Influence of extraction methods on total phenolic, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of Thymus kotchyanus L. extract in Semnan Province, Iran
الموضوعات :Masumeh Mazandarani 1 , Mohammad Ghafourian 2
1 - Department of Botany, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran
2 - Medical Students of Mazandaran Medical University, Ramsar, Iran
الکلمات المفتاحية: Antioxidant, Phytochemical, Ethnopharmacology, <i>Thymus kotchyanus</i> L,
ملخص المقالة :
Thymus kotchyanus L. is an aromatic plant belonging to Lamiaceae family and has promising traditional uses to treat some rural disorders. This species like other wild species of thyme is an aromatic plant and has been extensively used as an anti-inflammatory, expectorant, spasmolitic, sedative, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and anti-infection agent. The present work concerned with ethnopharmacology as well as the influence of extraction methods on total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoids contents (TFC) and antioxidant activity of of Thymus kotchyanus L. extract in Semnan Province, Iran. In this regard, the aerial parts of plant were collected in the blooming period from Tash Mountain (2120 msl) in September 2015. Then, ethanol extracts of the plant were obtained by maceration and ultrasound‐assisted methods. In addition, TPC and TFC were determined through the standard spectrophotometric methods using the Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl3 approaches, respectively. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated in vitro by the methods basing on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and reducing power (RP) assays. The ultrasonic extract of plant was found to have higher amounts of TFC (81.17±1.07 mgQUE/g) and TPC contents (103.14±2.5 mgGAE/g) accounting for its high potential antioxidant activity (IC50=14.12±0.1 mg/mL) especially using the DPPH method. There was a strong positive correlation between influence of extraction methods on TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity of plant indicating that T. kotchyanus posess remarkable antioxidant activity and can be used potentially as a good source of natural antioxidant activities.
Achour, S., Khelifi, E., Attia, Y., Ferjani, E., Noureddine Hellal, A., 2012. Concentration of antioxidant polyphenols from Thymus capitatus extracts by membrane process technology. J. Food Sci. 77, C703-C709.
Ahmad, A., van Vuuren, S., Viljoen, A. 2014. Unravelling the complex antimicrobial interactions of essential oils--the case of Thymus vulgaris (thyme). Molecules 19, 2896-2910.
Al-Bayati, F.A., 2008. Synergistic antibacterial activity between Thymus vulgaris and Pimpinella anisum essential oils and methanol extracts. J. Ethnopharmacol. 116, 403-406.
Amin, H., 2012. Essential oils composition and antioxidant properties of three Thymus species. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 728065.
Arabshahi-Delouee, S., Uroo, A., 2007.Antioxidant propperties of various solvent extracts of mulberry (Morus indical L.) leaves. Food Chem. 102, 1233-1240.
Barile, E., Bonanomi, G., Antignani, V., Zolfaghari, B., Sajjadi, S.E., Scala, F., Lanzotti, V., 2007. Saponins from Allium minutiflorum with antifungal activity. Phytochemistry 68, 596-603.
Bendif, H., Boudjeniba, M., Miara, M.D., Biqiku, L., Bramucci, M., Lupidi, G., Quassinti, L., Vitali, L.A., Maggi, F., 2017. Essential Oil of Thymus munbyanus subsp coloratus from Algeria: Chemotypification and in vitro Biological Activities. Chem. & Biodivers. 14, In press.
Cerda, A., Martínez, M.E., Soto, C., Poirrier, P., Perez-Correa, J.R., Vergara-Salinas, J.R., Zúñiga, M.E., 2013. The enhancement of antioxidant compounds extracted from Thymus vulgaris using enzymes and the effect of extracting solvent. Food Chem. 139, 138-143.
Eghdami, A., Eizadi, M., Sadeghi, F., 2013. Polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity of hydroalcohlic and alcoholic extract of Thymus vulgaris. J. Biodiv. Environ. Sci. 3(5), 94-101.
Esmaeili, S., Naghibi, F., Mosaddegh, M., Sahranavard, S., Ghafari, S., Abdullah, N.R., 2009.Screening of antiplasmodial properties traditionally used among some Iranian plants. J. Ethnopharmacol. 121(3), 400-404.
Fachini-Queiroz, F.C., Kummer, R., Estevao-Silva, C.F., Carvalho, M.D.d.B., Cunha, J.M., Grespan, R., Bersani-Amado, C.A., Cuman, R.K.N., 2012. Effects of thymol and carvacrol, constituents of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil, on the inflammatory response. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2012, 657026.
Fecka, I., Turek, S., 2008. Determination of polyphenolic compounds in commercial herbal drugs and spices from Lamiaceae: thyme, wild thyme and sweet marjoram by chromatographic techniques. Food Chem. 108, 1039-1053.
Golmakani, M.T., Rezaei, K., 2008, Comparison of microwave-assisted hydrodistillation with the traditional hydrodistillation method in the extraction of essential oils from Thymus vulgaris L. Food Chem. 109, 925-930.
Hashemi-Moghaddam, H., Mohammadhosseini, M., Basiri, M., 2015. Optimization of microwave assisted hydrodistillation on chemical compositions of the essential oils from the aerial parts of Thymus pubescens and comparison with conventional hydrodistllation. J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants 18, 884-893.
Höferl, M., Buchbauer, G., Jirovetz, L., Schmidt, E., Stoyanova, A., Denkova, Z., Slavchev, A., Geissler, M., 2009. Correlation of antimicrobial activities of various essential oils and their main aromatic volatile constituents. J. Essent. Oil Res. 21, 459-463.
Hossain, M.A., Al-Raqmi, K.A., Al-Mijizy, Z.H., Weli, A.M., Al-Riyami, Q. 2013. Study of total phenol, flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of various leaves crude extracts of locally grown Thymus vulgaris. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 9, 705-710.
Koksal, E., Bursal, E., Gulcin, I., Korkmaz, M., Caglayan, C., Goren, A.C., Alwasel, S.H., 2017. Antioxidant activity and polyphenol content of Turkish thyme (Thymus vulgaris) monitored by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Int. J. Food Prop. 20, 514-525.
Mancini, M., Senatore, F., Del Monte, D., De Martino, L., Grulova , D., Scognamiglio , M., Snoussi, M., De Feo, V., 2015. Studies on chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of five Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils. Molecules 20, 12016-12028.
Mazandarani, M., Mirdeilami, S.Z., Pessarakli, M., 2013. Essential oil composition and antibacterial activity of Achillea millefolium L. from different regions in North east of Iran. J. Med. Plants Res. 7(16), 1063-1069.
Mazandarani, M., Zeinali, Z., Ghafourian, M., 2015. Autecology essential oil composition, antibacterial, anti candidacies and ethnopharmacological survey of Ferula gummosa L. as anti infection to treat of vaginal infections in traditional medicine of Razavi Khorasan Province (North East of Iran). Crescent J. Med. Biol. Sci. 2(2), 42-47.
Mohammadhosseini, M., 2016. A Comprehensive Review on New Methods for Processing, Separation and Identification of the Essential Oils. Islamic Azad University of Shahrood Press, Shahrood, Iran.
Nasapon, P., Ampai, P, Maltree, S., Chaiyavat, C., Pimporn, L. 2010. Phenolic content and in vitro inhibitory effects on oxidation and protein glycation of some thahi medicinal plants. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 23(4), 403-408.
Oke, F., Aslim, B., Ozturk, S., Altundag, S. 2009. Essential oil composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Satureja cuneifolia Ten. Food Chem. 112(4), 874-879.
Ordonez, A., Gomez, J.D., Vattuone, M., 2006. Antioxidant activities of Sechium edule (Jacq) Swart extracts. Food Chem. 97, 452-458.
Pourmorad, F., Hosseinimehr, S.J, Shahabimajd, N., 2006. Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of some selected Iranian medicinal plants. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 5(11), 1142-1145.
Russo, M., Suraci, F., Postorino, S., Serra, D., Roccotelli, A., Agosto, G.E., 2013. Essential oil chemical composition and antifungal effects on Sclerotium cepivorum of Thymus capitatus wild populations from Calabria, Southern Italy. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 23, 239-248.
Sadeghi, I., Yousefzadi, M., Behmanesh, M., Sharifi, M., 2013. In vitro cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Satureja intermedia. Iran Red Crescent Med. J. 15(1), 70-74.
Shan, B., Cai, Y.Z., Sun, M., Corke, H., 2005. Antioxidant capacity of 26 spice extracts and characterization of their phenolic constituents. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 53(20), 7749-7759.
Sonboli, A., Fakhari, A., Kanani, M.R., Yousefzadi, M., 2004. Antimicrobial activity, essential oil composition and micromorphology of trichomes of Satureja laxiflora C. Koch. from Iran. Z Naturforsch. C 59(11), 777-781.
Tavakolpour, Y., Moosavi‐Nasab, M., Niakousari, M., Haghighi‐Manesh, S., 2016. Influence of extraction methods on antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of essential oil from Thymus danesis subsp. Lancifolius. Food Sci. Nutr. 4(2), 156-162.
Tepe, B., Daferera, D., Sokmen, A., Sokmen, M., Polissiou, M., 2005. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and various extracts of Salvia tomentosa Miller. (Lamiaceae). Food Chem. 90(3), 333-340.
Tohidi, B., Rahimmalek, M., Arzani, A., 2017. Essential oil composition, total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity of Thymus species collected from different regions of Iran. Food Chem. 220, 153-161.
Vagionas, K., Graikou, K., Ngassapa, O., Runyoro, D., Chinou, I. 2007. Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of three Thymus species growing in Tanzania. Food Chem. 103(2), 319-324.
Vitali, L.A., Dall'Acqua, S., Maggi, F., Martonfi, P., Papa, F., Petrelli, D., Sut, S., Lupidi, G., 2017. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the essential oil from the Carpathian Thymus alternans Klokov. Nat. Prod. Res. 31, 1121-1130.
Youdim, K., Deans, S., Finlayson, H. 2002. The antioxidant properties of thyme (Thymus zygis L.) essential oil: an inhibitor of lipid peroxidation and a free radical scavenger. J. Essent. Oil Res. 14, 210-215.
