Effect of eight weeks high intensity aerobic exercise on C-reactive protein levels in obese middle-aged men
الموضوعات : Journal of Physical Activity and HormonesFariba Hosseini 1 , Najmeh Abdollahpur 2 , Ehsan Bahrami Abdehgah 3
1 - MS in exercise physiology, The General Education Department of kohgiluyeh and boyer-ahmad Province, Iran
2 - MS in exercise physiology, The General Education Department of kohgiluyeh and boyer-ahmad Province, Iran
3 - MS in exercise physiology, The General Education Department of kohgiluyeh and boyer-ahmad Province, Iran
الکلمات المفتاحية: Inflammation, Obesity, CRP, Aerobic exercise, Cardiovascular heart disease,
ملخص المقالة :
Introduction: C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of chronic systemic inflammation frequently used in cardiovascular disease risk assessment. The aim of this study was to investigate CRP concentrations in middle-aged men after 8 weeks high intensity aerobic exercise. Material & Methods: Twenty two sedentary obese middle-aged men (aged: 46.4 ± 2.3 years and body mass index (BMI): 32.8 ± 2.0 kg/m2; ± SD) volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to training group (n=11) or control group (n=11). The training group performed high intensity aerobic training 3 days a week for 8 weeks at an intensity corresponding to 75-80% individual maximum oxygen consumption for 45 min. Results: The results showed that the body weight, BMI, body fat percent and WHR were decreased and VO2max was increased in the training group compared to the control group (P<0.05). After 8 weeks, the training group resulted in a significant decrease (58.7 %) in the CRP in compared with the control group. Conclusions: The results suggest high intensity aerobic exercise improves body composition and decreases CRP concentrations in obese middle-aged men.
1. Khan M, Joseph F. Adipose tissue and adipokines: the association with and application of adipokines in obesity. Scientifica 2014; 2014: 328592.
2. Northcott JM, Yeganeh A, Taylor CG, Zahradka P, Wigle JT. Adipokines and the cardiovascular system: mechanisms mediating health and disease. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 90: 1029-1059.
3. Smith MM, Minson CT. Obesity and adipokines: effects on sympathetic overactivity. J Physiol. 2012; 590: 1787-1801.
4. Ridker PM. Clinical application of C-reactive protein for cardiovascular disease detection and prevention. Circulation 2003; 107: 363-369.
5. Danesh J, Collins R, Appleby P, Peto R. Association of fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, albumin, or leukocyte count with coronary heart disease. JAMA 1998; 279: 1477-1482.
6. Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Effects of aerobic exercise on C-reactive protein, body composition, and maximum oxygen consumption in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Metabolism 2006; 55: 1500-1507.
7. Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, et al. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39: 1423-1434.
8. Kasapis C, Thompson PD. The effects of physical activity on serum C-reactive protein and inflammatory markers: a systematic review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1563-1569.
9. Fedewa MV, Hathaway ED, Ward-Ritacco CL. Effect of exercise training on C reactive protein: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med 2017; 51: 670-676.
10. Hayashino Y, Jackson JL, Hirata T, Fukumori N, Nakamura F, Fukuhara S, et al. Effects of exercise on C-reactive protein, inflammatory cytokine and adipokine in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Metabolism 2014; 63: 431-440.
11. American Collage of Sport Medicine. Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2005; 57-90.
12. Ford ES. Does exercise reduce inflammation? Physical activity and C-reactive protein among U.S. adults. Epidemiology 2002; 13: 561-568.
13. McLaughlin T, Abbasi F, Lamendola C, Liang L, Reaven G, Schaaf P, et al. Differentiation between obesity and insulin resistance in the association with C-reactive protein. Circulation 2002; 106: 2908-2912.
14. Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CD, Emeis JJ, Coppack SW. C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: a potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19: 972-978.
15. Esposito K, Pontillo A, Di Palo C, Giugliano G, Masella M, Marfella R, et al. Effect of weight loss and lifestyle changes on vascular inflammatory markers in obese women: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 289: 1799-1804.
16. Stefan N, Stumvoll M. Adiponectin-its role in metabolism and beyond. Horm Metab Res 2002; 34: 469-474.
17. Tomaszewski M, Charchar FJ, Przybycin M, Crawford L, Wallace AM, Gosek K, et al. Strikingly low circulating CRP concentrations in ultramarathon runners independent of markers of adiposity: how low can you go? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23: 1640-1644.
18. Shamsuzzaman AS, Winnicki M, Wolk R, Svatikova A, Phillips BG, Davison DE, et al. Independent association between plasma leptin and C-reactive protein in healthy humans. Circulation 2004; 109: 2181-2185.
19. Fried SK, Bunkin DA, Greenberg AS. Omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues of obese subjects release interleukin-6: depot difference and regulation by glucocorticoid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 847-850.
20. Mayer-Davis EJ, D’Agostino R Jr., Karter AJ, Haffner SM, Rewers MJ, Saad M, et al. Intensity and amount of physical activity in relation to insulin sensitivity: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. JAMA 1998; 279: 669-674.
21. Aronson D, Sheikh-Ahmad M, Avizohar O, Kerner A, Sella R, Bartha P, et al. C-Reactive protein is inversely related to physical fitness in middle-aged subjects. Atherosclerosis 2004; 176: 173-179.
22. Gielen S, Adams V, Mobius-Winkler S, Linke A, Erbs S, Yu J, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training in the skeletal muscle of patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42: 861-868.
23. Smith JK, Dykes R, Douglas JE, Krishnaswamy G, Berk S. Long-term exercise and atherogenic activity of blood mononuclear cells in persons at risk of developing ischemic heart disease. JAMA 1999; 281: 1722-1727.
24. Romano M, Sironi M, Toniatti C, Polentarutti N, Fruscella P, Ghezzi P, et al. Role of IL-6 and its soluble receptor in induction of chemokines and leukocyte recruitment. Immunity 1997; 6: 315-325.
25. Adamopoulos S, Parissis J, Kroupis C, Georgiadis M, Karatzas D, Karavolias G, et al. Physical training reduces peripheral markers of inflammation in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 791-797.
26. Taddei S, Galetta F, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Salvetti G, Franzoni F, et al. Physical activity prevents age-related impairment in nitric oxide availability in elderly athletes. Circulation 2000; 101: 2896-2901.
27. Powers SK, Ji LL, Leeuwenburgh C. Exercise training-induced alterations in skeletal muscle antioxidant capacity: a brief review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31: 987-997.
28. Shern-Brewer R, Santanam N, Wetzstein C, White-Welkley J, Parthasarathy S. Exercise and cardiovascular disease: a new perspective. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18: 1181-1187.
29. Witztum JL. Immunological response to oxidized LDL. Atherosclerosis 1997; 131: S9-S11.
30. Berliner JA, Navab M, Fogelman AM, Frank JS, Demer LL, Edwards PA, et al. Atherosclerosis: basic mechanisms. Oxidation, inflammation, and genetics. Circulation 1995; 91: 2488-2496.