.00 means almost complete.

It should be mentioned that the specified codes have been compared and analyzed with the design components of the social housing complex. The typology of consciousness (knowledge of the body of experience) and insight (knowledge combined with experience) differ. A person has idea of an urban artifact differs from someone who lives in the same urban artefact.

In place, there is a kind of experience that is only comprehensible to people who have walked through a particular building, street, or area (Connerton, 2009, 32). In phenomenological research, one of the approaches to obtain clear reports about place attachment is the narratives of individuals and groups who have achieved a first-hand understanding of the importance of place attachment in their lives because they have experienced a lack of dramatic changes in location (Million, 1992). A skilled interviewer extracts the story's context and helps the respondent form meaning based on his experiences (Manzo & Devin Wright, 2016, 124).

Therefore, in the interviews, the respondents were asked to describe their memories in the form of stories, and keywords were extracted during the interview with the help of the "participation in dialogue" and "accompanying" techniques. In addition, the respondents were asked to show the spaces that need more attention (unhealthy and poor quality spaces) and cozy spaces to be photographed. It should be mentioned that the interviewer acted as an "active listener" in all the conducted interviews to obtain a comprehensive and unbiased result.

The AHP method has been used to select selected samples with different conditions of social housing to evaluate different social housing. The social housing complexes of Shiraz City include: Eskan complex (1 to 4), Bo Ali complex (1-3), Esar, Sadaf complex (1 and 2), Salahshoran complex (1 and 2), Salman Farsi (Eram), Delgosha and Bahman. It should be mentioned that due to the absence of the "Bahman" residential complex at the address announced by the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development of Fars province and the lack of interest in the cooperation of the officials of the "Delgosa" residential complex with the authors, these two cases have not been analyzed and investigated. In addition, the two complexes of Salahshoran 1 and 2 were also excluded from the surveys due to being located in Sadra town (which has a separate municipality from Shiraz city).

To select selected samples with different conditions of social housing, the AHP method was used. In this regard, the components of evaluating social housing design features were determined based on the studies conducted in the doctoral thesis of the first author (1- cultural-social component, 2- physical-environmental component, 3- functional-behavioral component, 4- political component, 5- -Economic component and 6- semantic component and perceptual-cognitive), and were evaluated as evaluation criteria; Then, a questionnaire was prepared and provided to experts to determine the importance and superiority of each of the influencing components over the other (based on the frequency of superiority coefficients (mode)). Table 1 shows the investigated social housing complexes, their location, and their zoning according to Shiraz municipality.

Table 1: Investigated social housing complexes

The name of the residential complex	location	Zoning of Shiraz municipality
Eskan 1	Shiroudi Boulevard., Forsat Shirazi Square, Fazel Street., Dana Street	7
Eskan 2	Shiroudi Boulevard., Forsat Shirazi Square., Fazel Street., Alley 9
Eskan 3	Shiroudi Boulevard., Forsat Shirazi Square., Fazel Street
Eskan 4	Shiroudi Boulevard., Forsat Shirazi Square., Fazel Street
Bo-Ali 1	Shiroudi Boulevard., Zamzam Crossroads
Bo-Ali 2
Bo-Ali 3
Esar	Mianroud., West Baharestan Boulevard	9
Salman Farsi (Eram)	Salman Farsi Street (Pirnia)	3
Sadaf 1	West Abo Nasr Boulevard., Alley 22	11
Sadaf 2	West Abo Nasr Boulevard., Mououd Street	11

It is worth mentioning that the relative importance of each of the criteria was a spectrum of nine hourly degrees: 1- Equal importance equal to the number 1; 2- The average importance is equal to the number 3; 3- strong importance (special) equivalent to the number 5; 4- very strong importance equivalent to the number 7; 5- extraordinary importance equivalent to the number 9; 6- intermediate values equivalent to the number 2, 4, 6 and 8; 7- Values for reverse comparison are equivalent to 1.3, 1.5, 1.7 and 1.9. After determining the importance coefficient between each component, these numbers were given to Expert Choice 11 software. Finally, according to the Analysis, all social housing complexes: 1- Eskan (1, 2, 3 and 4)), 2- Bo-Ali (1, 2 and 3), 3- Salman Farsi (Eram), and 4- Sadaf (1 and 2), 5- Esar, were chosen due to their homogeneity in terms of the mentioned components.

Literature Review

Social housing

The concept of suitable housing is a housing that, in addition to meeting the needs of users for shelter, does not have negative side effects for individuals or society. Side effects include things such as the production of physical diseases and all kinds of mental diseases due to the lack of facilities and the creation of grounds for crime and delinquency (Oxley, 2000). Housing has different meanings from social, psychological, and economic perspectives. Table 2 shows this.

Table 2: Housing from different points of view (taken from Faqihi Farahmand, 2009)

Housing from different perspectives	Description	References
Housing from a social perspective	A human being is a social being who needs to form a family and, as a result, needs housing to protect the family and determine the family framework.	Ghorbani, 1995; Kendall, 2004
Housing from a psychological point of view	Desirable housing provides an environment with mental peace	Ghorbani, 1995
Housing from an economic point of view	A type of investment with an economic concept	Kendall, 2004

Housing poverty in the urban areas of Iran has manifested itself in informal housing and is developing (Athari, 2005). Social housing is a special housing provision by the local or national government to house low-income groups (Meshkini et al., 2017). Social housing, also known as public, government, and affordable housing, emerged, grew, and developed in European industrialized countries at the beginning of the 20th century (Lund, 2011). It is not easy to accurately define the concept of social housing. This concept becomes more complicated when its content changes from country to country. Usually, the term "rental social housing" is equivalent to social housing. However, in some countries, housing cooperatives and specific parts of real estate are compatible with social housing criteria.

Social housing is proposed as a solution for social support in the field of housing. The ever-increasing urban population growth in developing cities has forced governments to respond to the needs of a large part of the population, generally considered vulnerable sections of society, through social housing. Social housing is a tool for implementing social housing policy (Rajaei et al., 2016, 9 & 30). In general, it can be said that social housing is housing for the use of poor or homeless people or those with economic problems or immigrants, which is built with the aid of the government and with its support in a minimum area and with minimum facilities.

Place Attachment

In Dehkhoda's dictionary, attachment means affection, friendship, desire, affection, the tendency of mind, and love. Place attachment is a relationship and connection point between people and places. Today, the concept of place attachment plays an important role in environmental psychology studies. Place attachment is a chain between people and meaningful environments (Giuliani et al., 2003; Low & Altman, 1992). Loving a place is one of the most important aspects of the relationship between a person and a place, and a place that can establish a connection between itself and a person is considered a loving place (Mostaghni et al., 2021).

Attachment to a subject, such as an object, place, person, or other subjects that a person faces daily, is based on previous life experiences and a person's behavioral, sensory, cognitive, and social structures. Place attachment consists of a threefold organized framework (person, process, and place) whose individual dimension is related to individual or collective defined meanings and concepts. The psychological dimension of attachment to a place includes: sensory or emotional, cognitive, and behavioral elements, and the spatial dimension refers to the characteristics of a place, including spatial level, special characteristics, and prominence of physical or social elements (Scannel & Gifford, 2010).

Attachment to a place is considered the meeting point of physical elements, activities, and mental concepts towards the place. This sense of attachment causes the space to become a place with specific sensory and behavioral characteristics for people (Sajjadzadeh, 2013). It emphasizes people's interests or emotional ties to a specific place, and it means people's mental perception of the environment and their more or less conscious feelings about the environment. which puts a person in an emotional relationship with the environment. In such a way, a person's understanding and feelings are linked and integrated with the semantic context of the environment. This feeling is a factor that transforms a space into a place with special sensory and behavioral characteristics for people (Khodaee et al., 2015a). Attachment to a place emphasizes the emotional impact of a place that people are attracted to for sensory and cultural reasons. Individuals form common cultural, sensory, and emotional effects on a specific place or land and are the basis of how a group or individual perceives a place and how they relate to it (Low & Altman, 1992, 5). Place attachment is more than an emotional and cognitive experience and includes cultural beliefs and practices that bind people to a place (Shao & Liu, 2017).

Factors Affecting the Design of Social Housing

According to various research, various components are effective in designing housing, including social housing, which can be categorized as follows: 1- physical-environmental component, 2- functional-behavioral component, 3- Social-cultural component, 4- Political component, 5- Economic components and 6- Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component. (Fig. 1)

Fig. 1: Influential components in the design of social housing

In Table 3, the components and sub-components affecting the design of social housing are categorized and specified.

Table 3: Influential components and sub-components in the design of social housing

components	sub-components	Description
physical-environmental physical-environmental	Green spaces and natural landscapes	Bonaiuto et al., 1999; Lewicka, 2009; Manzo & Devin Wright, 2016, 131; Talischi & Rezaei, 2019; Rahimi et al., 2020; Mojtabavi et al., 2020; Haqqani & Majidi Hatkeloui, 2021; Cole et al., 2021
	Security (no house burglaries at night; no car thefts and no attacks)	Baba & Austin, 1989; Amirkafi & Fathi, 2011; Kharabati & Yazdanfar, 2017; Zarini & Kameli, 2017; Mojtabavi et al., 2020; Haqqani & Majidi Hatkeloui, 2021
	Safety	Mojtabavi et al., 2020
	Convenience	Mojtabavi et al., 2020
	higher fear of crime	Kamalipour et al., 2012
	Building size (number of floors and number of apartments)	Lewicka, 2009
	Personalization	Lewicka, 2009; Haqqani & Majidi Hatkeloui, 2021
	Dimensions and sizes of spaces	Rahimi, 2019; Ahmadi et al., 2021
	Comfort	Regnier & Pynoos, 1987; Kharabati & Yazdanfar, 2017; Rahimi et al., 2020
	Type of access (on foot and horseback)	Sadeqi Fereshte et al., 2013
	Access to services and facilities (public transportation, .)	Regnier & Pynoos, 1987; Kharabati & Yazdanfar, 2017; Rahimi et al., 2020; Mojtabavi et al., 2022b; Ahmadi et al., 2021; Mojtabavi et al., 2020
	Furniture and equipment	Alimardani et al., 2018; Mojtabavi et al., 2020; Ahmadi et al., 2021
	Cleanliness	Ahmadi et al., 2021
	Urban facilities and services (distance to educational centers, distance to healthcare centers, distance to recreation centers, parks, green spaces, distance to police and fire stations, distance to cultural centers and public libraries, distance to coffee shops, restaurants, and fast food, distance from religious spaces)	Amirkafi & Fathi, 2011; Zarini & Kameli, 2017
	Facilities	Regnier & Pynoos, 1987; Kharabati & Yazdanfar, 2017; Rahimi et al., 2020; Mojtabavi et al., 2020
functional-behavioral	The possibility of various activities in the place	Rahimi et al., 2020; Ahmadi et al., 2021
	The possibility of specific activities in the place	Rahimi et al., 2020
	The possibility of forming social connections and bonds
	Suitability of activities to human needs
	functional facilities	Najafi & Kamal B.M. Shariff, 2014
	The possibility of investment and functional development	Hashas, 2004
	Public open social arenas	Talischi & Rezaei, 2019
	Outdoor meeting spaces	Talischi & Rezaei, 2019
	With paths for walking	Koohsari et al., 2023
	Activity rules	Kharabati & Yazdanfar, 2017; Low & Altman, 1992
cultural-social	Social relations	Rapoport, 2009
	Culture	Avcı Türkoğlu, 2023
	religious activities	Najafi & Kamal B.M. Shariff, 2014
	A space to respond to needs	Hajiparvaneh, 2016; Hojat et al., 2017
	Holding religious ceremonies and rituals and participating in them	Zamani & Honarvar, 2018; Alimardani et al., 2018
	Homogeneity of users (creating intimacy between people)	Mojtabavi et al., 2020
	Collaborative atmosphere and peer motivation	Rodwick, 2022
	Collaborative atmosphere and peer motivation	Rodwick, 2022
perceptual, semantic-cognitive	Place ownership	Kamalipour et al., 2012
	Diaries	Hajiparvaneh, 2016; Kharabati & Yazdanfar, 2017; Hojat et al., 2017; Mojtabavi et al., 2022b, 2020; Riley, 1992
	Territory/personal privacy/personal freedom	Hajiparvaneh, 2016; Kharabati & Yazdanfar, 2017; Mojtabavi et al., 2022a, 2022b, 2020; Rapoport, 1982
	Pleasant weather	Gustafson, 2001
	The absence of the dark side of attachment to a place	Manzo & Devin Wright, 2016
	Sensory experiences	Hajiparvaneh, 2016; Mojtbayi et al., 2022a
	A platform to meet needs	Hojat et al., 2017
	Continuity of space and time (similarity of the place of life to the place of childhood, similarity of the weather of the place of life to the weather of childhood/historical reminders/memories/sense of peace)	Manzo & Devin Wright, 2016, 222; Zamani & Honarvar, 2018
	Visual richness	Ghannad et al., 2022
Political	Social cohesion (the homogeneity of the residents' social class in terms of financial level)	Khodaee et al., 2015b
	Job creation and the possibility of economic activities and earning money in the place of residence	Manzo & Devin Wright, 2016, 265; Zarini & Kameli, 2017
	Nativist	---------------
	Influential policies of government structure on architecture
	Integrated management policies
Economic	Ownership of the place	Kamalipour et al., 2012
	Design according to the climate (materials, colors, window shades, .)	---------------
	Proximity of residence to workplace
	Protection and maintenance of the desired building to save money in the future (preventing the cost of retrofitting, repairs, .)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The semi-structured interview with 387 users living in social housing complexes was about eight main questions: How do you interact with the neighbors and residents of this complex? What factors are effective in your communication with others in the complex where you live? If you leave or stay away from this residential complex (for reasons: work, study, recreation, .), what makes you want to return? Why do you want to return if you leave or stay away from this complex? How is this place? What are the unique features of this residential complex? What factors lead you to use more or less different spaces in your residential complex? What memories does this residential complex evoke for you? What factors cause you to be annoyed because of living in social housing?

In response to the first question about specifying the specific characteristics of their residential complex, the interviewees mentioned being safe, secure, peaceful, and friendly atmosphere. Regarding the second question related to why they were bothered by living in the complex, they referred to uncomfortable memories and experiences and the lack of various facilities in their complex. In response to the third question regarding the reason for wanting to return to their complex if they leave it for any reason, they mostly referred to their social ties and friendships. In response to the fourth question about how they communicate and interact with their neighbors, they mentioned Social contributions and individual characteristics. In response to the fifth question regarding the reasons for using different spaces of their complex more, they mentioned things such as dynamics and special features, and It is worth mentioning that the responses of the interviewees were converted from audio and video files into text and then entered into the ATLAS-TI 9 software. Then, it was coded, and ten experts in designing residential complexes confirmed the validity of the subcategories, concepts, and codes. The relationship between the codes was extracted from the software as a diagram. Figures 2 to 6 show these diagrams.

Figure 2 indicates that place attachment is related to 4 main components: social connections, place meanings, the dark side of place attachment, and emotional connection.

Fig. 2: Subcategories related to place attachment

Figure 3 indicates that social ties include flexible spaces, participation in collective activities, individual characteristics, and the homogeneity of the socio-cultural level of the residents.

Fig. 3: Relationship of attachment to place with social connections and related concepts

Figure 4 indicates that the emotional connection includes staying time, protecting and maintaining the complex sense of belonging, social connections, beauty, and visual quality.

Fig. 4: Relationship of attachment to place with emotional connection and related concepts

Figure 5 indicates that the meanings of the place include dynamic, special features, location constraints and threats of place, and space-time continuity.

Fig. 5: Relationship of place attachment with place meanings and related concepts

Figure 6 indicates that the dark side of attachment to a place includes not paying attention to proportions, negative memories, and limitations.

Fig 6: Relationship of place attachment with the dark side of place attachment and related concepts

Table 4 contains the content analysis of the data, which, after validity and presentation, have been compared with the effective components in the design of social housing.

Table 4: Categories and subcategories related to place attachment of users' social housing complexes based on the content analysis and matching them with effective components in social housing design

category	subcategory	concepts	Codes	Relation of codes with effective components in social housing design
Place attachment Place attachment Place attachment Place attachment Place attachment	Social connections	Participation in collective activities	Helping to cook the offering or distributing it among the neighbors and in general, social contributions	Cultural-social component; Functional-behavioral component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
			Encouraging participation in ritual, religious and cultural celebrations of neighbors
			Creating a suitable platform for picnics and more commuting of neighbors	Physical-environmental component; Cultural-social component; Functional-behavioral component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
		Individual characteristic	Interested in participation in ritual, religious and cultural celebrations of neighbors	Cultural-social component; Functional-behavioral component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component
			Interested in picnic with neighbors in the yard
			Home visits with neighbors
			Interested in talking with neighbors
		Flexible spaces	The existence of different and flexible spaces	Physical-environmental component; Functional-behavioral component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
		Homogeneity of the socio-cultural level of the residents	Language	Cultural-social component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
			race
			Nationality/Ethnicity
			life style
			Customs
			Ideas and beliefs
			Literacy and education level
			Homogeneity in terms of age	Cultural-social component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive componentt; Political component
	Emotional connection	Protection and maintenance of the complex	Protection of green spaces	Physical-environmental component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Economic compomnent; Political component
			Cleaning and hygiene
			The complex is equipped with a security area
			Keeping the complex healthy and taking care of its damage and wear and tear (Facade, materials, lighting, .)
			Supervision
		Beauty and visual quality	Paying attention to the coordination and harmony between color, texture, materials, light,	Physical-environmental component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
			No visual disturbances
			Existence green spaces especially suited to the climate	Physical-environmental component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Economic compomnent; Political component
		Staying time	long-term stay	Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component
		Sense of belonging	Inheritance of place	Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component
		Social relations	Residence of relatives or friends in or near the complex	Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Cultural-social component
		Social relations	The existence of a favorable and sociable platform for creating social relations	Physical-environmental component; Functional-behavioral component; Cultural-social component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
	The meanings of the place The meanings of the place The meanings of the place	Dynamic Dynamic	Ensuring a long-term stay	Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component
			Being a landlord or a tenant	Perceptual, semantic-cognitive t component; Economic compomnent; Political component
			Establishing surveillance in the complex	Physical-environmental component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
			Establishing security in the complex
			Favorable weather (comfortable temperature)	Physical-environmental component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
			Design suitable for the climate	Physical-environmental component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Economic component; Political component
			The possibility of economic activities such as: selling food products, pickles, . in the complex	Physical-environmental component; Functional-behavioral component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Cultural-social component; Economic component; Political component
			With attractive hiking trails with beautiful scenery for walking	Physical-environmental component; Functional-behavioral component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
			Possibility of cycling in the area
			Safety of spaces and furniture	Physical-environmental component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
			The possibility of personalizing spaces	Physical-environmental component; Functional-behavioral component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
			The presence of wide and diverse green spaces	Physical-environmental component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
			The existence of single seating areas	Physical-environmental component; Functional-behavioral component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
			The existence of group seating areas	Physical-environmental component; Cultural-social component; Functional-behavioral component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
			The existence of diverse and flexible space for one person	Physical-environmental component; Functional-behavioral component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
			The existence of diverse and flexible spaces for more than one person	Physical-environmental component; Cultural-social component; Functional-behavioral component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
		Location constraints and threats	Not holding social, ritual, religious and cultural events	Cultural-social component; Functional-behavioral component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
			Disproportion between the number of residents and the dimensions of the complex	Physical-environmental component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
			Lack of cleaning and not maintaining sufficient cleanliness
			Lack of sufficient facilities: indoor and outdoor gathering spaces, children's play ground, .	Physical-environmental component; Functional-behavioral component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
			Lack of sufficient and necessary facilities for daily needs such as: bakery, supermarket,
			Lack of facilities for all the residents of the complex
			Lack of facilities commensurate with the number of residents
			Lack of different and flexible functional spaces
			The existence of unhealthy and poor quality spaces
			The location of the complex on the main street and the resulting noise pollution	Physical-environmental component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
			Lack of supervision
			Lack of security
			Lack of readability
			Lack of permeability
			Lack of good access to public transportation, especially subway and bus
			Not equipped with an elevator
			The disproportion between the dimensions of the open and closed spaces of the complex with the number of residents
			The lack of proximity of the complex to spatial facilities, including medical, educational,	Physical-environmental component; Functional-behavioral component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
			The lack of proximity of the complex to cultural spatial facilities, such as: cultural center, library, mosque,	Physical-environmental component; Functional-behavioral component; Cultural-social component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
			Lack of coherence and visual unity	Physical-environmental component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
Lack of beauty and visual quality
Problems of water and electricity facilities
Continuity of space-time		The climate of the complex is similar to the climate of the residents' childhood	Physical-environmental component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
		The weather of the complex is similar to the weather of the residents' past
		The complex is similar to the climate of the place where the residents lived in childhood
		The complex has the same climate as the place where the residents lived in the past
		Complex, evoking good memories and loving friends
		favorable living conditions (security, peace and comfort, safety, .)
Special features		peace of mind	Physical-environmental component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
		security
		safety
		friendly environment	Physical-environmental component; Functional-behavioral component; Cultural-social component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
		Supervision and watchful eyes (Equipped with surveillance cameras)	physical-environmental component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
		Wide green spaces	Physical-environmental component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
		sufficient number of spaces for car parking	Physical-environmental component; Functional-behavioral component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
		The possibility of personalizing spaces: making furniture, planting flowers,	Physical-environmental component; Functional-behavioral component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
		Existence of diverse and special spaces: Hosseiniyeh (space for prayer, worship, .), sports club, children's play area, .	Physical-environmental component; Cultural-social component; Functional-behavioral component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
		The existence of various and special spaces for daily affairs, such as supermarkets, bakeries, vegetable shops,	Physical-environmental component; Functional-behavioral component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
		The complex is equipped with an elevator.	Physical-environmental component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
The dark side of the attachment to the place The dark side of the attachment to the place	Negative memories	Having negative and annoying experiences, including: car theft, house theft, shoe theft,	Physical-environmental component; Cultural-social component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
	Negative memories	Having negative and annoying experiences, including: fights, conflicts,	Physical-environmental component; Cultural-social component; Functional-behavioral component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
	Failure to pay attention to proportions	The disproportion between the dimensions of the open and closed spaces of the complex with the number of residents	Physical-environmental component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
	Limitations	The existence of ugly, unhealthy, and poor-quality spaces	Physical-environmental component; Functional-behavioral component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component
	Limitations	Absence or lack of proximity to facilities

As it is clear from Table 4, the components affecting the attachment to the place of the users of social housing complexes, according to their interviews, include community connection, emotional bond, place meanings, and the dark side of attachment to the place.

It is worth noting that the codes related to facilities and equipment, safety, security, convenience, dimensions, and sizes of spaces correspond to the physical-environmental component. The codes related to responding to needs, diversity of specific activities, and climate comfort, ., corresponding to the functional-behavioral component; Codes related to economic savings design according to the climate, ., corresponding to the economic component; The codes that are related to Integrated management policies, Influential policies of government structure on architecture, ., corresponding to the political component; The codes that were related to perceptual and mental characteristics (all codes) were considered to be following the perceptual, semantic-cognitive component, and the codes that were related to social activities, cultural contexts, ., were considered to be under the cultural-social component and in Table number four are presented.

During the interview, the interviewer, as an active listener, asked the respondents to talk about the cozy and high-quality spaces and the low-quality and unhealthy spaces of their residential complex and show those places so that these spaces could be photographed. Table 5 contains these images, which, according to the residents' explanations, the subject of each image has been compared with the components related to attachment to the place and the components affecting the design of social housing complexes.

Table 5: Pictures of the special spaces of social housing complexes and their compatibility with the components related to place attachment and the components affecting the design of social housing complexes

The name of the residential complex

Image

Description of the image

Components related to place attachment

Factors affecting the design of social housing complexes

Eskan 1

A cozy group seating area facing each other

Meanings of place, social links, emotional bond

physical-environmental component; functional-behavioral component; cultural-social component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component

Eskan 2

The cozy sitting area next to the children's play area

Eskan 3

Ugly, poor quality, and lacks performance space

Meanings of place; The dark side of place attachment; Emotional connection

physical-environmental component; functional-behavioral component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component

Personalizing the space by residents and creating a cozy sitting environment

Meanings of place; social links, emotional bond

physical-environmental component; functional-behavioral component; cultural-social component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component

A cozy group seating area next to the children's play area

Eskan 4

Unsightly and inconsistent spaces in the facade

Meanings of place; The dark side of place attachment; Emotional connection

physical-environmental component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component

Bo Ali 1

The unsafe environment of children's play as a space without functional quality

Meanings of place; The dark side of place attachment; Emotional connection

physical-environmental component; functional-behavioral component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component

Cozy seating area for several people

Meanings of place, social links, emotional bond

physical-environmental component; functional-behavioral component; cultural-social component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component

Bo Ali 2

Cozy seating area for several people

Bo Ali 3

Space for trash cans

Meanings of place; The dark side of place attachment; Emotional connection

physical-environmental component; functional-behavioral component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component

hysical-environmental component; functional-behavioral component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component

Sadaf 1

Unsafe space

Sadaf 2

Unsightly and inconsistent spaces in the facade

Meanings of place; The dark side of place attachment; Emotional connection

physical-environmental component;

Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component

Esar

Lack of security and sufficient lighting of the children's play ground during the day and night

Meanings of place; The dark side of place attachment; Emotional connection

physical-environmental component;

functional-behavioral component;

Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component

Destroyed walls of facilities, broken materials, and stolen or broken lights

Meanings of place; The dark side of place attachment; Emotional connection

physical-environmental component; Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component

Salman Farsi (Eram)

Poor quality spaces

Meanings of place; The dark side of place attachment; Emotional connection

physical-environmental component;

functional-behavioral component;

Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component; Political component

According to Table number five, it can be seen that paying attention to social life and providing a favorable platform for creating social bonds, organizing the state of facades, mechanizing trash cans, designing and implementing safe play spaces and contemporizing them, protecting And maintaining spaces and materials, establishing security and having supervision, as well as the possibility of personalizing spaces can be effective in the level of attachment to the place of social housing complex users.

CONCLUSION

The present research was conducted with the content analysis method with the help of library and field studies based on available sources and semi-structured interviews of the users of social housing complexes in Shiraz city to present the components influencing the attachment to the place of the users of social housing complexes from the perspective of the residents. The audio and video files recorded from the interviews were entered into the ATLAS-TI 9 software as text, and after coding the data and determining their authenticity, they were presented in the form of diagrams by experts. The findings indicated that the components related to attachment to the place of social housing complexes from the perspective of the users include: 1- social connections, 2- emotional connection with the place, 3- the meanings of the place, and 4- the dark side of the attachment to the place, and the sub-components of each of them are clear. And were compared with the effective components of the design of social housing complexes.

Table 6 shows the number of concepts and codes of the four subcategories of the components affecting the place attachment of the users's social housing complexes based on the content analysis of the interviews with them.

Table 6: The number of concepts and codes of the four subcategories of the components affecting the place attachment of the users' social housing complexes based on the content analysis of the interviews with them.

category	subcategory	number of concepts	number of Codes
Place attachment	Social Connections	4	16
	Emotional connection	5	12
	The meanings of the place	4	55
	The dark side of the attachment to the place	3	5

According to Table 6, it is clear that the largest number of concepts related to the emotional connection and the largest number of codes are related to the meanings of place. Figure 7 shows the frequency of repetition of each component affecting the design of social housing from the content analysis codes.

Fig. 7: The frequency of repetition of each of the components affecting the design of social housing from matching with the content analysis codes (authors)

According to Fig. 7, users' place attachment is related to the following components in order: 1-Perceptual, semantic-cognitive component, 2- political component, 3- physical-environmental component, 4- functional-behavioral component, 5- cultural-social component and 6- economic component.

The present research can be considered and used in developing guidelines for designing residential complexes, especially social housing. In addition, monitoring the management and organization of social housing complexes in Shiraz is necessary. Their lack of desirable quality for the users' lives discourages them and deprives them of the motivation for their presence in these residential complexes. Paying attention to the condition of social housing facades and organizing them and the area of these collective spaces to create special social spaces with visual beauty and richness can be among these measures.

The results also indicated that users return to the social housing complex after traveling more due to social ties. Also, due to the small dimensions of the units, special religious and ritual ceremonies, such as Hazrat Zahra's feast, are held in the presence of a few neighbors and only in some social housing complexes. Future researchers are advised to investigate the level of attachment to the users' place in social housing complexes. They can also research the factors affecting employees' place attachment in different administrative, educational, and therapeutic spaces and compare them with the current research results. In addition, the components presented in the current research can be considered as principles for conducting other applied research and evaluation in social housing complexes.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

K.S. Tabibzadeh performed the literature review, analyzed and interpreted the data, and prepared the manuscript text and edition. H. Moztarzadeh, M. Parva, and V. Hodjati helped summarize, correct, and present different sections.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This article is taken from the doctoral thesis of the first author "Kimia Sadat Tabibzadeh" entitled "Explanation of the Design Components's Social Housing With the Aim of Promoting Users' Attachment to the Place (Study Case: Shiraz)" which was guided by "Hamed Moztarzadeh" and advised by "Mohammad Parva" and "Vahideh Hodjati" at Department of Architecture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran is in progress.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no potential conflict of interest regarding the publication of this work. In addition, the ethical issues, including plagiarism, informed consent, misconduct, data fabrication or falsification, double publication and, or submission, and redundancy, have been completely witnessed by the authors.

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Factors Influencing the Place Attachment’s Users of Social Housing Complexes From the Perspective of Residents (Case Study: Residential Complexes in Districts 3, 7, 9 and 11 of Shiraz City)

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