تحلیلی در معماری بومی با تأکید بر روش زندگی ساکنان به منظور ارتقاء همگنی ادراکی در محیط انسان ساخت بومی (نمونه مورد پژوهش: بافت قدیم بوشهر)
الموضوعات : مطالعات توسعه اجتماعی ایرانمحمد علی رحیمی 1 , باقر کریمی 2
1 - دانشجوی دکتری معماری، گروه معماری، واحد بوشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بوشهر، ایران
2 - استادیار گروه معماری، واحد بوشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بوشهر، ایران (نویسنده مسئول)
الکلمات المفتاحية: روش زندگی, بافت قدیم بوشهر, همگنی ادراکی, معماری بومی,
ملخص المقالة :
معماری بومی بارویکردهای متفاوتی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است. پژوهش حاضر با رویکردی مسئله محور به معماری بومی در مقیاس میانه (محله) به منظور ارتقاء همگنی ذهنی و ادراکی مخاطبان از محیط انسان ساخت بومی می پردازد. در ابتدا مفاهیم و روش های مطالعه معماری بومی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته و در ادامه مفاهیم روش زندگی انسان با وجوه آشکار و پنهان خود به عنوان مهمترین متغیر همگنی ادراکی بررسی شدند. برای تبیین پدیده همگنی ادراکی و ذهنی مخاطبان از محیط مصنوع، چهارچوب نظری تحقیق بر اساس ارتباط بین محیط انسان ساخت بومی به مثابه سیستم استقرار فعالیت وروش زندگی انسانی با بهره گیری از نظریات آموس راپاپورت و دیگر متخصصین و تایید 15 متخصص دانشگاهی، تدوین و نتایج آن مورد مداقه قرار گرفت. با تکیه بر روشی کیفی با رویکردی توصیفی و تحلیلی، مفاهیم و فاکتورهای نظری تبیین و با انتخاب هدفمند معماری بافت بومی شهر بوشهر به عنوان نمونه موردی، مفاهیم مذکور مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. برای این منظور به پژوهش های انجام گرفته در این زمینه (مطالعات کتابخانه ای و اینترنتی شامل کتب، مستندات، مقالات و تحقیقات سایر پژوهشگران داخلی و خارجی) مراجعه گردید.از نتایج ارتقاء همگنی ادراکی در محیط، افزایش پیش‌بینی پذیری فردی وکاهش فشارهای روانی، تقویت مکانیسم های دفاعی و روانشناختی و فرهنگی و... وضوح هویت مکانی، افزایش امکان خود کنترلی، بهره گیری از قوانین و کنترل های غیر رسمی نسبت به قوانین رسمی، مشارکت و برقراری ارتباط نزدیک، انعطاف پذیری، حمایت های متقابل در زمان تغییرات فرهنگی،کاهش فشارهای محیطی، گروه های فرهنگی، رضایتمندی سکونتی گروه های مهاجر می باشد.
المصادر:
Alexander, Ch. (2012). The phenomenon of life: an essay on the art of building and the nature of the universe, c2002. (Sirus Sabri, R & Akbari, A). Tehran: Parham Naghsh Publications. [Persian]
Allsopp, B. (1977). A Modern theory of Architecture. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Alpago Novello, A (2005). Vernacular Architecture - Introducing Vernacular Architecture, Its Meaning and Current Perspectives. (Sadat Afsari, A.M). Space Science and Cultural Institute, Second Edition. [Persian]
Altman, I. (1975). The Environment and Social Behavior: Privacy, Personal Space, Territory, and Crowding. Brooks/Cole Pub. Co.
Ashoori, D. (2010). Definition and concept of Freemasonry. Tehran: Agah Publications. [Persian]
Askari Khaneghah, A.& Sharif Kamali, M. (2001). General Anthropology. Tehran: Organization for the Study and Development of Humanities Textbooks (Samt). [Persian]
Asquith, L. & Vellinga, M. (Eds.). (2006). Vernacular architecture in the 21st century: Theory, education and practice. London and New York: Taylor & Francis.
Baker, G. H. (1996). Design strategies in architecture: an approach to the analysis of form. Taylor & Francis.
Bourdieu, P(1984). Distinction: a social critique of the judgment of taste. (Nice, R). New York: Routledge.
Bourdieu, P. (2000). The Historical Genisis of Pure Aesthetics. (Farhadpour, M.). Philosophical Quarterly of Organon, 17, 166-147.[Persian]
Bourdieu, p. (2001). Raisons pratiques: sur la theorie de l'action. (Mardiha, M.). Tehran: Naghsh and Negar Publications. [Persian]
Brent, B. & Zeisd, J. (1970). Social Research and Design: Applications to Mass Housing in Gray Moore ed. Emerging Methods. Environmental Design and Planning. Cambridge Mass: MIT Press, 239 – 246
Bronner, S. J. (2006). Building tradition: control and authority in vernacular architecture. In Vernacular Architecture in the 21st Century (pp. 41-63). Taylor & Francis.
Brunskill, R. W. (2000) [1978]. Illustrated Handbook of Vernacular Architecture (4th ed.). London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-19503-2.
Chaney, D. (2002). Lifestyles. Rutledge. London
Coulivand, A. (2002). Spatial-Physical Properties of Bushehr Old Texture. Abadi Quarterly, 36, 60-57. [Persian]
Eehrlich, A.S. (1971). History, Ecology and Demography in the British Caribbean: An Analysis of East Indian Ethnicity. Southwest J. Anthropol, 2, 166-180.
Eidt, R.C. (1971). Pioneer Settlement in Northeast Argentina. University of Wisconsin Press. Madison.
Falamaki, M. M. (2005). Venacular Architecture, Tehran: Space Science and Culture Institute, Second Edition. [Persian]
Fathi, H, (2003), Architecture for People. (Ashrafi, A). Tehran: Art University, Tehran. [Persian]
Fazeli, N. (2003). Modernity and Housing (Ethnographic Approach to the Concept of Home, Rural Lifestyle and Its Modern Developments). Iranian Journal of Cultural Research. 1 (1), 25-63. [Persian]
Floor, W. (2008). The rise and fall of Bushehr. (Zanganeh, h). Tehran: Tolue danesh. [Persian]
Giddens, A. (2013). Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. John Wiley & Sons.
Hendry, L. B. (2002). Leisure and youth lifestyle. (Molla Nazar, M. &Faramarz Kekoli Dezfuli, F.). Tehran: National Youth Organization Publications. [Persian]
Holm, I. (2006). Ideas and Beliefs in Architecture and Industrial design: How attitudes, orientations, and underlying assumptions shape the built environment. AHO.
Hourigan, N. (2015). Confronting Classifications-When and what is Vernacular Architecture? Civil Engineering and Architecture, 3(1), 24
Kanin, A. (2008). Geography of Bushehr Province. Tehran: Mirror Book Publications. First Edition. [Persian]
Kent, S. (2019). 14 The Cultural Revolution in Architecture. Culture-Meaning-Architecture: Critical Reflections on the Work of Amos Rapoport. Routledge.
Lash, S. & Urry, J. (1987). The End of Organised Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity press.
Lawrence, R. J. (2006). Learning from the vernacular: Basic principles for sustaining human habitats. In Vernacular Architecture in the 21st Century (pp. 128-145). Taylor & Francis.
Lesli, G. R., Larson, R. f. & Gorman, B. L. (1994). Introductory Sociology. OxFord Un. Press.
Li, Z., (2013). The influence of tourism on the sustaining of vernacular architechtural tradition embodied in the Bai and Naxi dwellings in Yunnan. Ph.d. thesis, (Unpublished), University of Huddersfield, England.
Mahdavi kani, M. S. (2007). The concept of style and its implication in social science. Journal of Cultural Research, 1, 199-230. [Persian]
Mahdavi kani, M. S. (2008). Religion and lifestyle. Tehran: Imam Sadegh University Press. 2d ed. [Persian]
Mallgrave, H. F. (2005). Architectural Theory: Volume I-An Anthology from Vitruvius to 1870. Wiley-Blackwell.
Mckee, J. B. (1969). Introduction to Sociology. Holt Rinehart & Winston Inc.
Memarian, Gh. H (2007). A Survey on the Theoretical Foundations of Architecture, Tehran: Soroush Danesh Publications. [Persian]
Nourmohammadi, S. (2009). Understanding the Nature of Architectural Space by Reflecting on the Similarity of Space in Indigenous Settlements. Ph.d. thesis, Unpublished, University of Tehran. [Persian]
Oliver, P. (1987). Dwellings: the house across the world. Phaidon.
Oliver, P. (1989). Handed down architecture. In J.-P. Bourdier & N. AlSayyad (Eds.), Dwellings, Settlements and Tradition: Cross-Cultural Perspectives, (pp. 49-75). Lanham: University Press of America.
Oliver, P. (1998). Architectural Approach. Encyclopedia of vernacular architecture of the world by Paul Oliver. Cambridge University Press.
Oliver, P. (Ed.). (1997). Encyclopedia of vernacular architecture of the world (Vol. 3). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pahlavan, G. (2011). Linguistics, discourses on culture and civilization, linguistics, politics and cultural development. Tehran: Ghatreh Publications. [Persian]
Pétonnet, C. (1972). Méthodologie ethnologique en milieu urbain: un groupe espagnol. Paris: Cujas, pp.457-468.
Porter, T. (2004). Archispeak: An illustrated guide to architectural terms. Routledge.
Rafiepour, F. (2010). The anatomy of society. Tehran: Sherkat Sahami Enteshar. [Persian]
Rahvandshahr Designers, Consulting Engineers. (2012). Comprehensive Historical and Cultural Studies of the Texture of Bushehr, Second Step: Scope of Organization, First Edition. [Persian]
Rapoport, A. (1976). The Mutual Interaction of People and Their Built Environment: A Cross Cultural Perspective. The Hague Mouton Publishers.
Rapoport, A. (1980). Neighborhood heterogeneity or homogeneity. The field of man-environment studies. Architecture et comportement= Architecture and behaviour Saint-Saphorin, 1(1), 65-77.
Rapoport, A. (2009). House form and Cultua. (Afzalian, KH.). Tehran: Herfehe Honarmand. [Persian]
Rapoport, A. (2012). Culture, Architecture and Design. (Barzegar, M, & Yusuf Nia Pasha, M.). Sari: Chalphin Publishing. First Edition. [Persian]
Rapoport, A. (2016). Human aspects of urban form: towards a man-environment approach to urban form and design. Elsevier.
Rudofsky, B. (1965). Architecture without Architects, Doubleday and Company, Inc., Garden City, New York.
Rudofsky, B. (1977). The prodigious buildersnotes toward a natural history of architecture with special regard to those species that are traditionally neglected or downright ignored. (No. 723 R8).
Scheiner, J. & Kasper, B. (2003). Lifestyles, choice of housing location and daily mobility The lifestyle approach in the context of spatial mobility and planning. International Social Science Journal, 55(176), 319-332.
Seifter, R. H. Correll, M. R., Marani, G. F. & Brewer, G. L. (2015). Designs for Living: Housesby Robert A.M. Stern Architects. The Monacelli Press.
Shasti, Sh. & Flamaki, M. M. (2014). The Relationship between Iranian Lifestyle and Housing; Based on Short-Term Community Theory and Theory of Strategy and Territorial Policy of Iranian Society. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities. 23, 117 - 136.
Shias, M.& Vali Arab, M. (2017). The Influence of the Sea on the Folk Culture of Bushehr, Journal of Kharazmi, 15, 116 - 132. [Persian]
Simmel, G. (1990). The Philosophy of Money. (Bottomore, T. & Frisby, D. & Mengelberg, K.). Routledge. 2d ed.
Sobel, M. E. (1981). Lifestyle and Social Structure: Concepts”, Definitions and Analyses. New York: Academic Press.
Steadman, P. (2008). The Evolution of Designs: Biological analogy in architecture and the applied arts. Routledge.
Upton, D. (1983). The power of things: Recent studies in American vernacular architecture. American Quarterly, 35(3), 262-279
Uth, T. C. (1996). Definitions of life style and its applications to travel behavior. Extraído de: www. i4. auc. dk/trg/td/papers/papers96/tr_og_ad/uth/uth. pdf.
Veblen, T. (2007). The theory of the leisure class. (Ershad, F). Tehran: Ney Publications. [Persian]
Walker, J. L. & Li, J. (2007). Latent lifestyle preferences and household location Decisions. J Geograph Syst, 9:77–101.
Webster Online, Dic. (2004)
_||_
Alexander, Ch. (2012). The phenomenon of life: an essay on the art of building and the nature of the universe, c2002. (Sirus Sabri, R & Akbari, A). Tehran: Parham Naghsh Publications. [Persian]
Allsopp, B. (1977). A Modern theory of Architecture. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Alpago Novello, A (2005). Vernacular Architecture - Introducing Vernacular Architecture, Its Meaning and Current Perspectives. (Sadat Afsari, A.M). Space Science and Cultural Institute, Second Edition. [Persian]
Altman, I. (1975). The Environment and Social Behavior: Privacy, Personal Space, Territory, and Crowding. Brooks/Cole Pub. Co.
Ashoori, D. (2010). Definition and concept of Freemasonry. Tehran: Agah Publications. [Persian]
Askari Khaneghah, A.& Sharif Kamali, M. (2001). General Anthropology. Tehran: Organization for the Study and Development of Humanities Textbooks (Samt). [Persian]
Asquith, L. & Vellinga, M. (Eds.). (2006). Vernacular architecture in the 21st century: Theory, education and practice. London and New York: Taylor & Francis.
Baker, G. H. (1996). Design strategies in architecture: an approach to the analysis of form. Taylor & Francis.
Bourdieu, P(1984). Distinction: a social critique of the judgment of taste. (Nice, R). New York: Routledge.
Bourdieu, P. (2000). The Historical Genisis of Pure Aesthetics. (Farhadpour, M.). Philosophical Quarterly of Organon, 17, 166-147.[Persian]
Bourdieu, p. (2001). Raisons pratiques: sur la theorie de l'action. (Mardiha, M.). Tehran: Naghsh and Negar Publications. [Persian]
Brent, B. & Zeisd, J. (1970). Social Research and Design: Applications to Mass Housing in Gray Moore ed. Emerging Methods. Environmental Design and Planning. Cambridge Mass: MIT Press, 239 – 246
Bronner, S. J. (2006). Building tradition: control and authority in vernacular architecture. In Vernacular Architecture in the 21st Century (pp. 41-63). Taylor & Francis.
Brunskill, R. W. (2000) [1978]. Illustrated Handbook of Vernacular Architecture (4th ed.). London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-19503-2.
Chaney, D. (2002). Lifestyles. Rutledge. London
Coulivand, A. (2002). Spatial-Physical Properties of Bushehr Old Texture. Abadi Quarterly, 36, 60-57. [Persian]
Eehrlich, A.S. (1971). History, Ecology and Demography in the British Caribbean: An Analysis of East Indian Ethnicity. Southwest J. Anthropol, 2, 166-180.
Eidt, R.C. (1971). Pioneer Settlement in Northeast Argentina. University of Wisconsin Press. Madison.
Falamaki, M. M. (2005). Venacular Architecture, Tehran: Space Science and Culture Institute, Second Edition. [Persian]
Fathi, H, (2003), Architecture for People. (Ashrafi, A). Tehran: Art University, Tehran. [Persian]
Fazeli, N. (2003). Modernity and Housing (Ethnographic Approach to the Concept of Home, Rural Lifestyle and Its Modern Developments). Iranian Journal of Cultural Research. 1 (1), 25-63. [Persian]
Floor, W. (2008). The rise and fall of Bushehr. (Zanganeh, h). Tehran: Tolue danesh. [Persian]
Giddens, A. (2013). Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. John Wiley & Sons.
Hendry, L. B. (2002). Leisure and youth lifestyle. (Molla Nazar, M. &Faramarz Kekoli Dezfuli, F.). Tehran: National Youth Organization Publications. [Persian]
Holm, I. (2006). Ideas and Beliefs in Architecture and Industrial design: How attitudes, orientations, and underlying assumptions shape the built environment. AHO.
Hourigan, N. (2015). Confronting Classifications-When and what is Vernacular Architecture? Civil Engineering and Architecture, 3(1), 24
Kanin, A. (2008). Geography of Bushehr Province. Tehran: Mirror Book Publications. First Edition. [Persian]
Kent, S. (2019). 14 The Cultural Revolution in Architecture. Culture-Meaning-Architecture: Critical Reflections on the Work of Amos Rapoport. Routledge.
Lash, S. & Urry, J. (1987). The End of Organised Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity press.
Lawrence, R. J. (2006). Learning from the vernacular: Basic principles for sustaining human habitats. In Vernacular Architecture in the 21st Century (pp. 128-145). Taylor & Francis.
Lesli, G. R., Larson, R. f. & Gorman, B. L. (1994). Introductory Sociology. OxFord Un. Press.
Li, Z., (2013). The influence of tourism on the sustaining of vernacular architechtural tradition embodied in the Bai and Naxi dwellings in Yunnan. Ph.d. thesis, (Unpublished), University of Huddersfield, England.
Mahdavi kani, M. S. (2007). The concept of style and its implication in social science. Journal of Cultural Research, 1, 199-230. [Persian]
Mahdavi kani, M. S. (2008). Religion and lifestyle. Tehran: Imam Sadegh University Press. 2d ed. [Persian]
Mallgrave, H. F. (2005). Architectural Theory: Volume I-An Anthology from Vitruvius to 1870. Wiley-Blackwell.
Mckee, J. B. (1969). Introduction to Sociology. Holt Rinehart & Winston Inc.
Memarian, Gh. H (2007). A Survey on the Theoretical Foundations of Architecture, Tehran: Soroush Danesh Publications. [Persian]
Nourmohammadi, S. (2009). Understanding the Nature of Architectural Space by Reflecting on the Similarity of Space in Indigenous Settlements. Ph.d. thesis, Unpublished, University of Tehran. [Persian]
Oliver, P. (1987). Dwellings: the house across the world. Phaidon.
Oliver, P. (1989). Handed down architecture. In J.-P. Bourdier & N. AlSayyad (Eds.), Dwellings, Settlements and Tradition: Cross-Cultural Perspectives, (pp. 49-75). Lanham: University Press of America.
Oliver, P. (1998). Architectural Approach. Encyclopedia of vernacular architecture of the world by Paul Oliver. Cambridge University Press.
Oliver, P. (Ed.). (1997). Encyclopedia of vernacular architecture of the world (Vol. 3). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pahlavan, G. (2011). Linguistics, discourses on culture and civilization, linguistics, politics and cultural development. Tehran: Ghatreh Publications. [Persian]
Pétonnet, C. (1972). Méthodologie ethnologique en milieu urbain: un groupe espagnol. Paris: Cujas, pp.457-468.
Porter, T. (2004). Archispeak: An illustrated guide to architectural terms. Routledge.
Rafiepour, F. (2010). The anatomy of society. Tehran: Sherkat Sahami Enteshar. [Persian]
Rahvandshahr Designers, Consulting Engineers. (2012). Comprehensive Historical and Cultural Studies of the Texture of Bushehr, Second Step: Scope of Organization, First Edition. [Persian]
Rapoport, A. (1976). The Mutual Interaction of People and Their Built Environment: A Cross Cultural Perspective. The Hague Mouton Publishers.
Rapoport, A. (1980). Neighborhood heterogeneity or homogeneity. The field of man-environment studies. Architecture et comportement= Architecture and behaviour Saint-Saphorin, 1(1), 65-77.
Rapoport, A. (2009). House form and Cultua. (Afzalian, KH.). Tehran: Herfehe Honarmand. [Persian]
Rapoport, A. (2012). Culture, Architecture and Design. (Barzegar, M, & Yusuf Nia Pasha, M.). Sari: Chalphin Publishing. First Edition. [Persian]
Rapoport, A. (2016). Human aspects of urban form: towards a man-environment approach to urban form and design. Elsevier.
Rudofsky, B. (1965). Architecture without Architects, Doubleday and Company, Inc., Garden City, New York.
Rudofsky, B. (1977). The prodigious buildersnotes toward a natural history of architecture with special regard to those species that are traditionally neglected or downright ignored. (No. 723 R8).
Scheiner, J. & Kasper, B. (2003). Lifestyles, choice of housing location and daily mobility The lifestyle approach in the context of spatial mobility and planning. International Social Science Journal, 55(176), 319-332.
Seifter, R. H. Correll, M. R., Marani, G. F. & Brewer, G. L. (2015). Designs for Living: Housesby Robert A.M. Stern Architects. The Monacelli Press.
Shasti, Sh. & Flamaki, M. M. (2014). The Relationship between Iranian Lifestyle and Housing; Based on Short-Term Community Theory and Theory of Strategy and Territorial Policy of Iranian Society. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities. 23, 117 - 136.
Shias, M.& Vali Arab, M. (2017). The Influence of the Sea on the Folk Culture of Bushehr, Journal of Kharazmi, 15, 116 - 132. [Persian]
Simmel, G. (1990). The Philosophy of Money. (Bottomore, T. & Frisby, D. & Mengelberg, K.). Routledge. 2d ed.
Sobel, M. E. (1981). Lifestyle and Social Structure: Concepts”, Definitions and Analyses. New York: Academic Press.
Steadman, P. (2008). The Evolution of Designs: Biological analogy in architecture and the applied arts. Routledge.
Upton, D. (1983). The power of things: Recent studies in American vernacular architecture. American Quarterly, 35(3), 262-279
Uth, T. C. (1996). Definitions of life style and its applications to travel behavior. Extraído de: www. i4. auc. dk/trg/td/papers/papers96/tr_og_ad/uth/uth. pdf.
Veblen, T. (2007). The theory of the leisure class. (Ershad, F). Tehran: Ney Publications. [Persian]
Walker, J. L. & Li, J. (2007). Latent lifestyle preferences and household location Decisions. J Geograph Syst, 9:77–101.
Webster Online, Dic. (2004)
_||_
