An overview of traditional medicinal plants as dengue virus inhibitors

الموضوعات :

Dluya Thagriki ¹ (CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C., Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India|Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India|Department of Biochemistry, Adamawa State University Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria-West Africa)
Upasana Ray ² (CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C., Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, West Bengal, India|Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India)

تاريخ الإرسال : 12 الأربعاء , رمضان, 1443 تاريخ التأكيد : 14 الإثنين , ذو القعدة, 1443 تاريخ الإصدار : 02 الأربعاء , ذو القعدة, 1443

الکلمات المفتاحية: Medicinal Plants, phytoconstituents, Dengue virus, Antiviral Activity,

ملخص المقالة :

Dengue fever has caused serious health problems around the world. Continents affected include Asia, Europe, North America, and Africa. Dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, and dengue shock syndrome are diseases caused by DENV. Promising antiviral activity of medicinal plants against DENV has been reported in several experimental studies. These plants are rich in bioactive constituents that have antiviral activity. This review extensively discussed the antiviral activity of these plants against DENV and the phytoconstituents responsible for the observed effects. The review discussed possible targets of these plant extracts or phytochemicals on the biological process of the virus as a potential mechanism for the observed inhibitory effects. Harnessing plants' chemical constituents can lead to the development of an antiviral against DENV.

المصادر:

Abulafatih, H.A., 1987. Medicinal plants of Southern Arabia. Econ. Bot. 41(3), 354-360.
Aggarwal, B.B., Harikumar, K.B., 2009. Potential therapeutic effects of curcumin, the anti-inflammatory agent, against neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases. The Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 41(1), 40-59.
Ahmed, M., Aboul-Enein, A., Al-Abd, M., Emad, A., Shalaby, F., Abul-Ela, A., Nasr-Allah, A., Ali-Mahmoud, H., ElShemy, A., 2011. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) solms from water parasite to potential medicinal remedy. Plant. Sign. Beha. 6(6), 834-836.
Akbar, S., 2011. Andrographis paniculate L.: A review of pharmacological activities and clinical effects. Altern. Med. Rev. 16(1), 66-77.
Akbik, D., Ghadiri, M., Chrzanowski, W., Rohanizadeh, R., 2014. Curcumin as a wound healing agent. Life. Sci. 116(1), 1-7.
Akowuah, G.A., Zhari, I., Mariam, A., 2008. Analysis of urinary andrographolides and antioxidant status after oral administration of Andrographis paniculata L. leaf extract in rats. Food. Chem. Toxic. 46(12), 3616-3620.
Ali, M., Ravinder, E., Ramachandram, R., 2001. A new flavonoid from the aerial parts of Tridax procumbens L. Fitoterapia. 72(3), 313-315.
Amresh, G., Reddy, G.D., Rao Ch, V., Singh, P.N., 2007a. Antinociceptive and anti-arthritic activity of Cissampelos pareira L. roots. J. Ethnopharm. 3(111), 531-536.
Amresh, G., Reddy, G.D., Rao-Ch, V., Singh, P.N. 2007b. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Cissampelos pareira L. root. J. Ethnopharm. 3(110), 526-531.
Amresh, G., Hussain, Z., Gupta, K., Kant, R., Venkateshwar, C.R., Singh, P.N., 2007c. Gastroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Cissampelos pareira L. in experimental animals. J. Nat. Med. 61(3), 323-328.
Anna, P.K.L.I.N.G., Bee-Fong, K.H.O.O., Ching-Hua, S., Kar-Yue, F.O.O., Rock-Kee, C., Soi-Moi, C.H.Y.E., Rhun, Y.K.O.H., 2014. Inhibitory activities of methanol extracts of Andrographis paniculata L. and Ocimum sanctum L. against dengue-1 virus. International Conference on Biological, Environment and Food Engineering (BEFE-2014), pp. 47-52.
Anon, 1966. Pharmacopoeia of India, 2nd Ed. Manager of Government Publications, Delhi, India, pp. 647-649.
Appanah S, Weinland, G., 1993. Planting Quality Timber Trees in Peninsular Malaysia: A Review. Malayan Forest Record No. 38. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, p. 221.
Arima, H., Danno, G., 2002. Isolation of antimicrobial compounds from guava (Psidium guajava L.) and their structural elucidation. Biosc. Biotech. Biochem. 66(1), 1727-1730.
Atanasov, A.G., Waltenberger, B., Pferschy-Wenzig, E.M., Linder, T., Wawrosch, C., Uhrin, P., Stuppner, H., 2015. Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review. Biotech. Adv. 33(8), 1582-1614.
Balmaseda, A., Hammond, S.N., Perez, L., Tellez, Y., Saborio, S.I., Mercado, J.C., Cuadra, R., Rocha, J., Perez, M.A., Silva, S., Rocha, C., Harris, E., 2006. Serotype-specific differences in clinical manifestations of dengue. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 74(3), 449-456.
Batool, R., Aziz, E., Mahmood, T., Tan, B.K., Chow, V.T., 2018. Inhibitory activities of extracts of Rumex dentatus L., Commelina benghalensis L., Ajuga bracteosa L., Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. as well as their compounds of gallic acid and emodin against dengue virus. Asian. Pacif. J. Trop. Med. 11(4), 265-271.
Betancur-Galvis, L.A., Saez, J., Granados, H., Slazar, A., Ossa, J.E., 1999. Antitumor and antiviral activity of Colombian medicinal plant extracts. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo. Cruz. 94(4), 531-535.
Bhattacharya, S., Christensen, K.B., Olsen, L.C.B., Christensen, L.P., Grevsen, K., Færgeman, N.J. 2013. Bioactive components from flowers of Sambucus nigra L. increase glucose uptake in primary porcine myotube cultures and reduce fat accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans L. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 61(46), 11033-11040.
Bhavani, S.T.N., Shantha, N.V., Ramesh, H.P., Indira, M.A.S., Sreenivasa, M., 1980. Toxicity studies on turmeric (Curcuma longa L.): acute toxicity studies in rats, guineapigs and monkeys. Ind. J. Exp. Biol. 18(1), 73-75. 
Bhuiyan, F.R., Howlader, S., Raihan, T., Hasan, M., 2020. Plants metabolites: possibility of natural therapeutics against the covid-19 pandemic. Front. Med. 7(444), 1-26.
Billo, M., Cabalion, P., Waikedre, J., Fourneau, C., Bouttier, S., Hocquemiller, R., Fournet, A., 2005. Screening of some New Caledonian and Vanuatu medicinal plants for antimycobacterial activity. J. Ethnopharm. 96(1-2), 195-200.
Biswas, N.P., Biswas, A.K., 2005. Evaluation of some leaf dusts as grain protectant against rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (Linn.). Environ. Ecol. 23(3), 485-488.
Brady, O.J., Gething, P.W., Bhatt, S., Messina, J.P., Brownstein, J.S., Hoen, A.G., Moyes, C.L., Farlow, A.W., Scott, T.W., and Hay, S.I., 2012. Refining the global spatial limits of dengue virus transmission by evidence-based consensus. PLoS. Neg. Trop. Dis. 6(8), 1-16.
Burke, D.S., Nisalak, A., Johnson, D.E., Scott, R.M., 1988. A prospective study of dengue infections in Bangkok. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 38(1),172-180.
Cahour, A., Falgout, B., Lai, C.J., 1992. Cleavage of the dengue virus polyprotein at the NS3/NS4A and NS4B/NS5 junctions is mediated by viral protease NS2B-NS3, whereas NS4A/NS4B may be processed by a cellular protease. J. Virol. 66(3), 1535-1542.
Carla, M., Roberto, D., Cristina, A., Claudia, A., Susana, G., Graciela, F., 2011. Vicenin-2, a potential anti-inflammatory constituent of Urtica circularis (Hicken). J. Nat. Prod. 74(6), 1503-1507.
Carvalho, L.F., Da Silva, M.C., Gomez, F.L., 2016. Cissampelos sympodialis L. has anti-viral effect inhibiting dengue non-structural viral protein-1 and proinflammatory mediators. Braz. J. Pharmacog. 26(4), 502-506.
Castillo-Maldonado, I., Moreno-Altamirano, M., Maximina B., Serrano-Gallardo, L.B., 2017. Anti-dengue serotype-2 activity effect of Sambucus nigra L. leaves-and flowers-derived compounds. Virol. Res. Rev. 1(3), 1-5.
Chang, R.S., Yeung, H.W., 1988. Inhibition of growth of human immunodeficiency virus in vitro by crude extracts of Chinese medicinal herbs. Antiviral. Res. 9(3), 163-175.
Chauhan, A., Sharma, P.K., Srivastava, P., Kumar, N., Dudhe, R., 2010. Plants having potential antidiabetic activity: A review. Der. Pharmacia. Lett. 2(3), 369-387.
Chao, W.W., Lin, B.F., 2010. Isolation and identification of bioactive compounds in Andrographis paniculata (Chuanxinlian). Chin. Med. 13(5), 1-17.
Chen, R., Vasilakis, N., 2011. Dengue—quo tu et quo vadis? Viruses 3(9),1562-1608.
Chen, L., Hu, J.Y., Wang, S.Q., 2012. The role of antioxidants in photoprotection: A critical review. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 67(5), 1013-1024. 
Chen, X., Qiao, H., Liu, T., Yang, Z., Xu, L., Xu, Y., MingGe, H., Ren-Xiang, T., Li, E., 2012. Inhibition of herpes simplex virus infection by oligomeric stilbenoids through ROS generation. Antiviral Res. 95(1), 30-36.
Chen, Y.L., Ghafar, N., Karuna, R., Fu, Y., Lim, S.P., Schul, W., Gu, F., Herve, M., Yokohama, F., Wang, G., Cerny, D., Fink, K., Blasco, F., Pei-Yong, S., 2013. Activation of PBMCs by dengue virus infection depotentiates Balapiravir. J. Virol. 88(3), 1740- 1747.
Cheung, H.Y., Cheung, C.S., Kong, C.K., 2001. Determination of bioactive diterpenoids from Andrographis paniculate L. by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J. Chromatog. 930(1-2), 171-176.
Choi, H.J., Song, J.H., Bhatt, L.R., Baek, S.H., 2010. Anti-human rhinovirus activity of gallic acid possessing antioxidant capacity. Phytochem. Res. 24(9), 1292-1296.
Chrubasik, C., Maier, T., Dawid, C., Torda, T., Schieber, A., Hofmann, T., 2008. An observation study and quantification of the actives in a supplement with Sambucus nigra L. and Asparagus officinalis L. used for weight reduction. Photother. Res. 22(7), 913-918. 
Cleaves, G.R., Dubin, D.T., 1979. Methylation status of intracellular dengue type 2 40S RNA. Virology 96(1), 159-165. 
Cos, P., Hermans, N., Bruyene, T., 2002. Antiviral activity of Rwandan medicinal plants against human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1). Phytomedicine 96(1), 2-68.
Cragg, G.M., Newman, D.J., 2001. Medicinal for the Millennia. Annals. New York Academy of Sciences 953(1), pp. 3-25.
Crill, W.D., Roehring, J.T., 2001. Monoclonal antibodies that bind to domain III of dengue virus E glycoprotein are the most efficient blockers of virus adsorption to Vero cells. Virology 75(16), 7769-7773.
Dai, J.R., Hallock, Y.F., Cardellina, J.H., Boyd, M.R., 1998. HIV-inhibitory and cytotoxic oligostilbenes from the leaves of Hopea malibato L. J. Nat. Prod. 61(3), 351-353.
Dakappa, S.S., Adhikari, R., Timilsina, S.S., Sajjekhan, S., 2013. A review on the medicinal plant Psidium guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae). J. Drug. Deliv. Ther. 3(2), 162-168. 
Das, A.J., 2011. Review on nutritional, medicinal and pharmacological properties of Centella asiatica (Indian pennywort). J. Biol. Act. Prod. Nat. 1(4), 216-228.
DOMAP, Database of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Rajasthan 2020. Vernonia cinerea. Retrieved 29th October, 2020.
De Leo, A., Arena, G., Lacanna, E., Oliviero, G., Colavita, F., Mattia. E., 2012. Resveratrol inhibits Epstein Barr virus lytic cycle in Burkitt’s lymphoma cells by affecting multiple molecular targets. Antiviral. Res. 96(2), 196-202.
Demirezer, L.O., 1993. Comparison of two Rumex species with spectrophotometric method and chromatographic identification with regard to anthraquinone derivatives. Planta Med. 59(2), 630-635.
Desrivot, J., Waikedre, J., Cabalion, P., Herrenknecht, C., Bories, C., Hocquemiller, R., Fournet, A., 2007. Antiparasitic activity of some New Caledonian medicinal plants. J. Ethnopharm. 112(1), 7-12.
Dewi, B.E., Angelina, M., Meilawati, L., Hartati, S., Dewijanti, I.D., Santi, M.R., Desti, H., Sudiro, M., 2017. Antiviral effect of Pterocarpus indicus (Narra.) wild leaves extract against replication of dengue virus (DENV) In vitro. J. Trop. Life. Sci. 8(1), 55-61.
De Rodriguez, D.J., Chulia, J., Simoes, C.M., Amoros, M., Mariotte, A.M., Girre, L., 1990. Antiviral activity of a new isoflavonic glycoside from Ulex europaeus L. Planta Med. 56(1), 59-62.
Durantel, D., 2009. Celgosivir, an alpha-glucosidase I inhibitor for the potential treatment of HCV infection. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs 10(8), 860-870.
Dwuma-Badu, D., Ayim, J.S.K., Mingle, C.A., Tackie, A.N., Slatkin, D.J., Knapp, J.E., Schiff, P.L.J., 1975. Alkaloids of Cissampelos pareira Linn. Phytochemistry 14(11), 2520-2521.
Fadzilah, S., Nur, A.A., Yaakob, H., Kadir, L., Zainol, N., Taher, Z.M., Shahar, S., Husin, F., Amri, A.S.S., Moghaddam, E., 2018. Interaction of Carica papaya L. leaves optimum extract on virus dengue infected cells. Sci. Int. (Lahore). 30(3), 437-441.
Faith, S.A., Sweet, T.J., Bailey, E., Booth, T., Docherty, J.J., 2006. Resveratrol suppresses nuclear factor-kappaB in herpes simplex virus infected cells. Antiviral. Res. 72(3), 242-251.
Falgout, B., Pethel, M., Zhang, Y.M., Lai, C.J., 1991. Both non-structural proteins NS2B and NS3 are required for the proteolytic processing of dengue virus non-structural proteins. J. Virol. 65(5), 2467-2475.
FAOSTAT., 2012. Papaya marketing-general information. Fruit Web site, 2012, http://www.itfnet.org/gfruit/Templates%20English/papaya.market.info.htm. Retrieved 24th May, 2022.
Folmer, F., Basavaraju, U., Jaspars, M., Hold, G., El-Omar, E., Dicato, M., Diederich, M., 2014. Anticancer effects of bioactive berry compounds. Phytochem. Rev. 13(1), 295-322. 
Fossum, G., Malterud, K.E., Moradi, A.S., 2008. Nigra, L. Flos. Assessment Report for the Development of Community Monographs and for Inclusion of Herbal Substance(s), Preparation(s) or Combinations Thereof in the List. European Medicines Agency (EMA), Evaluation of Medicines for Human Use: Doc. Ref.EMEA/HMPC/283170/2007Corr. EMA Report: Retrieved January, 2022.
François, K.O., Balzarini, J., 2012. Potential of carbohydrate-binding agents as therapeutics against enveloped viruses. Med. Res. Rev. 32(2), 349-387.
Ganguly, M., Borthakur, M.K., Devi, N., Mahanta, R., 2007. Antifertility activity of the methanolic leaf extract of Cissampelos pareira L. J. Ethnopharm. 3(111), 688-691.
Gebhard, L.G., Kaufman, S.B., Gamarnik, A.V., 2012. Novel ATP-independent RNA annealing activity of the dengue virus NS3 helicase. PLoS One 7(4), 1-14.
Getie, M., Mariam, T.G., Reitz, R., Hohn, C., Huschka, C., Schmidtke, M., Abate, A., Neubert, R.H., 2000. Evaluation of the anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activities of the medicinal plants Dodonaea viscosa Jacq., Rumex nervosus Vahl. and Rumex abyssinicus Jacq. Fitoterapia 74(1-2), 139-143.
Gray, A.M., Abel-Wahab, Y.H.A., Flatt, P.R., 2000. The traditional plant treatment Sambucus nigra (elder), exhibits insulin-like and insulin-releasing actions in vitro. J. Nutri. 113(1),15-20. 
Grover, I.S., Bala, S., 1993. Studies on antimutagenic effect of guava (Psidium guajava L.) in Salmonella typhimurium. Mut. Res. 300(1), 1-3.
Gupta, R., Gabrielsen, B., Ferguson, S.M., 2005. Nature’s medicines: Traditional knowledge and intellectual property management. Case studies from the NIH, USA. Curr. Disc. Dis. Technol. 2(4), 203-219.
Gupta, S., Yadava, J.N.S., Tandon, J.S., 1993. Antisecretory (antidiarrheal) activity of Indian medicinal plants against Escherichia coli enterotoxin-induced secretion in rabbit and guinea pig ileal loop models. Inter. J. Pharmacog. 31(3), 198-204.
Gupta, R., 1971. Senna has a growing export market. Ind. Farm 21(1), 29-32.
Gurung, S., Škalko-Basnet, N., 2009. Wound healing properties of Carica papaya latex L.: in vivo evaluation in mice burn model. J. Ethnopharm. 121(2), 338-341.
Guzman, M.G., Kouri, G., Valdes, L., Bravo, J., Alvarez, M., Vazques, S., Delgado, I., Halstead, S.B., 2000. Epidemiologic studies on dengue in Santiago de Cuba, 1997. Am. J. Epidemiol. 152(9), 793-799.
Guzman, M.G., Kouri, G., 2003. Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in the Americas: lessons and challenges. J. Clin. Virol. 27(1), 1-13.
Guzman, M.G., Alvarez, A., Vazquez, S., Alvarez, M., Rosario, D., Pelaez, O., Cruz, G., Rodriguez, R., Pavon, A., Gonzalez, A., Morier, L., Ruiz, D., Kouri, G., Halstead, S.B., 2012. Epidemiological studies on dengue virus type 3 in Playa municipality, Havana, Cuba, 2001-2002. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 16(3), 198-203.
Haider, M., Anand, V., Enayathullah, M.G., Parekh, Y., Ram, S., Kumar, S., Kiran, K., Bokara, A., Sharma, U., Prasher, B., Mukerji, M., 2022. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 potential of Cissampelos pareira L. identified by connectivity map-based analysis and in vitro studies. BMC. Complement. Med. Ther. 22(114), 2-10.
Hasan, A., Ahmed, I., Jay, M., Voirinn, B., 1995. Flavonoid glycosides and an anthraquinone from Rumex chalepensis (Mill). Phytochemistry 39(5),1211-1213.
Henchal, E.A., Putnak, J.R., 1990. The dengue viruses. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 3(4), 376-396.
Hidari, K.I.P.J., Abe, T., Suzuki, T., 2013. Carbohydrate-related inhibitors of dengue virus entry. Viruses 5(2), 605-618.
Huang, C.Y.H., Butrapet, S., Moss, K.J., Childers, T., Erb, S.M., Calvert, A.E., Silengo, S.J., Kinney, R.M., Blair, C.D., Roehrig, J.T., 2010. The dengue virus type 2 envelope protein fusion peptide is essential for membrane fusion. Virology 396(2), 305-315.
Hwang, D.R., Wu, Y.S., Chang, C.W., Lien, T.W., Chen, W.C., Tan, U.K., Hsieh, H.P., 2006. Synthesis and anti-viral activity of a series of sesquiterpene lactones and analogues in the subgenomic HCV replicon system. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 14(1), 83-91.
Ichsyani, M.A., Ridhanya, M., Risanti, H., Desti, R., Ceria, D.H., Putri, T., Sudiro, M., Dewi, B.E., 2017. Antiviral effects of Curcuma longa L. against dengue virus in vitro and in vivo. IOP Conf. Series: Earth. Environ. Sci. 101(01), 2002-2005.
Ikeyi, A.P., Ogbonna, A.O., Eze, F.U., 2013. Phytochemical analysis of Paw-Paw (Carica Papaya L.) leaves. Int. J. Life Sci. Biotech. Pharm. Res. 2(3), 347-351.
Imaga, N.A., Gbenle, G.O., Okochi, V.I., Adenekan, S., Duro-Emmanuel, T., Oyeniyi, B., Dokai, P.N., Oyenuga, M., Otumara, A., Ekeh, F.C., 2010. Phytochemical and antioxidant nutrient constituents of Carica papaya L. and Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) extracts. Sci. Res. Ess. 5(16), 2201-2205.
Islam, M.N., Ishita, I.J., Jung, H.A., Choi, J.S., 2014. Vicenin-2 isolated from Artemisia capillaris Thunb. exhibited potent anti-glycation properties. Food. Chem. Toxicol. 69(2), 55-62.
Jeong, S., Cho, S.K., Ahn, K.S., Lee, J.H., Yang, D.C., Kim, J., 2014. Anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanolic extract of guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves in vitro and in vivo. J. Med. Food. 17(6), 678-685.
Jindal, A., Kumar, P., 2012. Antimicrobial flavonoids from Tridax procumbens L. Nat. Prod. Res. 26(22), 2072-2077.
Jing, P., Bomser, J.A., Schwartz, S.J., He, J., Magnuson, B.A., Giusti, M.M., 2008. Structure-function relationships of anthocyanins from various anthocyanin-rich extracts on the inhibition of colon cancer cell growth. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 56(20), 9391-9398. 
Joseph, B., Priya, R.M., 2011. Phytochemical and biopharmaceutical aspects of Psidium guajava (L.) essential oil: a review. Res. J. Med. Plant. 5(4), 432-442.
Joshi, R.K., Badakar, V., 2012. Chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of the flowers of Tridax procumbens L. Nat. Prod. Comm. 7(7), 941-942.
Kakumani, P.K., Ponia, S.S., Sood, S.R.K., Chinnappan, V., Banerjea, M., Bhatnagar, R.K., 2013. Role of RNA interference (RNAi) in dengue virus replication and identification of NS4B as an RNAi suppressor. J. Virol. 87(16), 8870-8883.
Kala, C.P., 2012. Leaf Juice of Carica papaya L.: A Remedy of Dengue Fever. Med. Aromat. Plants 1(6), 1-2. 
Kim, D.S., Park, S.Y., Kim, J.K., 2001. Curcuminoids from Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) that protect PC12 rat pheochromocytoma and normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells from beta (1-42) insult. Neurosci. Lett. 303(1), 57-61.
Kocaadam, B., Şanlier, N., 2017. Curcumin, an active component of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), and its effects on health. Crit. Rev. Food. Sci. Nutr. 57(13), 2889-2895.
Krishnaraju, A.V., Rao, T.V.N., Sundararajua, D., Vanisreeb, M., Tsayb, H.S., Subbarajua, G.V., 2005. Assessment of bioactivity of Indian medicinal plants using brine shrimp (Artemia salina (Linnaeus) lethality assay. Inter. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. 3(2), 125-134.
Kudi, A.C., Myint, S.H., 1999. Antiviral activity of some Nigerian medicinal plants’ extracts. J. Ethnopharm. 68(1-2), 289-294.
Kuhn, R.J., Zhang, W., Rossmann, M.G., Pletnev, S.V., Corver, J., Lenches, E., Strauss, J.H. 2002. Structure of dengue virus. Cell 108(5), 717-725.
Kuroda, M., Mimaki, Y., Nishiyama, T., Mae, T., Kishida, H., Tsukagawa, K., 2005. Hypoglycaemic effects of turmeric (Curcuma longa L. rhizomes) on genetically diabetic KK-Ay mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 28(5), 937-939.
Leli, S., Ratih, P.F., Ratih, D.Y., Hudiyono, A.G.F., Sarah, L., Hutami-Sri, U.T., Mirawati, S., Beti, E.D., 2017. In vitro study of eight Indonesian plants extracts as anti-Dengue virus. Health. Sci. J. Indon. 8(1), 12-18.
Lenora, L.M., Suresh-Babu, D., SenthilKumar, J., Senthilkumar, N., 2016. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-An alternate renewable source for Shikimic acid, a precursor for Tamiflu, a swine flu drug. J. Pharmacog. Phytochem. 5(1), 178-181.
Limsong, J., Benjavongkulchai, E., Kuvatanasuchati, J., 2004. Inhibitory effect of some herbal extracts on adherence of Streptococcus mutans. J. Ethnopharmacol. 92(2-3), 281-289.
Li, Q., Maddox, C., Rasmussen, L., Hobrath, J.V., Whit, L.E., 2009. Assay development and high-throughput antiviral drug screening against bluetongue virus. Antiviral. Res. 83(3), 267-273.
Lin, C.J., Lin, H.J., Chen, T.H., Hsu, Y.A., Liu, C.S., Hwang, G.Y., Wan, L., 2015. Polygonum cuspidatum L. and its active components inhibit replication of the influenza virus through toll-like receptor 9-induced interferon beta expression. PLoS One 10(2), 1-13.
Litvinenko, Y.A., MuzychKina, R.A., 2003. Phytochemical investigation of biologically active substances in certain Kazakhstan Rumex species. Chem. Nat. Comp. 39(5), 368-370.
Liu, T., Zang, N., Zhou, N., Li, W., Xie, X., Deng, Y., Ren, L., Long, X., Li, S., Zhou, L., Zhao, X., Tu, W., Wang, L., Tan, B., Liu, E., 2014. Resveratrol inhibits the TRIF-dependent pathway by upregulating sterile alpha and armadillo motif protein, contributing to anti-inflammatory effects after respiratory syncytial virus infection. J. Virol. 88(8), 4229-4236.
Lodeiro, M.F., Filomatori, C.V., Gamarnik, A.V., 2009a. Structural and functional studies of the promoter element for dengue virus RNA replication. J. Virol. 83(2), 993-1008.
Lodeiro, M.F., Filomatori, C.V., Gamarnik, A.V., 2009b. Role of RNA structures present at the 3'UTR of dengue virus on translation, RNA synthesis, and viral replication. Virology 339(2), 200-212.
Low, J.G.H., Ooi, E.E., Vasudevan, S.G., 2017. Current status of dengue therapeutics research and development. J. Infect. Dis. 215(2), S96-S102.
Low, J., Sung, C., Wijaya, L., Wei, Y., Rathore, A., Watanabe, S., Tan, B.H., Toh, L., Chua, L.T., Hou, Y., Chow, A., Howe, S., Chan, W.K., Tan, K.H., Chung, J.S., Cherng, B.P., Lye, D.C., Tambayah, P.A., Ng, L.C., Connolly, J., Hibberd, M.L., Leo, Y.S., Cheung, Y.B., Ooi, E.E., Vasudevan, S.G., 2014. Efficacy and safety of celgosivir in patients with dengue fever (CELADEN): a phase 1b, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept trial. Lancet. Infect. Dis. 14(8), 706-715.
Ma, L., Jones, C.T., Groesch, T.D., Kuhn, R.J., Post, C.B., 2004. Solution structure of dengue virus capsid protein reveals another fold. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101(10), 3414-3419.
Ma, S.C., He, Z.D., Deng, X.L., But, P.P.H., Ooi, V.E.C., Xu, H.X., Lee, S.F., 2001. In vitro evaluation of secoiridoid glucosides from the fruits of Ligustrum lucidum (W.T.Ait.) as antiviral agents. Chem. Pharm. Bullet. 49(11), 1471-1473.
Mach, L., Kerschbaumer, R., Schwihla, H., Glössl, J.,1996. Elder (Sambucus nigra L.)-fruit lectin (SNA-IV) occurs in monomeric, dimeric and oligomeric isoforms. Biochem. J. 315(3), 1061.
Mach, L., Scherf, W., Ammann, M., Poetsch, J., Bertsch, W., März, L., Glössl, J., 1991. Purification and partial characterization of a novel lectin from elder (Sambucus nigra L.) fruit. Biochem. J. 278(3), 667-671.
Mackenzie, J.M., Jones, M.K., Young, P.R., 1996. Immunolocalization of the dengue virus non-structural glycoprotein NS1 suggests a role in viral RNA replication. Virology 220(1), 232-240.
Mahmoudi, M., Ebrahimzadeh, M.A., Dooshan, A., Arimi, A., Ghasemi, N., Fathiazad, F., 2014. Antidepressant activities of Sambucus ebulus L. and Sambucus nigra L. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 18(22), 3350-3353.
Mani, S., Tripathi, L., Raut, R., Tyagi, P., Arora, U., Barman, T., Khanna, N., 2013. Pichia pastoris-expressed dengue 2 envelope forms virus-like particles without pre-membrane protein and induces high titer neutralizing antibodies. PLoS. ONE 8(5), 1-9. 
Manikandan, R., Vijaya, A.A., 2015. A review on antioxidant activity of Psidium guajava L. Res J. Pharm. Tech. 8(3), 339-342.
Más, V., Melero, J.A., 2013. Entry of Enveloped Viruses into Host Cells: Membrane Fusion. Structure and Physics of Viruses. pp. 467-487.
Mastromarino, P., Capobianco, D., Cannata, F., Nardis, C., Mattia, E., De-Leo, A., Restignoli, R., Francioso, A., Mosca, L., 2015. Resveratrol inhibits rhinovirus replication and expression of inflammatory mediators in nasal epithelia. Antiviral. Res. 123(1), 15-21.
Megawati, M., 2017. Resorcinol compounds isolated form the bark of Myristica fatua Houtt. J. Indones. Pharm. 28(2), 82-90.
Meneses, R., Ocazionez, R.E., Martinez, J.R., Stashenko, E.E., 2009. Inhibitory effect of essential oils obtained from plants grown in Colombia on yellow fever virus replication in vitro. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 8(1), 1-8.
Messina, J.P., Brady, O.J., Scott, T.W., Zou, C., Pigott, D.M., Duda, K.A., Hay, S.I., 2014. Global spread of dengue virus types: mapping the 70-year history. Trends. Microbiol. 22(3),138-146.
Modis, Y., Ogata, S., Clements, D., Harrison, S.C., 2004. Structure of the dengue virus envelope protein after membrane fusion. Nature 427(6972), 313-319.
Modis, Y., Ogata, S., Clements, D., Harrison, S.C., 2005. Variable surface epitopes in the crystal structure of dengue virus type 3 envelope glycoprotein. J. Virol. 79(2), 1223-1231.
Moghadamtousi, S.Z., Kadir, H.A., Hassandarvish, P., Tajik, H., Abubakar, S., Zandi, K., 2014. A review on antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activity of curcumin. Biomed. Res. Int. 2014(1), 1-12.
Morag, A.M., Mumcuoglu, M., Baybikov, T., 1997. Inhibition of sensitive and acyclovir resistant HSV-1 strains by an elderberry extract in vitro. Z. Phytother. 35(9), 97-98.
Mothana, R.A.A., Abdo, S.A.A., Hasson, S., Althawab, F.M.N., Alaghbari, S.A.Z., Lindequist, U., 2010. Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities and phytochemical screening of some Yemeni medicinal plants. Evid. Based. Complement. Alternat. Med. 7(3), 323-330.
Muliawan, S.Y., Kit, L.S., Devi, S., Hashim, O., Yusof, R., 2006. Inhibitory potential of Quercus lusitanica extract on dengue virus type 2 replication. Southeast. Asian. J. Trop. Med. Public. Health. 37(3), 132-135.
Murray, C.L., Jones, C.T., Rice, C.M., 2008. Architects of assembly: roles of Flaviviridae non-structural proteins in virion morphogenesis. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 6(9), 699-708.
Nakajima, J.I., Tanaka, I., Seo, S., Yamazaki, M., Saito, K., 2004. LC/PDA/ESI-MS profiling and radical scavenging activity of anthocyanins in various berries. J. Biomed. Biotech. 2004(5), 241-247. 
Nanduri, S., Nyavanandi, V.K., Sanjeeva, R., Thunuguntla, S., Kasu, S., Pallerla, M.K., Sai-Ram, P., Akella, V., 2004. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of andrographolide analogues as novel cytotoxic agents. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 14(18), 4711-4717.
Newman, D.J., Cragg, G.M., 2016. Natural products as sources of new drugs from 1981 to 2014. J. Nat. Prod. 79(3), 629-661.
Nguyen, N.M., Tran, C.N., Phung, L.K., Duong, K.T., Huynh, A., Farrar, J., Nguyen, Q.T.H., Tran, H.T., Nguyen, C.V.V., Merson, L., Hoang, L.T., Hibberd, M.L.,  Aw, Pauline, P.K., Wilm, A., Nagarajan, N., Nguyen, D.T., Pham, M.P., Nguyen, T.T., Javanbakht, H., Klumpp, K., Hammond, J., Petric, R., Wolbers, M., Nguyen, C.T., Simmons, C.P., 2013a. A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of balapiravir, a polymerase inhibitor, in adult dengue patients. J. Infect. Dis. 207(9), 1442-1450.
Nguyen, T.H., Nguyen, T.H., Vu, T.T., Farrar, J., Hoang, T.L., Van, N.T., Khanh, L.P., Marcel, W., Stephen, S.W., Martin, L.H., Bridget, W., Cameron, P.S., 2013b. Corticosteroids for dengue-why don’t they work? PLoS. Negl. Trop. Dis. 7(12), 1-7.
Nisalak, A., Endy, T.P., Nimmannitya, S., Kalayanarooj, S., Thisayakorn, U., Scott, R.M., Burke, D.S., Hoke, C.H., Innis, B.L., Vaughn, D.W., 2003. Serotype-specific dengue virus circulation and dengue disease in Bangkok, Thailand from 1973 to 1999. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 68(2), 191-202.
Normile, D., 2013. Surprising new dengue virus throws a spanner in disease control efforts. Science 342(6157), 415-415.
Nusrat, S., Muhammad, S., Sumaira, K., Madiha, S., Syed, M.H., Farhat, J., 2017. Investigation of genus Rumex for their biologically active constituents. Res. J. Life. Sci. Bioinform. Pharm. Chem. Sci. 2(6), 149-165.
Ono, K., Nakane, H., Fukushima, M., Chermann, J., Rarre-Sinouss, F., 1990. Differential inhibitory effects of various flavonoids on the activities of reverse transcriptase and cellular DNA and RNA polymerases. Eur. J. Riochem. 190(3), 469-476.
Otsuki, N., Dang, N.H., Kumagai, E., Kondo, A., Iwata, S., Morimoto, C., 2010. Aqueous extract of Carica papaya leaves L. exhibits anti-tumor activity and immunomodulatory effects. J. Ethnopharm. 127(3), 760-767.
Owais, M., Bhavyata, D., Zia, Q., Khan, A., Beenu, J., Mohammad, F., 2014. Chemotherapeutic potential of curcumin-bearing microcells against hepatocellular carcinoma in model animals. Inter. J. Nanomed. 9(1), 1139-1152. 
Owoyele, B.V., Adebukola, O.M., Funmilayo, A.A., Soladoye, A.O., 2008. Anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extract of Carica papaya L. leaves. Inflammopharmacol. 16(4), 168-173.
Pacher, T., Seger, C., Engelmeier, D., Vajrodaya, S., Hofer, O., Greger, H., 2002. Antifungal stilbenoids from Stemona collinsae (Craib). J. Nat. Prod. 65(6), 820-827.
Padilla, S.L., Rodríguez, A., Gonzales, M.M., Gallego-G, J.C., Castaño, J.C., 2014. Inhibitory effects of curcumin on dengue virus type 2 infected cells in vitro. Arch. Virology 159(3), 573-579.
Palamara, A.T., Nencioni, L., Aquilano, K., De Chiara, G., Hernandez, L., Cozzolino, F., Garaci, E., 2005. Inhibition of influenza A virus replication by resveratrol. J. Infect. Dis. 191(10), 1719-1729.
Pandey, R., Mahar, R., Hasanain, M., Shukla, S.K., Sarkar, J., Rameshkumar, K.B., Kumar, B., 2016. Rapid screening and quantitative determination of bioactive compounds from fruit extracts of Myristica species and their in vitro antiproliferative activity. Food. Chem. 211(1), 483-493.
Pfisterer, P., Rollinger, J., Schyschka, L., Rudy, A., Vollmar, A., and Stuppner, H., 2010. Neoandrographolide from Andrographis paniculataas (Burm. f.) a potential natural chemosensitizer. Planta Med. 76(15), 1698-1700. 
Pholphana, N., Rangkadilok, N., Thongnest, S., Ruchirawat, S., Ruchirawat, M., Satayavivad, J., 2004. Determination and variation of three active diterpenoids in Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees. Phytochem. Anal. 15(6), 365-371.
Picon, P.D., Picon, R.V., Costa, A.F., Sander, G.B., Amaral, K.M., Aboy, A.L., Henriques, A.T., 2010. Randomized clinical trial of a phytotherapic compound containing Pimpinella anisum L., Foeniculum vulgare (Mill.), Sambucus nigra (L.), and Cassia augustifolia (Mill.) for chronic constipation. BMC Complementary. Altern. Med. 10(1), 1-9.
Rajamurugan, R., Selvaganabathy, N., Kumaravel, S., Ramamurthy, C.H., Sujatha, V., Suresh, K.M., Thirunavukkarasu, C., 2011. Identification, quantification of bioactive constituents, evaluation of antioxidant and in vivo acute toxicity property from the methanol extract of Vernonia cinerea L. leaf extract. Pharma. Biol. 49(12), 1311-1320.
Ramachandra, T.V., Chandran, S.M.D., Joshi, N.V., Sooraj, N.P., Rao, G.R., Vishnu, M., 2012. Ecology of Sacred Kan Forests in Central Western Ghats. Sahyadri Conservation Series, pp. 151-103.
Ramalingam, S., Karupannan, S., Padmanaban, P., Vijayan, S., Sheriff, K., Palani, G., Krishnasamy, K.K., 2018. Anti‑dengue activity of Andrographis paniculate (Burm. f.) extracts and quantification of dengue viral inhibition by SYBR green Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Ayuve. J. 39(2), 87‑91.
Ranji, A., Boris-Lawrie K., 2010. RNA helicases: emerging roles in viral replication and the host innate response. RNA. Biol. 7(6), 775-787. 
Rey, F.A., 2003. Dengue virus envelope glycoprotein structure: new insight into its interactions during viral entry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100(12), 6899-6901.
Rice, C.M., Lenches, E.M., Eddy, S.R., Shin, S.J., Sheets, R.L., Strauss, J.H., 1985. Nucleotide sequence of yellow fever virus: implications for flavivirus gene expression and evolution. Science 229(4715), 726-733.
Rico-Hesse, R., Harrison, L.M., Salas, R.A., Tovar, D., Nisalak, A., Ramos, C., Boshell, J., de Mesa, M.T., Nogueira, R.M., da Rosa, A.T., 1997. Origins of dengue type 2 viruses associated with increased pathogenicity in the Americas. Virology 230(2), 244-251. 
Roschek, BJr., Fink, R.C., McMichael, M.D., Li, D., Alberte, R.S., 2009. Elderberry flavonoids bind to and prevent H1N1 infection in vitro. Phytochemistry 70(10), 1255-1261.
Rosmalena, R., Berna, E., Beti, E., Dewi, F.F., Hidayati, D., Marissa, A., Muhammad, H., Puspa, D., Lotulung, V., Prasasty, D., Dimas, S., 2019. The antiviral effect of Indonesian medicinal plant extracts against dengue virus in vitro and in silico. Pathogens 8(85), 1-11.
Rothan, H.A., Zulqarnain, M., Ammar, Y.A., Tan, E.C., Rahman, N.A., Yusof, R., 2013. Screening of antiviral activities in medicinal plants extracts against dengue virus using dengue NS2B-NS3 protease assay. Trop. Biomed. 31(2), 286-296.
Rouf, A.S.S., Islam, M.S., Rahman, M.T., 2002. Evaluation of antidiarrheal activity of Rumex maritimus root. Ethnopharm. 84(2-3), 307-310.
Rueda, F.D.M.N., 2005. Guava (Psidium guajava L.). Fruit Phytochemicals, Antioxidant Properties, and Overall Quality as Influenced by Postharvest Treatments. University of Florida, MSc Thesis.
Ryu, G.S., Ju, J.H., Park, Y.J., Ryu, S.Y., Choi, B.W., Lee, B.H., 2002. The radical scavenging effects of stilbene glucosides from Polygonum multiflorum (Thunb.). Arch. Pharm. Res. 25(5), 636-639.
Sahpira-Nahor, O., Zakay-Rones, Z., Mumcuoglu, M., 1995. The Effects of Sambucol on HIV Infection in vitro. Ann. Israel. Congress. Microbiol. pp. 6-7.
Salleh, H.M., Chong, S.L., Othman, R., Hazni, H., Ahmad, K., Mohd-Yusof, M.Y.Z., Fauzi, N.W., Wahab, H.A., Liew, S.Y., Awang, K., 2019. Dengue protease inhibition activity of selected Malaysian medicinal herbs. Trop. Biomed. 36(2), 357-366.
Chedea, V.S., Vicaş, S.I., Socaciu, C., Nagaya, T., Ogola, H.J.O., Yokota, K., Nishimura, K., Jisaka, M., 2012. Lipoxygenase-Quercetin Interaction: A Kinetic Study Through Biochemical and Spectroscopy Approaches, Biochemical Testing. IntechOpen, pp. 152-178.
Schul, W., Liu, W., Xu, H.Y., Flamand, M., Vasudevan, S.G., 2007. A dengue fever viremia model in mice shows reduction in viral replication and suppression of the inflammatory response after treatment with antiviral drugs. J. Infect. Dis. 195(5), 665-674.
Senthilkumar, N., Baby, S.T., Lenora, L.M., Divya, G., 2020. Pterocarpus indicus willd: A lesser-known tree species of medicinal importance. Asian J. Res Bot. 3(4), 20-32.
Senthilvel, P., Lavanya, P., Kumar, K.M., Swetha, R., Anitha, P., Anbarasu, A., 2013. Flavonoid from Carica papaya L. inhibits NS2B-NS3 protease and prevents dengue 2 viral assembly. Bioinformation 9(18), 889-895.
Severson, W.E., Dowell, M.M., Ananthan, S., Chung, D.H., Rasmussen, L., Sosa, M.I., White, E.L., Noah, J., Jonsson, C.B., 2008. High-throughput screening of a 100 000-compound library for inhibitors of influenza A virus (H3N2). J. Biomol. Screen. 13(9), 879-887.
Shahat, A.A., Cos, P., De Bruyne, T., Apers, S., Hammouda, F.M., Ismail, S.I., Azzam, S., Claeys, M., Goovaerts, E., Pieters, L., Berghe, D.V., Vlietinck, A.J., 2002. Antiviral and antioxidant activity of flavonoids and proanthocyanidins from Crataegus sinaica (Boiss). Planta Med. 68(6), 539-541. 
Shahine, A.G., 1994. A Handbook of Arabian Medicinal Plants. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, USA, pp. 68-70.
Sharma, A., Shanker, C., Tyagi, L.K., Singh, M., Rao, C.V., 2008. Herbal medicine for market potential in India: An overview. Acad. J. Plant. Sci. 1(2), 26-36.
Shen, Y.C., Chen, C.F., Chiou, W.F., 2002. Andrographolide prevents oxygen radical production by human neutrophils: possible mechanism(s) involved in its anti-inflammatory effect. Brit. J. Pharm. 135(2), 399-406.
Shresta, S., Sharar, K.L., Prigozhin, D.M., Beatty, P.R., Harris, E., 2006. Murine model for dengue virus-induced lethal disease with increased vascular permeability. J. Virol. 80(20), 10208-10217.
Singh, V., Pandey, R.P., 1998. Ethnobotany of Rajasthan. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, pp. 79-82. 
Singhai, A., Juneja, V., Abbas, S., Jha, R.K., 2016. The effect of Carica papaya L. leaves extract capsules on platelets count and hematocrit levels in acute febrile illness with thrombocytopenia patient. Inter. J. Med. Res. Health Sci. 5(1), 254-257.
Sood, R., Raut, R., Tyagi, P., Pareek, P.K., Barman, T.K., Singhal, S., Shirumalla, R.K., Kanoje, V., Subbarayan, R., Rajerethinam, R., Sharma, N., Kanaujia, A., Shukla, G., Gupta, Y.K., Katiyar, C.K., Bhatnagar, P.K., Upadhyay, D.J., Swaminathan, S., Khanna, N., 2015. Cissampelos pareira Linn: natural source of potent antiviral activity against all four dengue virus serotypes. PLoS. Neg. Trop. Dis. 9(12), 1-20.
Sravan, K.R.T., Ramakrishna C., Vaikunta R.L., Kurisetty, V.V., Rathanakar, R.K., Mallikarjuna, R.D., 2015. The isolation, characterization and quantification of gallic acid from the fruit extract of Terminalia chebula (Retz). Int. J. Med. Pharm, Res. 3(2), 983-988.
Tam, D.T., Ngoc, T.V., Tien, N.T., Kieu, N.T., Thuy, T.T., Thanh, L.T.C.,  Tam, C.T., Truong, N.T., Dung, N.T., Qui, P.T., Hien, T.T., Farrar, J.J., Simmons, C.P., Wolbers, M., Wills, B.A., 2012. Effects of short course oral corticosteroid therapy in early dengue infection in Vietnamese patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clin. Infect. Dis. 55(9), 1216-1224.
Tan, B.H., Fu, J., Sugrue, R.J., Yap, E.H., Chan, Y.C., Tan, Y.H., 1996. Recombinant dengue type 1 virus NS5 protein expressed in Escherichia coli exhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity. Virology 216(2), 317-325.
Tan, S.K., Pippen, R., Yusof, R., Ibrahim, H., Khalid, N., Rahman, N.A., 2006a. Inhibitory activity of cylohexenyl chalcone derivatives and favanoids of fingerroot, Boesenbergia rotunda (L.), towards dengue-2 virus NS3 protease. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 16(12), 3337-3340.
Tan, S.K., Pippen, R., Yusof, R., Rahman, N.A., Ibrahim, H. Khalid, D., 2006b. Screening of selected Zingiberaceae L. extracts for dengue-2 virus protease inhibitory activities. Sunw. Acad. J. 3(1), 1-7.
Tang, L.I., Ling, A.P., Koh, R.Y., Chye, S.M., Voon, K.G., 2012. Screening of antidengue activity in methanolic extracts of medicinal plants. BMC. Comp. Altern. Med. 12(1), 3-10.
Tang, W.C., Eisenbrand, G., 1992. Chinese drugs of plant origin, subtitle: Chemistry, pharmacology and use in traditional and modern medicine. Spring. Berl. Heidel. 21(5), 849-854.
Teo, C.S., Chu, J.J., 2014. Cellular vimentin regulates construction of dengue virus replication complexes through interaction with NS4A protein. J. Virol. 88(4), 1897-913. 
Thaipong, K., Boonprakob, U., Cisneros-Zevallos, L., Byrne, D.H., Pathom, N., 2005. Hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant activities of guava fruits. Southeast Asian. J. Trop. Med. Pub. Health. 36(4), 254-247.
Thakur, P., Rana, A.C., 2013. Effect of Cissampelos Pareira L. leaves on anxiety. J. Trad. Comp. Med. 3(3), 188-193.
Thangaraj, K., Natesan, K., Palani, M., Vaiyapuri, M., 2018. Orientin, a flavanoid, mitigates 1, 2 dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal lesions in Wistar rats fed a high-fat diet. Toxicol. Rep. 5(1), 977-987.
THDC (The Himalaya Drug Company) 2020. Tridax procumbens L. http://herbfinder.himalayawellness.in, Retrieved 29th October, 2020.
Thenmozhi, A., Lenora, L.M., Senthilkumar, N., Sri-durgadevi, R., Maleeka-Begum, S.F., 2018. Bioassay directed isolation and characterisation of bioactive compounds from fruit pulp of Annona muricata L. W. J. Eng. Res. Tech. 4(3), 298-308.
Thomas-Eapen, N.E., 2009. Turmeric: the intriguing yellow spice with medicinal properties. Explore 5(2), 114-115.
Thomson, L.A.J., 2006. Pterocarpus indicus (narra) Fabaceae (Legume family). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. pp. 1-17.
Trease, G.E., Evans, W.C., 1983. Pharmacognosy, 13th Ed., Baillière Tindall, London, p. 832.
Tricou, V., Minh, N.N., Van, T.P., Lee, S.J., Farrar, J., Wills, B., Tran, H.H., Simmons, C.P., 2010. A randomized controlled trial of chloroquine for the treatment of dengue in Vietnamese adults. PLoS. Negl. Trop. Dis. 4(8), 1-12.
Uma, D.P., Ganasoundari, A., Rao, B.S., Srinivasan, K.K., 1999. In vivo radioprotection by Ocimum L. flavonoids: survival of mice. Radiat. Res. 151(1), 74-78.
Van-Hoof, L., Totte, J., Corthout, J., Pieters, L.A., Mertens, F., Vanden Berghe, D.A., Vlietinck, A.J., Dommisse, R., Esmans, E., 1989. Plant antiviral agents, vi. isolation of antiviral phenolic glucosides from populus cultivar beaupre by droplet counter-current chromatography. J. Nat. Prod. 52(4), 875-878.
Veberic, R., Jakopic, J., Stampar, F., Schmitzer, V., 2009. European elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) rich in sugars, organic acids, anthocyanins and selected polyphenols. Food. Chem. 114(2), 511-515.
Viveka, M.R., Chandrashekar, K.R., 2016. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Myristica fatua var Magnifica (Beddome) Sinclair. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 9(4), 235-239.
Warrier, P.K., 1995. In: Indian Medicinal Plants. Longman O, Editor. New Delhi: CBS publication. pp. 935-935
Watanabe, S., Rathore, A.P., Sung, C., Lu, F., Khoo, Y.M., Connolly, J., Low, J.,  Ooi, E.E., Lee, H.S., Vasudevan, S.G., 2012. Dose-and schedule-dependent protective efficacy of celgosivir in a lethal mouse model for dengue virus infection informs dosing regimen for a proof-of-concept clinical trial. Antiviral. Res. 96(1), 32-35. 
Welsch, S., Miller, S., 2009. Composition and three-dimensional architecture of the dengue virus replication and assembly sites. Cell. Host. Microbe. 5(4), 365-375.
Whitehorn, J., Yacoub, S., Anders, K.L., Macareo, L.R., Cassetti, M.C., Nguyen-Van, V.C., Shi, P.Y., Wills, B., Simmons, C.P., 2014. Dengue therapeutics, chemoprophylaxis, and allied tools: state of the art and future directions. Rothman AL, Ed. PLoS. Negl. Trop. Dis. 8(8), 1-7.
Whitehorn, J., Nguyen, C.V.V., Khanh, L.P., Kien, D.T.H., Quyen, N.T.H., Tran, N.T.T., Wills, B., 2016. Lovastatin for the treatment of adult patients with dengue: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin. Infect. Dis. 62(4), 468-476.
Wiart, C., Kumar, K., Yusof, M.Y., Hamimah, H., Fauzi, Z.M., Sulaiman, M., 2005. Antiviral properties of ent-labdene diterpenes of Andrographis paniculata Nees, inhibitors of herpes simplex virus type 1. Phytother. Res. 19(12), 1069-1070.
Wibowo, A., Ahmat, N., Hamzah, A.S., Sufian, A.S., Ismail, N.H., Ahmad, R., Takayama, H., 2011. Malaysianol A, a new trimer resveratrol oligomer from the stem bark of Dryobalanops aromatica C.F. Gaertn. Fitoterapia 82(4), 676-681.
Wibowo, A., Ahmat, N., Hamzah, A.S., Ismail, N.H., Ahmad, R., Jaafar, F.M., 2012. Resveratrol oligomers from the stem bark of Dryobalanops aromatica C.F. Gaertn. Biochem. System. Ecol. 40(1), 62-64.
Widowati, W., Wargasetia, T.L., Afifah, E., Mozef, T., Kusuma, H.S.W., Nufus, H., Arumwardana, S., Amalia, A., Rizal, R., 2018. Antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of Curcuma longa L. and its compounds. Asian. J. Agri. Biol. 6(2), 149-161.
Wilder-Smith, A., Ooi, E.E., Horstick, O., Wills, B., 2019. Dengue. The Lancet 393(10169), 350-363.
World Health Organization (WHO)., 2008. Traditional medicine. Fact Sheet. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs134/en/(accessed 09.02.2022)
Wu, X., Gu, L., Prior, R.L., Mckay, S., 2004. Characterization of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in some cultivars of Ribes L., Aronia L., and Sambucus L. and their antioxidant capacity. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 52(26), 7846-7856.
Xie, X., Gayen, S., Kang, C., Yuan, Z., Shi, P.Y., 2013. Membrane topology and function of dengue virus NS2A protein. J. Virol. 87(8), 4609-4622.
Yadav, K.S., Yadav, N.P., Shanker, K., Shiny, C.T., 2013. Antidiabetic potential of Cissampelos pareira L. leaf extract. J. Pharm. Res. 8(6), 874-878.
Yakubu, S.A., Hussin, M.H., Rahim, A.A., Azmi, M.N., Hasnan, M.H.H., Awang, K., 2019. Characterization and phytochemical studies of Dryobalanops aromatica L. bark extract as a green rust converter. J. Corros. Sci. Engr. 22, 1-8.
Yao-Lan, L., Shuang-Cheng, M., Yi-Ting, Y., Shao-Ming, Y., Paul, P.H.B., 2002. Antiviral activities of flavonoids and organic acid from Trollius chinensis Bunge. J. Ethnopharm. 79(3), 365-368.
Yap, T.L., Xu, T., Chen, Y.L., Malet, H., Egloff, M.P., Canard, B., Lescar, J., 2007. Crystal structure of the dengue virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalytic domain at 1.85-angstrom resolution. J. Virol. 81(9), 4753-4765.
Yiu, C.Y., Chen, S.Y., Chang, L.K., Chiu, Y.F., Lin, T.P., 2010. Inhibitory effects of resveratrol on the Epstein-Barr virus lytic cycle. Molecules 15(10), 7115-7124.
Yu, L., Nomaguchi, M., Padmanabhan, R., Markoff, L. 2008. Specific requirements for elements of the 5’ and 3’ terminal regions in flavivirus RNA synthesis and viral replication. Virology 374(1), 170-185.
Yu, Y.B., Miyashiro, H., Nakamura, N., Hattori, M., Park, J.C., 2007. Effects of triterpenoids and flavonoids isolated from Alnus firma (Siebold and Zucc.) on HIV-1 viral enzymes. Arch. Pharm. Res. 30(7), 820-826.
Zafra, S., Stone, T., Yasmin, M., Bagchi, A., Chatterjee, J., Vinson, A., Bagchi, D., 2007. Berries anthocyanins as novel antioxidant in human health and diseases prevention. Mol. Nutri. Food. Res. 51(6), 675-683. 
Zakay, Z., Rones, E., Thom, T., Wollan, J.W., 2004. Randomized study of the efficacy and safety of oral elderberry extract in the treatment of influenza A and B virus infections. J. Int. Med. Res. 32(2), 132-140.
Zandi, K., Teoh, B.T., Sam, S.S., Wong, P.F., Mustafa, M., Abubakar, S., 2011. Antiviral activity of four types of bioflavonoid against dengue virus type-2. J. Virol. 8(1), 560-571.
Zang, N., Xie, X., Deng, Y., Wu, S., Wang, L., Peng, C., Li, S., Ni, K., Luo, Y., Liu, E., 2011. Resveratrol-mediated gamma interferon reduction prevents airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in respiratory syncytial virus-infected immunocompromised mice. J. Virol. 85(24), 13061-13068.
Zhang, L., Li, Y., Gu, Z., Wang, Y., Shi, M., Ji, Y., Sun, J., Xu, X., Zhang, L., Jiang, J., Shi, W., 2015. Resveratrol inhibits enterovirus 71 replication and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in rhabdosarcoma cells through blocking IKKs/NF-kappaB signaling pathway. PLoS One 10(2), 1-13.
Zhou, Y., Ray, D., Zhao, Y., Dong, H., Ren, S., Li, Z., Li, H., 2007. Structure and function of flavivirus NS5 methyltransferase. J. Virol. 81(8), 3891-3903.
Zhu, H.X., Tang, Y.P., Pan, L.M., Min, Z.D., 2008. Studies on bioactive constituents of whole herbs of Vernonia cinerea L. life, Earth. Health. Science. 33(16),1986-1998.