راهبردهای نهادی توسعه یافتگی خلاقانه مردمی مبتنی بر مولفه های هویت مکانی (مطالعه موردی: شهر رشت)
الموضوعات : مطالعات توسعه اجتماعی ایرانحمیدرضا بیژنی 1 , یعقوب فروتن 2 , جواد نظری مقدم 3 , زهرا کریمی موغاری 4
1 - دانشجوی دکتری جامعه شناسی اقتصادی و توسعه، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران
2 - دانشیار، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران
3 - استادیار، پژوهشکده گیلانشناسی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران
4 - دانشیار، گروه علوم اقتصادی، دانشکده علوم اقتصادی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: هویت, توسعه, مکان, خلاقیت, نوآوری,
ملخص المقالة :
توسعه یافتگی نهادی مردمی که موضوع مورد مطالعه تحقیق حاضر است به عنوان یکی از اصلی ترین دغدغه هایی که ابعاد گوناگون اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی را در بر می گیرد، از عرصه های مورد توجه حکومت های ملی و دولت های محلی است. این مطالعه با استفاده از استراتژی نظریه زمینه ای صورت گرفته است، از حدود 63 فعال اقتصادی در میدان مورد مطالعه مصاحبه صورت گرفته شد که 58 مصاحبه برای انجام تحقیق مناسب و گزارش شده است. پاسخ های به دست آمده از این فراگرد مصاحبه و کدگذاری به روشنی توضیح می دهند که مولفه های هویت مکانی از طریق اصلی ترین مقوله یعنی خلاقیت و نوآوری مردمی با تحقق رضایتمندی از محصولات [در میان مخاطبان و یا به عبارتی بهتر مشتریان به سه هدف اصلی بهره وری مالی، همبستگی اجتماعی و تعین یابی فرهنگی دست پیدا می کنند. راهبردی که در یک مدل فرایندی شناخت ادراک-رفتار را نتیجه بخش می شوند. مسیر یادشده البته ساده و تک خطی نبوده و شرایط زمینه ای و شرایط مداخله گر در گام به گام این مسیر نقش آفرین هستند: شرایط زمینه ای در واقع بسترهای محیطی هستند که زمینه های قدرت و یا ضعف این سازو کار را فراهم می کنند که عبارتند از: مولفه های ارزشی، راهبردهای تبلیغاتی، سرمایه انسانی، سیاستگذاری های نهادی، پتانسیل های مالی. شرایط مداخله گر عبارت است از انواع محرک های بیرونی که می تواند در جهت تقویت و یا ضعف سازو کار مورد اشاره نقش آفرینی کند. شرایط مداخله گر در این سازو کار را می توان به سه بخش تقسیم نمود: بازنمایی طبقاتی، محلی سازی، کیفیت، مصارف فرهنگی ذائقه ساز.
المصادر:
Adamus-Matuszyńska, A., Dzik, P., Michnik, J., & Polok, G. (2021). Visual Component of Destination Brands as a Tool for Communicating Sustainable Tourism Offers. Sustainability, 13(2), 731. doi:10.3390/su13020731
Alakeson, V. & Sherwin, C. (2004) Innovation for Sustainable Development (London: Forum for the Future).
Amin, A., Cameron, A. & Hudson, R. (2002) Placing the Social Economy (London: Routledge).
Birks, M. and Mills, J. )2012(. Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
Burgess, J., Bedford, T., Hobson, K., Davies, G. & Harrison, C. (2003) ‘(Un)sustainable consumption’, in F. Berkhout, M. Leach & I. Scoones (eds.), Negotiating Environmental Change. pp. 261–91 (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar).
Cambourne, B. and Macionis, N. (2003) Linking food, wine and tourism: The case of the Australian capital region. In: C.M. Hall, L. Sharples, R. Mitchell, N. Macionis and B. Cambourne (eds.) Food Tourism Around the World: Development, Management and Markets. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 268 – 284.
Chanan, G. (2004) Community Sector Anatomy (London: Community Development Foundation).
Church, C. & Elster, J. (2002) The Quiet Revolution (Birmingham: Shell Better Britain).
Clarke, A. )2005(. Situational Analysis: Grounded Theory after the Postmodern Turn. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
DEFRA (2003) Changing Patterns: UK Government Framework for Sustainable Production and Consumption (London: DEFRA).
DEFRA (2004) Evidence and Innovation (London: DEFRA).
DEFRA (2005a) DEFRA and Social Enterprise: A Position Statement (London: DEFRA).
DEFRA (2005b) Delivering Sustainable Development at Community Level. Available at: www.sustainable-development.gov.uk/delivery/global-local/community.htm (accessed 24 October 2005).
DEFRA (2005c) Sustainable Innovations. Available at: www.sustainable-development.gov.uk/ what/SustainableInnovations.htm (accessed 24 October 2005).
Devine-Wright, P. (2006) ‘Citizenship, responsibility and the governance of sustainable energy systems’, in J. Murphy (ed.) Framing the Present, Shaping the Future: Contemporary Governance of Sustainable Technologies (London: Earthscan).
Eom, T. & Song, H. (2020). Discovering the perceived attributes of CBT destination travelers in South Korea: A mixed method approach. Tourism Management. 77. 104013. 10.1016/j.tourman.2019.104013.
Erickson, B. & Roberts, M. (1997) Marketing local identity, Journal of Urban Design, 2:1, 35-59, DOI: 10.1080/13574809708724395
Florek, M; Gazda, J., (2021). Traditional Food Products—Between Place Marketing, Economic Importance and Sustainable Development. Sustainability, 13(3),1277. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031277
Fusslar, C. & James, P. (1996) Driving Eco-innovation: A Breakthrough Discipline for Innovation and Sustainability (London: Pitman).
Graham, J. L. (1985). The influence of culture on the process of business negotiations: An exploratory study. Journal of International Business Studies, 16(1), 81-96.
Hall, D. (2002). Brand development, tourism and national identity: The re-imaging of former Yugoslavia. Journal of Brand Management, 9(4), 323–334. doi:10.1057/palgrave.bm.2540081
HM Government (2005) Securing the Future: Delivering UK Sustainable Development Strategy (Norwich: The Stationery Office).
Islah Arabani, I. (1995). The book of Gilan. The third volume. Tehran: Publications of the Iran Research Group.
Ispas, Ana. Untaru, E-N. Candrea, A-N. Han, H. (2021). Impact of Place Identity and Place Dependence on Satisfaction and Loyalty toward Black Sea Coastal Destinations: The Role of Visitation Frequency, Coastal Management. 1 (25). https://doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2021.1899914
Jackson, T. (2004) Chasing Progress: Beyond Measuring Economic Growth (London: New Economics Foundation).
Jiménez-Medina, P., Artal-Tur, A., & Sánchez-Casado, N. (2021). Tourism Business, Place Identity, Sustainable Development, and Urban Resilience: A Focus on the Sociocultural Dimension. International Regional Science Review, 44(1), 170–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017620925130
Jones, A. and Jenkins, I. (2002) ‘A Taste of Wales – Blas Ar Gymur’: Institutional malaise in promoting Welsh food tourism products.
Kavaratzis, M. and Ashworth, G.J., (2005). Partners in coffeeshops, canals and commerce: Marketing the city of Amsterdam. Cities, 24(1), pp. 16-25.
Kavaratzis, M. and Ashworth, G.J., (2008). Place marketing: how did we get here and where are we going? Journal of Place Management and Development, 1(2), pp. 150-165.
Kavaratzis, M., (2004). From city marketing to city branding: towards a theoretical framework for developing city brands. Place Branding, 1(1), pp. 58-73.
Lai, P.-H., Gudergan, S., Young, T., & Lee, K. (2021). Resident intention to invite friends, relatives, and acquaintances: The dynamic process of place identity as a motivator. Tourism Management, 84, 104251. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104251
Leyshon, A., Lee, R. & Williams, C. (eds.) (2003) Alternative Economic Spaces (London: Sage).
Lin, Y.-C., Pearson, T. E., & Cai, L. A. (2011). Food as a form of Destination Identity: A Tourism Destination Brand Perspective. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 11(1), 30–48. https://doi.org/10.1057/thr.2010.22
Maniates, M. (2002) ‘Individualization: plant a tree, buy a bike, save the world?’, in T. Princen, M. Maniates & K. Konca (eds) Confronting Consumption pp. 43–66 (London: MIT Press).
Manno, J. (2002) ‘Commoditization: consumption efficiency and an economy of care and connection’, in T. Princen, M. Maniates & K. Konca (eds.), Confronting Consumption, pp. 67–99 (London: MIT Press).
Mayes, R. A place in the sun: The politics of place, identity and branding. Place Brand Public Dipl 4, 124–135 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1057/pb.2008.1
Moscovitz, H. (2020): Regional identity and economic developmentin ‘recovering’ regions: Exploring the Walloon case, Regional & Federal Studies, DOI:10.1080/13597566.2019.1707673
Murphy, J. (2000) ‘Ecological modernisation’, Geoforum 31(1): 1–8.
Nien-Te, K. & Yi-Sung, Ch. & Kuo-Chien, Ch & Shih-Ming, H. (2021). How social capital affects support intention: The mediating role of place identity. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management. 46. 40-49. 10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.11.005.
Paasi, A. (2011). The region, identity, and power. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 14, 9–16. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.011
Paasi, A. (2013). Regional planning and the mobilization of ‘regional identity’: From bounded spaces to relational complexity. Regional Studies 47, 1206–1219.
Raagmaa, G. (2002). Regional Identity in Regional Development and Planning1. European Planning Studies, 10(1), 55–76. doi:10.1080/09654310120099263
Raagmaa, Garri. (2001). Regional identity and social capital in regional economic development and planning, European Planning Studies. 8(2), 78-95.
Ray, C. (1998) European minority languages and rural development strategies. Working Paper Centre for Rural Economy, University of Newcastle, UK (forthcoming)
Rip, A. & Kemp, R. (1998) ‘Technological change’, in S. Rayner & E. L. Malone (eds.), Human Choice and Climate Change, Volume 2 (Columbus: Battelle Press).
Roberts, S. (2005) ‘Grassroots initiatives in energy’, paper presented at Grassroots Innovations for Sustainable Development Conference, UCL, London, 10 June 2005. Available at: http:// www.uea.ac.uk/env/cserge/events/2005/grassroots/index.htm
Robertson, J. (1999) The New Economics of Sustainable Development: A Briefing for Policymakers (London: Kogan Page).
Semian, M., & Chromý, P. (2014). Regional identity as a driver or a barrier in the process of regional development: A comparison of selected European experience. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography, 68(5), 263–270. doi:10.1080/00291951.2014.961540
Seyfang, G. (2001b) ‘Working for the Fenland dollar: an evaluation of Local Exchange Trading Schemes (LETS) as an informal employment strategy to tackle social exclusion’, Work, Employment and Society 15(3): 581–93.
Seyfang, G. (2006a) ‘Ecological citizenship and sustainable consumption: examining local food networks’, Journal of Rural Studies 22(4): 385–95.
Seyfang, G. (2006b) ‘Harnessing the potential of the social economy? Time Banks and UK public policy’, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 26(9/10): 430–43.
Seyfang, G. (2006c) ‘New institutions for sustainable consumption: an evaluation of community currencies’, Regional Studies 40(7): 781–91.
Seyfang, G. (2007) ‘Cultivating carrots and community: local organic food and sustainable consumption’, Environmental Values 16: 105–23.
Smith, A. (2007) ‘Translating sustainabilities between green niches and socio-technical regimes’, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management (in press).
Stirling, A. (1998) ‘On the economics and analysis of diversity’, SPRU Electronic Working Paper Series No. 28. Available at: http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/1-6-1-2-1.html
Stringer, E. (1996) Action Research: A Handbook for Practitioners (London: Sage).
Süssner, J. (2002). Culture, identity and regional development in the European Union. Informationen zur Raumentwicklung 2002, Issue 4–5, 199–206.
Süssner, J. (2009). Conceptualizations of Culture andIdentity in Regional Policy, Regional & Federal Studies, 19:3, 437-458, DOI:10.1080/13597560902957518
Telfer, D. J. and Hashimoto, A. (2003) Food tourism in the Niagara region: The development of a nouvelle cuisine. In: C.M. Hall, L. Sharples, R. Mitchell, N. Macionis and B. Cambourne (eds.) Food Tourism Around the World: Development, Management and Markets. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 158 – 177.
Vanolo, Alberto, (2008). The Image of the Creative City: Some Reflections on Urban Branding in Turin Cities, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 370-382, 2008. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1726412
Vanolo, Alberto. (2015). The image of the creative city, eight years later: Turin, urban branding and the economic crisis taboo. Cities. 46. 10.1016/j.cities.2015.04.004.
Wakeman, T. (2005) ‘East Anglia Food Link: an NGO working on sustainable food’, paper presented at Grassroots Innovations for Sustainable Development Conference, UCL, London, 10 June 2005. Available at: http://www.uea.ac.uk/env/cserge/events/2005/grassroots/index.htm
Williams, C. C., Aldridge, T., Tooke, J., Lee, R., Leyshon, A. & Thrift, N. (2001) Bridges into Work: An Evaluation of Local Exchange Trading Schemes (LETS) (Bristol: Policy Press).
Zimmerbauer, K. (2013). Constructing supranational regions and identities through branding: Thick and thin region-building in the Barents and Ireland–Wales. European Urban and Regional Studies, 23(3), 322–337. doi:10.1177/0969776413512842.
Zimmerbauer, K., (2011): From Image to Identity: Building Regions by Place Promotion, European Planning Studies, 19:2, 243-260. doi:10.1080/09654313.2011.532667.
_||_
Adamus-Matuszyńska, A., Dzik, P., Michnik, J., & Polok, G. (2021). Visual Component of Destination Brands as a Tool for Communicating Sustainable Tourism Offers. Sustainability, 13(2), 731. doi:10.3390/su13020731
Alakeson, V. & Sherwin, C. (2004) Innovation for Sustainable Development (London: Forum for the Future).
Amin, A., Cameron, A. & Hudson, R. (2002) Placing the Social Economy (London: Routledge).
Birks, M. and Mills, J. )2012(. Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
Burgess, J., Bedford, T., Hobson, K., Davies, G. & Harrison, C. (2003) ‘(Un)sustainable consumption’, in F. Berkhout, M. Leach & I. Scoones (eds.), Negotiating Environmental Change. pp. 261–91 (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar).
Cambourne, B. and Macionis, N. (2003) Linking food, wine and tourism: The case of the Australian capital region. In: C.M. Hall, L. Sharples, R. Mitchell, N. Macionis and B. Cambourne (eds.) Food Tourism Around the World: Development, Management and Markets. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 268 – 284.
Chanan, G. (2004) Community Sector Anatomy (London: Community Development Foundation).
Church, C. & Elster, J. (2002) The Quiet Revolution (Birmingham: Shell Better Britain).
Clarke, A. )2005(. Situational Analysis: Grounded Theory after the Postmodern Turn. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
DEFRA (2003) Changing Patterns: UK Government Framework for Sustainable Production and Consumption (London: DEFRA).
DEFRA (2004) Evidence and Innovation (London: DEFRA).
DEFRA (2005a) DEFRA and Social Enterprise: A Position Statement (London: DEFRA).
DEFRA (2005b) Delivering Sustainable Development at Community Level. Available at: www.sustainable-development.gov.uk/delivery/global-local/community.htm (accessed 24 October 2005).
DEFRA (2005c) Sustainable Innovations. Available at: www.sustainable-development.gov.uk/ what/SustainableInnovations.htm (accessed 24 October 2005).
Devine-Wright, P. (2006) ‘Citizenship, responsibility and the governance of sustainable energy systems’, in J. Murphy (ed.) Framing the Present, Shaping the Future: Contemporary Governance of Sustainable Technologies (London: Earthscan).
Eom, T. & Song, H. (2020). Discovering the perceived attributes of CBT destination travelers in South Korea: A mixed method approach. Tourism Management. 77. 104013. 10.1016/j.tourman.2019.104013.
Erickson, B. & Roberts, M. (1997) Marketing local identity, Journal of Urban Design, 2:1, 35-59, DOI: 10.1080/13574809708724395
Florek, M; Gazda, J., (2021). Traditional Food Products—Between Place Marketing, Economic Importance and Sustainable Development. Sustainability, 13(3),1277. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031277
Fusslar, C. & James, P. (1996) Driving Eco-innovation: A Breakthrough Discipline for Innovation and Sustainability (London: Pitman).
Graham, J. L. (1985). The influence of culture on the process of business negotiations: An exploratory study. Journal of International Business Studies, 16(1), 81-96.
Hall, D. (2002). Brand development, tourism and national identity: The re-imaging of former Yugoslavia. Journal of Brand Management, 9(4), 323–334. doi:10.1057/palgrave.bm.2540081
HM Government (2005) Securing the Future: Delivering UK Sustainable Development Strategy (Norwich: The Stationery Office).
Islah Arabani, I. (1995). The book of Gilan. The third volume. Tehran: Publications of the Iran Research Group.
Ispas, Ana. Untaru, E-N. Candrea, A-N. Han, H. (2021). Impact of Place Identity and Place Dependence on Satisfaction and Loyalty toward Black Sea Coastal Destinations: The Role of Visitation Frequency, Coastal Management. 1 (25). https://doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2021.1899914
Jackson, T. (2004) Chasing Progress: Beyond Measuring Economic Growth (London: New Economics Foundation).
Jiménez-Medina, P., Artal-Tur, A., & Sánchez-Casado, N. (2021). Tourism Business, Place Identity, Sustainable Development, and Urban Resilience: A Focus on the Sociocultural Dimension. International Regional Science Review, 44(1), 170–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017620925130
Jones, A. and Jenkins, I. (2002) ‘A Taste of Wales – Blas Ar Gymur’: Institutional malaise in promoting Welsh food tourism products.
Kavaratzis, M. and Ashworth, G.J., (2005). Partners in coffeeshops, canals and commerce: Marketing the city of Amsterdam. Cities, 24(1), pp. 16-25.
Kavaratzis, M. and Ashworth, G.J., (2008). Place marketing: how did we get here and where are we going? Journal of Place Management and Development, 1(2), pp. 150-165.
Kavaratzis, M., (2004). From city marketing to city branding: towards a theoretical framework for developing city brands. Place Branding, 1(1), pp. 58-73.
Lai, P.-H., Gudergan, S., Young, T., & Lee, K. (2021). Resident intention to invite friends, relatives, and acquaintances: The dynamic process of place identity as a motivator. Tourism Management, 84, 104251. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104251
Leyshon, A., Lee, R. & Williams, C. (eds.) (2003) Alternative Economic Spaces (London: Sage).
Lin, Y.-C., Pearson, T. E., & Cai, L. A. (2011). Food as a form of Destination Identity: A Tourism Destination Brand Perspective. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 11(1), 30–48. https://doi.org/10.1057/thr.2010.22
Maniates, M. (2002) ‘Individualization: plant a tree, buy a bike, save the world?’, in T. Princen, M. Maniates & K. Konca (eds) Confronting Consumption pp. 43–66 (London: MIT Press).
Manno, J. (2002) ‘Commoditization: consumption efficiency and an economy of care and connection’, in T. Princen, M. Maniates & K. Konca (eds.), Confronting Consumption, pp. 67–99 (London: MIT Press).
Mayes, R. A place in the sun: The politics of place, identity and branding. Place Brand Public Dipl 4, 124–135 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1057/pb.2008.1
Moscovitz, H. (2020): Regional identity and economic developmentin ‘recovering’ regions: Exploring the Walloon case, Regional & Federal Studies, DOI:10.1080/13597566.2019.1707673
Murphy, J. (2000) ‘Ecological modernisation’, Geoforum 31(1): 1–8.
Nien-Te, K. & Yi-Sung, Ch. & Kuo-Chien, Ch & Shih-Ming, H. (2021). How social capital affects support intention: The mediating role of place identity. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management. 46. 40-49. 10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.11.005.
Paasi, A. (2011). The region, identity, and power. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 14, 9–16. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.011
Paasi, A. (2013). Regional planning and the mobilization of ‘regional identity’: From bounded spaces to relational complexity. Regional Studies 47, 1206–1219.
Raagmaa, G. (2002). Regional Identity in Regional Development and Planning1. European Planning Studies, 10(1), 55–76. doi:10.1080/09654310120099263
Raagmaa, Garri. (2001). Regional identity and social capital in regional economic development and planning, European Planning Studies. 8(2), 78-95.
Ray, C. (1998) European minority languages and rural development strategies. Working Paper Centre for Rural Economy, University of Newcastle, UK (forthcoming)
Rip, A. & Kemp, R. (1998) ‘Technological change’, in S. Rayner & E. L. Malone (eds.), Human Choice and Climate Change, Volume 2 (Columbus: Battelle Press).
Roberts, S. (2005) ‘Grassroots initiatives in energy’, paper presented at Grassroots Innovations for Sustainable Development Conference, UCL, London, 10 June 2005. Available at: http:// www.uea.ac.uk/env/cserge/events/2005/grassroots/index.htm
Robertson, J. (1999) The New Economics of Sustainable Development: A Briefing for Policymakers (London: Kogan Page).
Semian, M., & Chromý, P. (2014). Regional identity as a driver or a barrier in the process of regional development: A comparison of selected European experience. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography, 68(5), 263–270. doi:10.1080/00291951.2014.961540
Seyfang, G. (2001b) ‘Working for the Fenland dollar: an evaluation of Local Exchange Trading Schemes (LETS) as an informal employment strategy to tackle social exclusion’, Work, Employment and Society 15(3): 581–93.
Seyfang, G. (2006a) ‘Ecological citizenship and sustainable consumption: examining local food networks’, Journal of Rural Studies 22(4): 385–95.
Seyfang, G. (2006b) ‘Harnessing the potential of the social economy? Time Banks and UK public policy’, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 26(9/10): 430–43.
Seyfang, G. (2006c) ‘New institutions for sustainable consumption: an evaluation of community currencies’, Regional Studies 40(7): 781–91.
Seyfang, G. (2007) ‘Cultivating carrots and community: local organic food and sustainable consumption’, Environmental Values 16: 105–23.
Smith, A. (2007) ‘Translating sustainabilities between green niches and socio-technical regimes’, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management (in press).
Stirling, A. (1998) ‘On the economics and analysis of diversity’, SPRU Electronic Working Paper Series No. 28. Available at: http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spru/1-6-1-2-1.html
Stringer, E. (1996) Action Research: A Handbook for Practitioners (London: Sage).
Süssner, J. (2002). Culture, identity and regional development in the European Union. Informationen zur Raumentwicklung 2002, Issue 4–5, 199–206.
Süssner, J. (2009). Conceptualizations of Culture andIdentity in Regional Policy, Regional & Federal Studies, 19:3, 437-458, DOI:10.1080/13597560902957518
Telfer, D. J. and Hashimoto, A. (2003) Food tourism in the Niagara region: The development of a nouvelle cuisine. In: C.M. Hall, L. Sharples, R. Mitchell, N. Macionis and B. Cambourne (eds.) Food Tourism Around the World: Development, Management and Markets. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 158 – 177.
Vanolo, Alberto, (2008). The Image of the Creative City: Some Reflections on Urban Branding in Turin Cities, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 370-382, 2008. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1726412
Vanolo, Alberto. (2015). The image of the creative city, eight years later: Turin, urban branding and the economic crisis taboo. Cities. 46. 10.1016/j.cities.2015.04.004.
Wakeman, T. (2005) ‘East Anglia Food Link: an NGO working on sustainable food’, paper presented at Grassroots Innovations for Sustainable Development Conference, UCL, London, 10 June 2005. Available at: http://www.uea.ac.uk/env/cserge/events/2005/grassroots/index.htm
Williams, C. C., Aldridge, T., Tooke, J., Lee, R., Leyshon, A. & Thrift, N. (2001) Bridges into Work: An Evaluation of Local Exchange Trading Schemes (LETS) (Bristol: Policy Press).
Zimmerbauer, K. (2013). Constructing supranational regions and identities through branding: Thick and thin region-building in the Barents and Ireland–Wales. European Urban and Regional Studies, 23(3), 322–337. doi:10.1177/0969776413512842.
Zimmerbauer, K., (2011): From Image to Identity: Building Regions by Place Promotion, European Planning Studies, 19:2, 243-260. doi:10.1080/09654313.2011.532667.
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