مقایسۀ اضطراب اجتماعی و حمایت اجتماعی مادرانِ کودکان با نیازهای خاص و مادرانِ کودکان سالم
الموضوعات :مهناز جدیدی فیقان 1 , سهیلا صفری 2 , سالار فرامرزی 3 , مریم جدیدی فیقان 4 , سمیه جمالی 5
1 - کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه اصفهان
2 - دانشجوی دکترای دانشگاه اصفهان
3 - عضو هیأت علمی دانشگاه اصفهان
4 - دانشجوی دکترای دانشگاه الزهرا
5 - کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه اصفهان
الکلمات المفتاحية: اضطراب اجتماعی, مادران کودکان با نیازهای خاص, حمایت اجتماعی,
ملخص المقالة :
هدف از پژوهش حاضر مقایسه حمایت اجتماعی و اضطراب اجتماعی در مادران کودکان مبتلا به فلج مغزی، سندرم داون، اتیسم و مادران کودکان سالم در سال 1392 در اصفهان بود. روش این مطالعه از نوع علّی مقایسه‌ای بود. نمونه این پژوهش 90نفر از مادران کودکان با نیازهای خاص (30 نفر سندرم داون،30 نفر اتیسم و30 نفر فلج مغزی) و30 نفر از مادران کودکان عادی مدارس ابتدایی شهرستان اصفهان بودکه به‌طور تصادفی انتخاب شدند. برای جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از مقیاس حمایت اجتماعی (نوربک، 1981) و مقیاس هراس اجتماعی (کانر و همکاران، 2000) استفاده شد. نتایج تحلیل واریانس چندمتغیری (مانوا) نشان دادکه بین مادران کودکان با نیازهای خاص و مادران کودکان عادی در اضطراب اجتماعی و حمایت اجتماعی تفاوت معنی‌دار وجود دارد (001/0>P). علاوه بر این، مقایسه گروهها نشان داد که مادرانی که فرزندی اوتیسم دارند بیش از مادرانی که فرزند مبتلا به سندرم داون یا فلج مغزی دارند اصطراب اجتماعی را تجربه می‌کنند (001/0>P). در نهایت، مادران کودکان مبتلا به اتیسم، در مقایسه با سایر مادران مود مطالعه در این پژوهش، بیشترین سطح اضطراب اجتماعی را تجربه می‌کردند (001/0>P).
Alike H., Larsson J. (2006). Health- related quality of life in parents of school-age children with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism. Health Qual Life Outcomes; 4(1): 64-79.
Barlow, J.H., Cullen-Powell, L.A., & Cheshire, A. (2006). Psychological well-being among mothers of children with cerebral palsy. Early Child Development and Care; 176(3&4): 421–428.
Benson, P.R. (2006). The impact of child symptom severity on depressed mood among parents of children with ASD: The mediating role of stress proliferation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 685–695.
Bishop, S.L., Richler, J., Cain, A.C., & Lord, C. (2007). Predictors of perceived negative impact in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 112, 450–461.
Bovier. P.A, Chamot, E. & Pereger, T.V. (2006). Percieved stress, Internal resources and social support asdeterminats of health among young adults. Quality. F Life Research, 13: 161-170.
Cheshire, A., Barlow, J.H., & Powell, T.L.A. (2010). The psychosocial well-being of parents of children with cerebral palsy: a comparison study Disability and Rehabilitation, 32(20): 1673–1677.
Cockerham, W.C. (2008). Medial Sociology. 10th edition. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.
Connor, K., Jonathan, R., Davidson, L., Churchill, E., Sherwood, A., Weisler, R., et al. (2000). Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). Briti J Psychiatr; 176: 379-86.
DeGroot, S., Haisma, J.A., Post, M.W., van Asbeck, FW., van der Woude, L.H. (2009). Investigation of bias due to loss of participants in a Dutch multicentre prospective spinal cord injury cohort study. J Rehabil Med; 41: 382–389.
Diego, M., Liliana, R., Valentina, D., Arrigo, M. )2007). Impairment of quality of life in parents of children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorder. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes; 5(1): 22-41.
Dehle, C., Landers, J.E. (2005). You cant always get what you want but can you get what you need? Personality traits and social support in marriage. Journal of social and clinican psychology. 24(7), 1051-1076.
Dogan, M. (2010). Comparison of Parents of Children with and without Hearing Loss in Terms of Stress, Depression and Trait Anxiety. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education;2(3): 247-252.
Duarte, C.S., Bordin, I.A., Yazigi, L., Mooney, J. (2005). Factors associated with stress in mothers of children with autism. Autism, 9(4), 416- 427.
Eisenhower, A.S., Baker, B.L., Blacher, J. (2005). Preschool children with intellectual disability: Syndrome specificity, behavior problems, and mental well-being. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 657-671.
Ekas, N.V., Whitman, T.L., & Shivers, C. (2009). Religiosity, spirituality, and socioemotional functioning in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 706–719.
Fidler, D.J., Hodapp, R.M. & Dykens, E.M. (2000). Stress in families of young children with Down syndrome, Williams syndrome, and Smith-Magenis syndrome. Early Education and Development 11, 395–406.
Gupta, R.K. & Kaur, H. (2010). Stress among Parents of Children with Intellectual Disability. Asia YPacific Disability Rehabilitation Journal; 21(2): 118-126.
Hassall, R., Rose, J., & McDonald, J. (2005). Parenting stress in mothers of children with an intellectual disability: The effects of parental cognitions in relation to child characteristics and family support. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 405–418.
Herring, S., Gary, J., Taffe, K., Sweeney, D. & Eifeld, S. (2006). Behaviour and emotional problems in toddlers with pervasive developmental delay: associations with parental mental health and family functioning. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 12, 874- 882.
Hodapp, R.M. (2002). Parenting children with mental retardation. In: Handbook of Parenting, 2nd edn. Vol. 1: Children and Parenting (ed. M.H. Bornstein), pp. 355–81. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.
Hodapp, R.M., Ricci, L.A., Ly, R.M. & Fidler, D.J. (2003). The effects of the child with Down syndrome on maternal stress. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 21, 137–51.
Karademas, E. (2007). Positive and negative aspects of wellbeing: Common and specific predictors. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 277-287.
Khamis, V. (2007). Psychological distress among parents of children with mental retardation in the United Arab Emirates. Social Science & Medicine, 64, 850-857.
Landman-Peters, Karlien M.C. (2005). Gender differences in the relation between social support, problems in parent-offspring communication, and depression and anxiety, Social Sciences & Medicine; 60: 2549-59.
Lee, G.K. (2009). Parents of Children with High Functioning Autism: How Well Do They Cope and Adjust?. J Dev Phys Disabil, 21:93–114.
Malekpoor, M., Farahani, H., Aghaei, A., Bahrami, A. (2006). Effect life skill education on decrease stress in mothers of mental retardation and usual childeren. Res Except Child; 20(2): 661-76.
Manuel, J., Naughton, MJ., Balkrishnan, R., Smith, BP., Koman, LA. (2003). Stress and adaptation in mothers of children with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Psychol; 28: 197- 201.
McConkey, R., Truesdale-Kennedy, M., Chang, M., Jarrah, S., & Shukri, R. (2007). The impact on mothers of bringing up a child with intellectual disabilities: A cross-cultural study. International Journal of Nursing Studies (in syndrome, fragile x syndrome, and schizophrenia. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 34, 41-48.
Norbeck, JS. )1984.( The Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser;20:45-57.
Ones, K., Yilmaz, E., Cetinkaya, B. (2005). Assessment of the quality of life of mothers of children with cerebral palsy (primary caregivers). Neurorehabil Neural Repair; 19: 232–237.
Riana, P., Rosenbam, P. (2005). The health and well-being of caregivers of children with cerebral palsy. Pediatrics; 6: 626-645.
Ricci, L.A. & Hodapp, R.M. (2003) Fathers of children with Down’s syndrome versus other types of intellectual disability: perceptions, stress and involvement. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research; 47: 273–84.
Schieve, L.A., Blumberg, S.J., Rice, C., Visser, S.N., Boyle, C. (2007). The relationship between Autism and parenting stress. Pediatrics; 119 (supp 1): 114-21.
Stoneman, Z. (2007). Examining the Down syndrome advantage: mothers and fathers of young children with disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51 (12): 1006- 17.
Tabassum, R., & Mohsin, N. (2013). Depression and anxiety among parevts of children with disabilities: a case study from developing world. International Journal of Environment, Ecology, Family and Urban Studies (IJEEFUS); 3(4): 33-40.
Taylor, C.T., Bomyea, J., & Amir, N. (2010). Attention bias away from positive social information mediates: The link between social anxiety and anxiety vulnerability to a social stressor. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(4), 403-408.
Tuna, T., Unalan, H. (2007). Quality of life of primary caregivers of children with cerebral palsy. Deve Med Child Neurol. 46(9): 647-649.
Uskun, E., & Gundogar, D. (2010). The levels of stress, depression and anxiety of parents of disabled children in Turkey. Disability and Rehabilitation, 32(23): 1917–27.
Utesy, S., Lanier, Y., Williams, O., Bolden, M., & Lee, A. (2006). Moderatore effects of cognitive ability and social support on the relation between race-related stress and quality of life.
van Koppenhagen, C.F., Post, M.W., van der Woude, L.H., de Groot, S., de Witte, L.P., van Asbeck, F.W., et al. (2009). Recovery of life satisfaction in persons with spinal cord injury recovers during inpatient rehabilitation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil; 88: 887–895.
Van leeuwen, M.C., Post, W.M., Van Asbeck, W.F., Vander Woude, H.V., Groot, S., & Lindeman, E. (2010). Social support and life satisfaction in spinal cord injury during and up to one year after inpatient rehabilitation. Journal of psychology, pp. 265-271.
Wang, HY., Jong, YJ. (2004). Parental stress and related factors in parents of children with cerebral palsy. Kaohsiung J Med Sci; 20: 334–340.
Whitman, T.L. (2004). The development of autism: A self-regulatory perspective. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Zembat, R., & Yildiz, D. (2010). A comparison of acceptance and hopelessness levels of disabled preschool children’s mothers. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2: 1457–1461.
