• الصفحة الرئيسية
  • بررسی پارامترهای فیزیکوشیمیایی تأثیرگذار بر فرآیند SND در حذف ترکیبات نیتروژنی

شارک

عنوان URL للمقالة


رقم المقالة : JEST-1603-2510 (R1) زيارة : 108 الصفحة: 77 - 87

10.22034/jest.2020.16482.2510

نوع المخطوط: ابحاث

بررسی پارامترهای فیزیکوشیمیایی تأثیرگذار بر فرآیند SND در حذف ترکیبات نیتروژنی

الموضوعات :

سید محمدعلی مسعودی 1 (کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی شیمی، دانشکده مهندسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران *(مسوول مکاتبات).)
جواد سرگلزایی 2 (استاد گروه مهندسی شیمی، دانشکده مهندسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.)
فاطمه ثابتی دهکردی 3 (کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی شیمی، دانشکده مهندسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.)
ابوالفضل درودی 4 (استادیار گروه شیمی، دانشکده ثامن الحجج (ع)، دانشگاه فنی وحرفه‌ای، مشهد، ایران.)

تاريخ الإرسال : 06 الثلاثاء , جمادى الثانية, 1437 تاريخ التأكيد : 10 الأحد , ذو الحجة, 1437 تاريخ الإصدار : 24 الأربعاء , صفر, 1441

الکلمات المفتاحية: اندازه فلاک, نیتروژن, دنیتریفیکاسیون, نیتریفیکاسیون, ‌ دما,

ملخص المقالة :

زمینه و هدف : تصفیه پساب های حاوی ترکیبات نیتروژنی، به دلیل مخاطرات محیط زیستی امری ضروری است. طی دهه های اخیر، فناوری های جدید بیولوژیکی نظیر نیتریفیکاسیون-دنیتریفیکاسیون به طور هم زمان (SND)، آناموکس و شارون توسعه یافتند که نسبت به فرآیندهای مرسوم، ارزان تر و مؤثرترند. هدف از این تحقیق، بررسی خواص فیزیکیوشیمیایی فرآیند SND است. روش بررسی : در این تحقیق، با گردآوری مقالات دو دهه اخیر، پارامترهایتأثیرگذار بر فرآیند SND نظیر دما، pH، اکسیژن محلول، نسبت کربن به نیتروژن، اندازه فلاک و زمان ماند لجن (SRT) مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. یافته ها : فرآیند SND نیاز به منبع کربنی را کاهش می دهد. به منظور تعادلبیننیتریفیکاسیون ودنیتریفیکاسیون، غلظت اکسیژن محلول باید در حد مناسبی کنترل شود. راندمان فرآیند در pH نسبتاً بازی بیش تر بود. دمای مطلوب برای رشد باکتری های SND، ℃30-20 بوده و راندمان فرآیند به طور خطی با SRT متناسب نبود. بحث و نتیجه گیری : نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که فرآیندهای جدید بیولوژیکی نظیر SND در حذف نیتروژن با کاهش نیاز به هوادهی و منابع کربنی امیدبخش توصیف شدند. با کنترل شرایط فیزیکیوشیمیایی فرآیند، می توان به راندمان مطلوبی دست یافت.

المصادر:


  1. Ghafari Sh., Hasan M., Aroua M. K., 2008. Bio-electrochemical removal of nitrate from water and wastewater: A review. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 99, pp. 3965-3974.
    2.
  2. Kirk, D. W., Sharifian, H., Foulkes, F. R., 1985. Anodic oxidation of aniline for wastewater treatment. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol. 15, pp. 285-292.
    3.
  3. Chang, H.Q., Yang, X.E., Fang, Y.Y., Pu P.M., Li Z.K., Rengel, Z., 2006. In-situ nitrogen removal from the eutrophic water by microbial-plant intergrated system. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B, Vol. 7, pp. 521-531.
    4.
  4. Williams, A. E, Lund, L. J., Johnson, J. A., Kabala, Z., J., 1998. Natural and anthropogenic nitrate contamination of groundwater in a rural community. California. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 32, pp. 32-39.
    5.
  5. Effler, S. W., Brooks, C. M., Auer M. T., Doerr S.M., 1990. Free Ammonia and Toxicity Criteria in a Polluted Urban Lake. Journal of waterPollution, Vol. 62, pp. 771-779.
    6.
  6. Campbell, W.H., 1999. Nitrate reductase structure, function and regulation: bridging the gap between biochemistry and Physiology. Annual Review of Plant Physiologyand Plant Molecular Biology, Vol. 50, pp. 277-303.
    7.
  7. Paredes, D., Kuschk, P., Mbwette, T. S. A., Stange, F., Muller, R. A., Koser, H., 2007. New Aspects of Microbial NitrogenTransformations in the Context of WastewaterTreatment – A Review. Engineering in Life Sciences, Vol. 7, pp. 13–25.
    8.
  8. Daniel, L.M.C., Pozzi, E., Foresti, E., Chinalia, F. A., 2009. Removal of ammonium via simultaneous nitrification–denitrification nitrite-shortcut in a single packed-bed batch reactor. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 100, pp. 1100–1107.
    9.
  9. Walters, E., Hille, A., Ochmann, C., Horn, H., 2009. Simultaneous nitrification/denitrification in a biofilm airlift suspension (BAS) reactor with biodegradable carrier material. Water Research, Vol. 43, pp. 4461–4468.
    10.
  10. Rasouli konari, H., Sarrafzadeh, M., Mehrnia, M., Salehi, Z., 2008. Comparison on the novel biological methods for nitrogen removal from wastewater (In Persian).
    11.
  11. Ohandja, D.G., Li, J.F., Ji, J., He, Y.L., Li, Y.Z., Zhou, T., 2008. Simultaneous nitrification–denitrification achieved by an innovative internal-loop airlift MBR: comparative study. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 99, pp. 5867–5872.
    12.
  12. Von-Munch, E., Lant, P., Keller, J., 1996. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in bench-scale sequencing batchreactors. Water Research, Vol. 30, pp. 277–284.
    13.
  13. Pochana, K., Keller, J., 1999. Study of factors affecting simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND). Water Science and Technology, Vol. 39, pp. 61–68.
    14.
  14. Chiu, Y.C., Lee, L.L., Chang, C.N., Chao, A.C., 2007. Control of carbon and ammonium ratio for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in a sequencing batch bioreactor. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, Vol. 59, pp. 1–7.
    15.
  15. Hocaoglu, S.M., Insel, G., Cokgor, E.U., Orhon, D., 2011. Effect of sludge age on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in membrane bioreactor. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 102, pp. 6665–6672.
    16.
  16. Liu, Y., Shi, H., Xia, L., Shi, H., Shen, T., Wang, Z., Wang, G., Wang, Y., 2010. Study of operational conditions of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in a Carrousel oxidation ditch for domestic wastewater treatment. BioresourceTechnology, Vol. 101, pp. 901–906.
    17.
  17. Murat Hocaoglu, S., Insel, G., Ubay Cokgor, E., Orhon, D., 2011. Effect of low dissolved oxygen on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in a membrane bioreactor treating black water. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 102, pp. 4333–4340.
    18.
  18. Paetkau, M., Cicek, N., 2011. Comparison of nitrogen removal and sludge characteristics between a conventional and a simultaneous nitrification–denitrification membrane bioreactor. Desalination, Vol. 283, pp. 165–168.
    19.
  19. Bing Wang, Wei Wang, Hongjun Han, Hongbo Hu, Haifeng Zhuang, 2012. Nitrogen removal and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in a fluidized bed step-feed process. Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol. 24, pp. 303–308.
    20.
  20. Zhou, X., Han, Y., Guo, X., 2015. Identification and evaluation of SND in a full-scale multi-channel oxidation ditch system under different aeration modes. Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 259, pp. 715–723.
    21.
  21. Metcalf & Eddy Inc., 2003. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse. fourth edition. McGraw-Hill, New York.
    22.
  22. Karkman, A., Mattila, K., Tamminen, M., Virta, M., 2011. Cold temperature decreases bacterial species richness in nitrogen-removing bioreactors treating inorganic mine waters. Biotechnology Bioengineering, Vol. 108, pp. 2876–2883.
    23.
  23. Sheng-bing He, Gang Xue, Bao-zhenWang, 2009. Factors affecting simultaneous nitrification and de-nitrification (SND) and its kinetics model in membrane bioreactor. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 168, pp. 704–710.
    24.
  24. Guibing Zhu, Yongzhen Peng, Baikun Li, Jianhua Guo, Qing Yang, Shuying Wang, 2008. Biological Removal of Nitrogen from Wastewater. Reviews of Environmental Contamination Toxicology, Vol. 192, pp. 159–195.
    25.
  25. Xia, S., Li, J., Wang, R., 2008. Nitrogen removal performance and microbialcommunity structure dynamics response to carbon nitrogen ratio in a compact suspended carrier biofilm reactor. Ecological Engineering, Vol. 32, pp. 256–262.
    26.
  26. Meng Q., Yang F., Liu L., Meng F., 2008. Effects of COD/N ratio and DO concentration on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in an airlift internal circulation membrane bioreactor. Journal of Environmental Science, Vol. 20, pp. 933–939.
    27.
  27. Shinya Matsumoto, Akihiko Terada, Satoshi Tsuneda, 2007. Modeling of membrane-aerated biofilm: Effects of C/N ratio, biofilm thickness and surface loading of oxygen on feasibility of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. Biochemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 37, pp. 98–107.
    28.
  28. Xiaojing Zhang, Hongzhong Zhang, Changming Ye, Mingbao Wei, Jingjing Du, 2015. Effect of COD/N ratio on nitrogen removal and microbial communities of CANON process in membrane bioreactors. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 189, pp. 302–308.
    29.
  29. Her J-J, Huang J-H., 1995. Influences of carbon source and C/N ratio on nitrate/nitrite denitrification and carbon breakthrough. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 54, pp. 45–51.
    30.
  30. Holakoo, L., Nakhla, G., Bassi, A.S., Yanful, E.K., 2007. Long term performance of MBRfor biological nitrogen removal from synthetic municipal wastewater. Chemosphere, Vol. 66, pp. 849–857.
    31.
  31. Komorowska-Kaufman, M., Majcherek, H., Klaczynski, E., 2006. Factors affecting the biological nitrogen removal from wastewater. Process Biochemical, Vol. 41, pp. 1015–1021.
    32.
  32. Masse, A., Sperandio, M., Cabassud, C., 2006. Comparison of sludge characteristics and performance of a submerged membrane bioreactor and an activated sludge process at high solids retention time. Water Research, Vol. 40, pp. 2405–2415.
    33.
  33. Kargi, F., Uygur, A., 2002. Nutrient removal performance of a sequencing batch reactor as a function of the sludge age. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, Vol. 31, pp. 842–847.
    34.
  34. Kapadan, L.K., Ozturk, R., 2005. Effect of operating parameters on color and COD removal performance of SBR: sludge age and initial dyestuff concentration. Journal of Hazardous Material, Vol. 123, pp. 217-222.
    35.
  35. Han, S. S., Bae, T. H., Jang, G. G., Tak, T. M., 2005. Influence of sludge retention time on membrane fouling and bioactivities in membrane bioreactor system. Process Biochemical, Vol. 40, pp. 2393–2400.
    36.
  36. Li, D. H., Ganczarczyk, J. J., 1990. Structure of activated sludge flocs. Biotechnology Bioengineering, Vol. 11, pp. 127–138.
    37.
  37. Wilen B. M., Balmer P., 1999. The effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on the structure, size and size distribution of activated sludge flocs. Water Research, Vol. 33, pp. 391–400.
    38.
  38. Sadalgekar V. V., Mahajan B. A., Shaligram A. M., 1988. Evaluation of sludge settleability by floc characteristics. Journalof Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 60, pp. 1862-1863.
    39.
  39. Rong, Q. I., Kun, Y., Zhao-xiang, Y. U., 2007. Treatment of coke plant wastewater by SND fixed biofilm hybrid system. Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol. 19, pp. 153-159.
    40.
  40. Masoudi, S., Sargolzaei, J., Darroudi, A., 2015. Treatment of the wastewater containing ammonia nitrogen and carbon sources using simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND). The Conference on Environmental Science, Engineering and Technologies. Tehran, Iran (In Persian).
    41.
  41. Lijuan Feng, Guangfeng Yang, Qi Yang, Liang Zhu, Xiangyang Xu, Feng Gao, 2015. Enhanced simultaneous nitrification and denitrification via additionof biodegradable carrier Phragmites communis in biofilm pretreatmentreactor treating polluted source water. Ecological Engineering, Vol. 84, pp. 346–353.
    42.
  42. Lingxiao Gong, Li Jun, Qing Yang, Shuying Wang, Bin Ma, Yongzhen Peng, 2012. Biomass characteristics and simultaneous nitrification–denitrification under long sludge retention time in an integrated reactor treating rural domestic sewage. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 119, pp. 277–284.
    43.

 

 

 

 

 

               

_||_

  1. Ghafari Sh., Hasan M., Aroua M. K., 2008. Bio-electrochemical removal of nitrate from water and wastewater: A review. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 99, pp. 3965-3974.
    2.
  2. Kirk, D. W., Sharifian, H., Foulkes, F. R., 1985. Anodic oxidation of aniline for wastewater treatment. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol. 15, pp. 285-292.
    3.
  3. Chang, H.Q., Yang, X.E., Fang, Y.Y., Pu P.M., Li Z.K., Rengel, Z., 2006. In-situ nitrogen removal from the eutrophic water by microbial-plant intergrated system. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B, Vol. 7, pp. 521-531.
    4.
  4. Williams, A. E, Lund, L. J., Johnson, J. A., Kabala, Z., J., 1998. Natural and anthropogenic nitrate contamination of groundwater in a rural community. California. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 32, pp. 32-39.
    5.
  5. Effler, S. W., Brooks, C. M., Auer M. T., Doerr S.M., 1990. Free Ammonia and Toxicity Criteria in a Polluted Urban Lake. Journal of waterPollution, Vol. 62, pp. 771-779.
    6.
  6. Campbell, W.H., 1999. Nitrate reductase structure, function and regulation: bridging the gap between biochemistry and Physiology. Annual Review of Plant Physiologyand Plant Molecular Biology, Vol. 50, pp. 277-303.
    7.
  7. Paredes, D., Kuschk, P., Mbwette, T. S. A., Stange, F., Muller, R. A., Koser, H., 2007. New Aspects of Microbial NitrogenTransformations in the Context of WastewaterTreatment – A Review. Engineering in Life Sciences, Vol. 7, pp. 13–25.
    8.
  8. Daniel, L.M.C., Pozzi, E., Foresti, E., Chinalia, F. A., 2009. Removal of ammonium via simultaneous nitrification–denitrification nitrite-shortcut in a single packed-bed batch reactor. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 100, pp. 1100–1107.
    9.
  9. Walters, E., Hille, A., Ochmann, C., Horn, H., 2009. Simultaneous nitrification/denitrification in a biofilm airlift suspension (BAS) reactor with biodegradable carrier material. Water Research, Vol. 43, pp. 4461–4468.
    10.
  10. Rasouli konari, H., Sarrafzadeh, M., Mehrnia, M., Salehi, Z., 2008. Comparison on the novel biological methods for nitrogen removal from wastewater (In Persian).
    11.
  11. Ohandja, D.G., Li, J.F., Ji, J., He, Y.L., Li, Y.Z., Zhou, T., 2008. Simultaneous nitrification–denitrification achieved by an innovative internal-loop airlift MBR: comparative study. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 99, pp. 5867–5872.
    12.
  12. Von-Munch, E., Lant, P., Keller, J., 1996. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in bench-scale sequencing batchreactors. Water Research, Vol. 30, pp. 277–284.
    13.
  13. Pochana, K., Keller, J., 1999. Study of factors affecting simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND). Water Science and Technology, Vol. 39, pp. 61–68.
    14.
  14. Chiu, Y.C., Lee, L.L., Chang, C.N., Chao, A.C., 2007. Control of carbon and ammonium ratio for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in a sequencing batch bioreactor. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, Vol. 59, pp. 1–7.
    15.
  15. Hocaoglu, S.M., Insel, G., Cokgor, E.U., Orhon, D., 2011. Effect of sludge age on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in membrane bioreactor. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 102, pp. 6665–6672.
    16.
  16. Liu, Y., Shi, H., Xia, L., Shi, H., Shen, T., Wang, Z., Wang, G., Wang, Y., 2010. Study of operational conditions of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in a Carrousel oxidation ditch for domestic wastewater treatment. BioresourceTechnology, Vol. 101, pp. 901–906.
    17.
  17. Murat Hocaoglu, S., Insel, G., Ubay Cokgor, E., Orhon, D., 2011. Effect of low dissolved oxygen on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in a membrane bioreactor treating black water. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 102, pp. 4333–4340.
    18.
  18. Paetkau, M., Cicek, N., 2011. Comparison of nitrogen removal and sludge characteristics between a conventional and a simultaneous nitrification–denitrification membrane bioreactor. Desalination, Vol. 283, pp. 165–168.
    19.
  19. Bing Wang, Wei Wang, Hongjun Han, Hongbo Hu, Haifeng Zhuang, 2012. Nitrogen removal and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in a fluidized bed step-feed process. Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol. 24, pp. 303–308.
    20.
  20. Zhou, X., Han, Y., Guo, X., 2015. Identification and evaluation of SND in a full-scale multi-channel oxidation ditch system under different aeration modes. Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 259, pp. 715–723.
    21.
  21. Metcalf & Eddy Inc., 2003. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse. fourth edition. McGraw-Hill, New York.
    22.
  22. Karkman, A., Mattila, K., Tamminen, M., Virta, M., 2011. Cold temperature decreases bacterial species richness in nitrogen-removing bioreactors treating inorganic mine waters. Biotechnology Bioengineering, Vol. 108, pp. 2876–2883.
    23.
  23. Sheng-bing He, Gang Xue, Bao-zhenWang, 2009. Factors affecting simultaneous nitrification and de-nitrification (SND) and its kinetics model in membrane bioreactor. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 168, pp. 704–710.
    24.
  24. Guibing Zhu, Yongzhen Peng, Baikun Li, Jianhua Guo, Qing Yang, Shuying Wang, 2008. Biological Removal of Nitrogen from Wastewater. Reviews of Environmental Contamination Toxicology, Vol. 192, pp. 159–195.
    25.
  25. Xia, S., Li, J., Wang, R., 2008. Nitrogen removal performance and microbialcommunity structure dynamics response to carbon nitrogen ratio in a compact suspended carrier biofilm reactor. Ecological Engineering, Vol. 32, pp. 256–262.
    26.
  26. Meng Q., Yang F., Liu L., Meng F., 2008. Effects of COD/N ratio and DO concentration on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in an airlift internal circulation membrane bioreactor. Journal of Environmental Science, Vol. 20, pp. 933–939.
    27.
  27. Shinya Matsumoto, Akihiko Terada, Satoshi Tsuneda, 2007. Modeling of membrane-aerated biofilm: Effects of C/N ratio, biofilm thickness and surface loading of oxygen on feasibility of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. Biochemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 37, pp. 98–107.
    28.
  28. Xiaojing Zhang, Hongzhong Zhang, Changming Ye, Mingbao Wei, Jingjing Du, 2015. Effect of COD/N ratio on nitrogen removal and microbial communities of CANON process in membrane bioreactors. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 189, pp. 302–308.
    29.
  29. Her J-J, Huang J-H., 1995. Influences of carbon source and C/N ratio on nitrate/nitrite denitrification and carbon breakthrough. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 54, pp. 45–51.
    30.
  30. Holakoo, L., Nakhla, G., Bassi, A.S., Yanful, E.K., 2007. Long term performance of MBRfor biological nitrogen removal from synthetic municipal wastewater. Chemosphere, Vol. 66, pp. 849–857.
    31.
  31. Komorowska-Kaufman, M., Majcherek, H., Klaczynski, E., 2006. Factors affecting the biological nitrogen removal from wastewater. Process Biochemical, Vol. 41, pp. 1015–1021.
    32.
  32. Masse, A., Sperandio, M., Cabassud, C., 2006. Comparison of sludge characteristics and performance of a submerged membrane bioreactor and an activated sludge process at high solids retention time. Water Research, Vol. 40, pp. 2405–2415.
    33.
  33. Kargi, F., Uygur, A., 2002. Nutrient removal performance of a sequencing batch reactor as a function of the sludge age. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, Vol. 31, pp. 842–847.
    34.
  34. Kapadan, L.K., Ozturk, R., 2005. Effect of operating parameters on color and COD removal performance of SBR: sludge age and initial dyestuff concentration. Journal of Hazardous Material, Vol. 123, pp. 217-222.
    35.
  35. Han, S. S., Bae, T. H., Jang, G. G., Tak, T. M., 2005. Influence of sludge retention time on membrane fouling and bioactivities in membrane bioreactor system. Process Biochemical, Vol. 40, pp. 2393–2400.
    36.
  36. Li, D. H., Ganczarczyk, J. J., 1990. Structure of activated sludge flocs. Biotechnology Bioengineering, Vol. 11, pp. 127–138.
    37.
  37. Wilen B. M., Balmer P., 1999. The effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on the structure, size and size distribution of activated sludge flocs. Water Research, Vol. 33, pp. 391–400.
    38.
  38. Sadalgekar V. V., Mahajan B. A., Shaligram A. M., 1988. Evaluation of sludge settleability by floc characteristics. Journalof Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 60, pp. 1862-1863.
    39.
  39. Rong, Q. I., Kun, Y., Zhao-xiang, Y. U., 2007. Treatment of coke plant wastewater by SND fixed biofilm hybrid system. Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol. 19, pp. 153-159.
    40.
  40. Masoudi, S., Sargolzaei, J., Darroudi, A., 2015. Treatment of the wastewater containing ammonia nitrogen and carbon sources using simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND). The Conference on Environmental Science, Engineering and Technologies. Tehran, Iran (In Persian).
    41.
  41. Lijuan Feng, Guangfeng Yang, Qi Yang, Liang Zhu, Xiangyang Xu, Feng Gao, 2015. Enhanced simultaneous nitrification and denitrification via additionof biodegradable carrier Phragmites communis in biofilm pretreatmentreactor treating polluted source water. Ecological Engineering, Vol. 84, pp. 346–353.
    42.
  42. Lingxiao Gong, Li Jun, Qing Yang, Shuying Wang, Bin Ma, Yongzhen Peng, 2012. Biomass characteristics and simultaneous nitrification–denitrification under long sludge retention time in an integrated reactor treating rural domestic sewage. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 119, pp. 277–284.
    43.

 

 

 

 

 

               

سند

Sanad is a platform for managing Azad University publications

الروابط

المراكز ذات الصلة

دعامة

الصفحات الرسمية

حقوق هذا الموقع الإلكتروني مملوكة لنظام SANAD Press Management. © 1442-1446

الصفحة الرئيسية| دخول| معلومات عنا| اتصل بنا|
[English] [فارسی] [en] [fa]