ارزش‌گذاری رسانه‌ای در پوشش اخبار سلامت: مورد مطالعه پاندمی کووید- ۱۹
الموضوعات :
فریبا جعفری
1
,
اکبر نصراللهی کاسمانی
2
,
علی اکبر فرهنگی
3
,
علی دلاور
4
1 - دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت رسانه، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
2 - استادیار، گروه دانشکده علوم ارتباطات و مطالعات رسانه، واحد مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
3 - استاد گروه دانشکده مدیریت، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
4 - استاد گروه سنجش و اندازه گیری، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: اخبار سلامت, ارزش‌گذاری رسانه‌ای, ایران, آلمان, کووید-19,
ملخص المقالة :
مقدمه: این مقاله با توجه به کارکرد اخبار در انعکاس سیاست‌ها و عملکردهای موثر در بهبود سلامت عمومی، با هدف بررسی چگونگی پوشش محتوای اخبار سلامت به مقایسه ارزش‌گذاری‌های رسانه‌ای شبکه‌های تلویزیونی ایران و آلمان در اخبار کرونا می‌پردازد.روش پژوهش: نوع پژوهش توصیفی با روش تحلیل محتواست. نمونه آماری شامل ۶2 بخش اخبار شبانگاهی می‌باشد که به صورت غیرتصادفی و هدفمند از دو شبکه تلویزیونی ایران (یک، دو) و دو شبکه آلمان (ZDF ARD,) انتخاب شده‌اند. با انتخاب ابعاد و موضوعات پوشش خبرهای سلامت، کدنامه خبری تنظیم و ۷۴۹ خبر از ۱۸ فوریه تا ۲۲ مارس 20۲۰ با تاکید بر خبرهای مربوط به بیماری کرونا تمام‌شماری، کدگذاری، محاسبه (SPSS) و مقایسه گردید.یافته‌ها: حدود یک سوم از کل اخبار شبکه‌های ایران (9/32 % و 4/28 %)، با الگویی مشابه دارای ارزش‌گذاری‌هایی بدون مرز روشن با عینیت خبر بوده‌اند. دو شبکه آلمان به وضوح بر"اخبار سخت" تمرکز کرده و بر "جدایی تفیسیر و خبر" تاکید دااشته اند.نتیجه‌گیری: به نظر می‌رسد ارزش‌گذاری با رعایت جدایی بین خبر و تفسیر می تواند راهکاری مناسب برای افزایش اعتبار خبری باشد.
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2- Khaniki H, Atefimanesh R. Health Communications: Backgrounds and its perspectives in development; http://www.khaniki.com. [Cited 2015 January 23]
3- Covello VT. Risk Communication and Message Mapping: A new tool for Communicating Effectively in Public Health Emergencies and Disasters. Journal of Emergency Management, 2006; 4(3): 25-40.
4- Khajeali jahantighi Z, Abazari Z, Mirhosseini Z, Babalhavaeji F. Identifying Dimensions and Components of Self-Care Informing of Patients in Medical Information System of Iran by Fuzzy Delphi Approach. Journal of Healthcare Managemen. 2020; 10 (4): 79-95. [In Persian]
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6- Gollust S E, Fowler E F, Niederdeppe J. Television News Coverage of Public Health Issues and Implications for Public Health Policy and Practice. Annual Review of Public Health. Apr 2019; (1) 40:167-185.
7- Nemati Anaraki D. Psychology of Trust in the Media. Media and Culture Journal, 2017; 7 (1): 147–179. [In Persian]
8- Hosseini M, Shahri A, Phalp K, Raian A. Four Reference Models for Transparency Requirements in Information Systems, Requirements Eng, 2018; 23: 251–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00766-017-0265-y [cited 2018 June]
9- Sharafeddin H, Koohi A. Evolutions of the Principles of Objectivism and Neutrality in the Professional Ethics of the Media, Journal Religion and cultural politics. 2016; 7(2): 95-108
10- Mardiha M. The Representational Aspect of Media News: An Epistemological Approach. Global Media Journal, 2019; 13(2), 228-253. [In Persian]
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12- Lippman W. Public Opinion. New Brunswick and London. Transaction Publishers. Edition 2, 1998
13- Hormozizadeh M A, vahedi M, Razavi Tousi S M. Analyzing the Content of 60 Minutes of Persian BBC News about the 11th Presidential Election. Quarterly Journal of Radio Television, 2014; 10 (24): 63-104.
14- Shoar Ghaffari P. News Advertising and National Interests. Media Quarterly, Educational (1), 1997
15- Hussman C. Crisis of Conscience: Crisis of Conscience (Ethics of Journalism). Translated by Davood Heidari, Media Publications, 1998
16- Dyer R. The Matter of Images: Essays on Representation. 2nd ed. London, 2002; https://lib.ugent.be/catalog/rug01:000819819
17- Dahlgren P. Television and the Public Sphere: Citizenship, Democracy and the Media. London; Thousand Oaks, Calif, 1995
18- Lessig L. Institutional Corruptions. Edmond J. Safra Working Papers. 1, 2013; http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2233582. (Mar 15, 2013)
19- Petković B. Media Integrity Matters: Reclaiming Public Service Values in Media and Journalism: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia, 2014; Ljubljana: Peace Institute
20- Terzis G. The Role of Media in Times of Crisis, Communication Research, Quarterly Journal of Research and Measurement, translated by Abbas Shakiba, 2005; (42,43): 216-203.
21- Post S, Bienzeisler N, Lohöfener M A. Desire for Authoritative Science? How Citizens’ Informational Needs and Epistemic Beliefs Shaped their Views of Science, News, and Policymaking in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Public Understanding of Science, 2021
22- Severin J W, Tankard W J. Communication Theories: Origins, Methods and Uses in the Mass Media. Texas, Longman, 2001; 5(E).
23- McQuail D. An Introduction to Mass Communication Theory, translated by Parviz Ejlali. Tehran: Center for Media Studies and Research, 2003
24- Grimmer J, Stewart B M. Text as Data: The Promise and Pitfalls of Automatic Content Analysis Methods for Political Texts, Edited by R. Michael Alvarez. Political Analysis Advance Access published January 22, 2013
25- "News 21 of One Sima Network"," News 20.30 Second Channel of Sima". https://www.telewebion.com, 2020
26- "News 20:00 Tagesschau ARD TV Network". https://www.tagesschau.de, 2020
27- "News 19:00 Heute-Nachrichten Television Network ZDF ". https://www.zdf.de, 2020
28- Leidenberger J. The Tabloidization of Television News: a Content Analysis of Major German and French News Programs: Springer-Verlag; 2014. [In German]
29- Ghasemi H, Fanazad R. Media Rights. Andisheh Ara;1398
30- Harrison S, Johnson P. Challenges in the Adoption of Crisis Crowdsourcing and Social Media in Canadian Emergency Management. Government Information Quarterly; 2019: 36(3): 501-509.
_||_
1- Taheri Kharameh Z, Barati M, Khoshravesh S. Health is the Key to the Realization of Sustainable Development Goals. J Educ Community Health, 2017; 4 (3): 1-3.
2- Khaniki H, Atefimanesh R. Health Communications: Backgrounds and its perspectives in development; http://www.khaniki.com. [Cited 2015 January 23]
3- Covello VT. Risk Communication and Message Mapping: A new tool for Communicating Effectively in Public Health Emergencies and Disasters. Journal of Emergency Management, 2006; 4(3): 25-40.
4- Khajeali jahantighi Z, Abazari Z, Mirhosseini Z, Babalhavaeji F. Identifying Dimensions and Components of Self-Care Informing of Patients in Medical Information System of Iran by Fuzzy Delphi Approach. Journal of Healthcare Managemen. 2020; 10 (4): 79-95. [In Persian]
5- Post S, Bienzeisler N, Lohöfener M. Political Communication in Lockdown. How Well did the Citizens feel Informed? 2020; 1-7. https://www.uni-goettingen.de/de/suche.html?query=Politische+Kommunikation+im+Lockdown#gsc.tab=0&gsc.q=Politische%20Kommunikation%20im%20Lockdown&gsc.page=1 [In German]
6- Gollust S E, Fowler E F, Niederdeppe J. Television News Coverage of Public Health Issues and Implications for Public Health Policy and Practice. Annual Review of Public Health. Apr 2019; (1) 40:167-185.
7- Nemati Anaraki D. Psychology of Trust in the Media. Media and Culture Journal, 2017; 7 (1): 147–179. [In Persian]
8- Hosseini M, Shahri A, Phalp K, Raian A. Four Reference Models for Transparency Requirements in Information Systems, Requirements Eng, 2018; 23: 251–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00766-017-0265-y [cited 2018 June]
9- Sharafeddin H, Koohi A. Evolutions of the Principles of Objectivism and Neutrality in the Professional Ethics of the Media, Journal Religion and cultural politics. 2016; 7(2): 95-108
10- Mardiha M. The Representational Aspect of Media News: An Epistemological Approach. Global Media Journal, 2019; 13(2), 228-253. [In Persian]
11- Silverblatt A, Ferry J, Finan B. Approaches to Media Literacy: A Handbook. Translator Amir Yazdian. Center for Islamic Studies of Radio and Television of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Edition 2, 2014
12- Lippman W. Public Opinion. New Brunswick and London. Transaction Publishers. Edition 2, 1998
13- Hormozizadeh M A, vahedi M, Razavi Tousi S M. Analyzing the Content of 60 Minutes of Persian BBC News about the 11th Presidential Election. Quarterly Journal of Radio Television, 2014; 10 (24): 63-104.
14- Shoar Ghaffari P. News Advertising and National Interests. Media Quarterly, Educational (1), 1997
15- Hussman C. Crisis of Conscience: Crisis of Conscience (Ethics of Journalism). Translated by Davood Heidari, Media Publications, 1998
16- Dyer R. The Matter of Images: Essays on Representation. 2nd ed. London, 2002; https://lib.ugent.be/catalog/rug01:000819819
17- Dahlgren P. Television and the Public Sphere: Citizenship, Democracy and the Media. London; Thousand Oaks, Calif, 1995
18- Lessig L. Institutional Corruptions. Edmond J. Safra Working Papers. 1, 2013; http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2233582. (Mar 15, 2013)
19- Petković B. Media Integrity Matters: Reclaiming Public Service Values in Media and Journalism: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia, 2014; Ljubljana: Peace Institute
20- Terzis G. The Role of Media in Times of Crisis, Communication Research, Quarterly Journal of Research and Measurement, translated by Abbas Shakiba, 2005; (42,43): 216-203.
21- Post S, Bienzeisler N, Lohöfener M A. Desire for Authoritative Science? How Citizens’ Informational Needs and Epistemic Beliefs Shaped their Views of Science, News, and Policymaking in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Public Understanding of Science, 2021
22- Severin J W, Tankard W J. Communication Theories: Origins, Methods and Uses in the Mass Media. Texas, Longman, 2001; 5(E).
23- McQuail D. An Introduction to Mass Communication Theory, translated by Parviz Ejlali. Tehran: Center for Media Studies and Research, 2003
24- Grimmer J, Stewart B M. Text as Data: The Promise and Pitfalls of Automatic Content Analysis Methods for Political Texts, Edited by R. Michael Alvarez. Political Analysis Advance Access published January 22, 2013
25- "News 21 of One Sima Network"," News 20.30 Second Channel of Sima". https://www.telewebion.com, 2020
26- "News 20:00 Tagesschau ARD TV Network". https://www.tagesschau.de, 2020
27- "News 19:00 Heute-Nachrichten Television Network ZDF ". https://www.zdf.de, 2020
28- Leidenberger J. The Tabloidization of Television News: a Content Analysis of Major German and French News Programs: Springer-Verlag; 2014. [In German]
29- Ghasemi H, Fanazad R. Media Rights. Andisheh Ara;1398
30- Harrison S, Johnson P. Challenges in the Adoption of Crisis Crowdsourcing and Social Media in Canadian Emergency Management. Government Information Quarterly; 2019: 36(3): 501-509.
