بررسی تطبیقی شاخص‌های پایداری اجتماعی در انواع بافت‌های شهری (مطالعه موردی سه محله در بافت‌های جدید، میانی و قدیم در شیراز)
الموضوعات :
مریم روستا
1
(استادیار و عضو هیأت علمی بخش شهرسازی- دانشکده هنر و معماری – دانشگاه شیراز)
مهسا چیزفهم دانشمندیان
2
(دانشجوی دکتری شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، تبریز، ایران)
الکلمات المفتاحية: اجتماع محلی, فرم شهری, بافت شهری, پایداری اجتماعی, شیراز,
ملخص المقالة :
این پژوهش در پی آن است که ضمن تدوین چارچوبی از شاخص‌های پایداری اجتماعی در بستر مطالعات شهری، وضعیت این شاخص‌ها را در سه پهنه فرمی با ویژگی‌های ریخت‌شناسی متفاوت، بررسی نماید.سه محله اسحاق‌بیگ، قاآنی و کوی پزشکان در سه بافت قدیم، میانی و جدید شهر شیراز انتخاب شده و با روش پیمایش کمّی و به کمک پرسشنامه (450 نمونه) به ارزیابی ابعاد و شاخص‌های پایداری اجتماعی در این سه محله پرداخته شده است. در این پرسشنامه 6 عامل از عوامل پایداری اجتماعی در قالب 19 شاخص مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته‌اند. داده‌های حاصل با آزمون تی تک نمونه و آزمون واریانس و آزمون توکی در محیط نرم افزار SPSS تحلیل شده اند. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد سطح دو عامل تعاملات اجتماعی و مشارکت اجتماعی در محله تاریخی و ارگانیک اسحاق بیگ بیشتر از دو محله دیگر است. اما چهار عامل حس امنیت، عدالت اجتماعی، روح اجتماعی محله و سکونت خوب، در بافت جدید و مرتفع محله پزشکان بیشتر از دو محله دیگر بوده است. نتایج حاصل از برآیند عوامل نشان می‌دهد که در بافت‌های فشرده، ارگانیک و تاریخی، فرصت‌های تعامل و مشارکت اجتماعی فراهم‌تر است اما در بافت‌های جدید شهری، رضایت از سکونت، امنیت و عدالت اجتماعی وضعیت بهتری دارد.
Arundel, Rowan & Ronald, Richard.(2017). The role of urban form in sustainability of community: The case of Amsterdam. Environment & Planning B: Urban Analytics & City Science,44 (1),33-53.
Ahman, Henrik.(2013). Social sustainability –Society at the intersection of development and maintenance. Local Environment, 10 (18), 1153-1166.
Assefa, Getachew & Frostell, Bjorn.(2007). Social sustainability and social acceptance in technology assessment: A case study of energy technologies. Technology in Society, 29(1). 63-78.
Bacon, Christopher., Getz, Christy., Kraus, Sibella., Montenegro, Maywa and Kaelin Holland. (2012). The Social Dimensions of Sustainability and Change in Diversified Farming Systems. Ecology and Society, 17(4), 41-61.
Barton, Hugh. (2000). The Neighbourhood as Ecosystem. In: Barton, Hugh (ed.) Sustainable Communities: the Potential for Eco–Neighbourhoods, London: Earthscan , 86–104.
Blowers A, Pain K. (1999). The UnsustainablC city? In: Brook C, Mooney G, Pile S, (eds.).Unruly cities? Order/disorder (understanding cities, London: Routledge 222–267.
Bramley, Glen., Dempsey, Nicola., Power, Sinead., Brown, Caroline & Watkins, David. (2009). Social Sustainability and Urban Form: Evidence from Five British Cities, Environment and Planning A: Economy & Space, 41(9), 2125- 2142.
Bramley, Glen & Power, Sinead (2009). Urban Form and Social Sustainability: The Role of Density and Housing Type, Environmental Planning B, Planning & Design, 36 (1), 30-45
Bramley, Glen., Brown, Caroline., Dempsey, Nicola., Power, Sinead & Watkins, David. (2010). Social Acceptability, In: Jenks, Mike & Jones Colin (eds.). Dimensions of Sustainable Cities, Dordrecht: Springer, 105-128.
Colantonio, Andrea. (2008).Measuring Social Sustainability; Best Practice from Urban Renewal in the EU. Oxford: European Investment Bank Publication.
Colantonio, Andrea. (2011). Social Sustainability: Exploring the Linkages Between Research, Policy and Practice. In: Jaeger C., Tàbara J., Jaeger J. (eds) European Research on Sustainable Development. Berlin: Springer.
Colantonio, Andrea & Dixon,Tim. (2011). Urban Regeneration & Social Sustainability: Best Practice from European Cities, Oxfoer: Wiley Publication.
Cuthill, Michael. (2010). Strengthening the ‘social’ in sustainable development: Developing a conceptual framework for social sustainability in a rapid urban growth region in Australia. Sustainable Development,18(6), 362-373.
Dave, Seema. (2011).Neighbourhood density and social sustainability in cities of developing countries. Sustainable Development, 19(3), 189-205.
Dempsey, Nicola., Bramley, Glen., Power, Sinead and Brown, Caroline (2011). The social dimension of sustainable development: Defining urban social sustainability, Sustainable Development, 19(5), 289-300.
Haughton Graham. (1999). Environmental justice and the sustainable city. Journal of Planning Education & Research, 18 (3), 233-243.
Hemani, Shruti., Das, Amarendra.Kumar., Chowdhury, Anirban. (2017). Influence of urban forms on social sustainability: A case of Guwahati, Assam. Urban Design International, 22, 168-194.
Hemani, SHruti. & Das, A.K. (2016). Humanizing Urban Development in India: Call for a more comprehensive approach to Social Sustainability in the urban policy and design context. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 8(2), 144-173.
Yung, Esther Hiu Kwan., Chan, Edwin Hon Wan & Xu, Ying. (2011). Sustainable Development and the Rehabilitation of a Historic Urban District – Social Sustainability in the Case of Tianzifang in Shanghai. Sustainable Development, 22 (2),95-112.
Mazumdar , Soumya., Learnihan, Vincent, Cochrane, Thomas & Davey, Rachel. (2017). The Built Environment and Social Capital: A Systematic Review, Environment & Behavior, 50 (2), 119-158.
Mouratidis,Kostas. (2017). Is compact city livable? The impact of compact versus sprawled neighbourhoods on neighbourhood satisfaction, Urban Studies, 55(11):2408-2430.
ODPM; Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. (2003). Sustainable communities: building for the future. London: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister.
Opp, Susan, M.(2016).The Forgotton Pillar: A Definition for the Measurment of Social Sustainability in American Cities, Local Environment; The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability. 22(3). 286- 305.
Polese, Mario & Stren, Richard. (2000). The Social Sustainability of Cities: Diversity and the Management of Change, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Raman, Shibu. (2010). Designing a Liveable Compact City: Physical Forms of City and Social Life in Urban Neighbourhoods. Built Environment, 36 (1), 63-80.
Shirazi, M, Reza. & Keivani, Ramin. (2017). Critical reflections on the theory and practice of social sustainability in the built environment – a meta-analysis, Local Environment; The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability, 22 (12), 1526- 1545.
Karuppannan, Sadasivam & Sivam, Alpana. (2011). Social sustainability and neighbourhood design: An investigation of residents' satisfaction in Delhi, Local Environment; The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability,16 (9), 849-870.
Vavik Tom, Keitsch Martina Maria. (2010). Exploring relationships between universal design and social sustainable development: some methodological aspects to the debate on the sciences of sustainability. Sustainable Development, 18,295–305.
WACOSS: Western Australian Council of Social Services. (2002). Submission to the State Sustainability Strategy Consultation Paper, April 2002. From:www.sustainability.dpc.wa.gov.au/ docs/submissions/WACOSS.pdf
Weingaertner, Carina & Moberg,Asa. (2014). Exploring Social Sustainability: Learning from Perspectives on Urban Development and Companies and Products, Sustainable Development, 22 (2), 122-133.
Woodcraft, Saffron.(2012). Social sustainability and new communities: moving from concept to practice in the UK. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 68, 30–42.
Yiftachel & Hedgcock, (1993). Urban Social Sustainability: The Planning of an Australian City, Cities, 10, 139-157.
Yung, Esther Hiu Kwan., Chan, Edwin Hon Wan & Xu, Ying. (2011). Sustainable Development and the Rehabilitation of a Historic Urban District – Social Sustainability in the Case of Tianzifang in Shanghai. Sustainable Development, 22 (2),95-112
