Optimum Nitrogen Consumption in Maize at Different Moisture Regime (A Key to Enhance Corn Productivity) and Estimation of Yield Reduction under Nitrogen Limitation Conditions
الموضوعات :
Khoshnaz Payandeh
1
(Department of Soil Science, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.)
الکلمات المفتاحية: Water stress, Nutrition, Growth indices, Fertilizer, crop production,
ملخص المقالة :
Nitrogen (N) is a key constituent of all living cells and is essential for the growth and development of plants. The phenological stages of growth and development are delayed due to nitrogen deficiency. The results of the research have shown that nitrogen deficiency causes a delay in the emergence of leaves. Increasing nitrogen consumption in terms of positive effect on the leaf area index and its durability creates a strong and sufficient physiological source to supply the necessary materials for the growth of vegetative parts such as stems. Nitrogen fertilizer is one of the important agricultural factors that has significant effects on growth indices, so that with the proper use of this fertilizer, a balanced combination of growth indices can be achieved in plant canopy and increase the grain yield. Due to the fact that most of the growth indices are directly or indirectly dependent on the leaf area index, changing this index by changing the amount of nitrogen consumption is one of the most practical ways to increase yield. Several studies have confirmed the positive effect of nitrogen on increasing the grain yield, the number of seeds per ear and the weight of the seeds in different corn hybrids. N fertilizer is the second largest requirement after water in crop production, and N is the most common yield-limiting nutrient deficiency. This element is absorbed by plants from the soil. Therefore, providing enough usable nitrogen in the soil for optimal plant growth is of particular importance. The low N use of the crop indicates that uptake is inefficient or higher than the plant's requirement. The optimal amount of nitrogen consumption depends on various factors such as water supply in the soil, density and the variety used. For example, increasing the water supply in the soil increases the yield of crops in response to nitrogen consumption, especially if the amount of fertilizer consumption is high. In this research, the relationship between the available water of the corn plant and the amount of nitrogen consumption has been investigated in order to achieve solutions to increase the efficiency of input consumption and reduce costs in different humidity conditions with optimal nitrogen consumption.
Anas, M., F. Liao, K. K. Verma, M. A. Sarwar, A. Mahmood. and Z. L. Chen. 2020. Fate of nitrogen in agriculture and environment: agronomic, eco-physiological and molecular approaches to improve nitrogen use efficiency. Biol. Res. 53(1): 1–20.
Antep, S. 1997. Evaluation of some chemical of soil nitrogen available based on 15 nitrogen technique. Communications in Soil Science and Plant analysis. 28: 537- 550.
Brandoua, P. S. and F. E. Below. 1992. Nitrogen supply and reproductive development of maize. Agronomy. Abst. ASA. Madison. WI. 122p.
Burman, R. D., L. I. Painter. and J. R. Patridge. 1962. Irrigation and nitrogen fertilization of field corn in Northwest Wyoming. Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin. 389. University of Wyoming. Laramie.
Connor, D. J., R. S. Loomis. and K. G. Kassman. 2011. Crop Ecology: Productivity and Management in Agricultural systems. Cambridge University Press. 576p.
Doi: 10.1186/s40659-020-00312-4
Dong-liang, Q., H. Tian-tian. and S. Xue. 2020. Effects of nitrogen application rates and irrigation regimes on grain yield and water use efficiency of maize under alternate partial rootzone irrigation. J. Integrative Agri. 19(11): 2792–2806.
Evans, S. A. 1977. The influence of plant density and distribution and applied nitrogen on the growth and yield of winter spring barley. Experimental Husbandry. 33: 120-126.
Hanway, J. J. 1966. How a corn plant develops. Special Report. Iowa Agricultural and Home Economics Experiment Station Bulletin. Iowa State University.
Khajeh Hosseini, M. and A. R. Koocheki. 2012. Modern Agricultue. Mashhad University Jihad Press. 712p.
Lak, Sh. 2013. Evaluation of effective physiological traits on grain yield of corn at different levels of irrigation, nitrogen and plant density. Crop Physiol. J. 5(19): 17-33.
Lak, Sh., A. Naderi, S. A. Siadat, A. Ayenehband. and Gh. Nourmohamadi. 2006. Effects of Water Deficiency Stress on Agrophysiological Traits and Yield of Grain Corn (Zea mays L.) Hybrid SC.704 at Different Nitrogen Levels and Plant Population in Khuzestan Climate Conditions. Ph.D Thesis of Agronomy On Crop Physiology. Islamic Azad University. Science and Research Branch-Ahvaz. (Abstract in English)
Li, G. H., B. Zhao, S. T. Dong, J. W. Zhang, P. Liu. and W. P. Lu. 2020. Controlled-release urea combining with optimal irrigation improved grain yield, nitrogen uptake, and growth of maize. Agricultural Water Management. 227: 105834.
Mahlooji. M., S. Bardehji. and S. Omrani. 2023. Investigation of the effects of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield components and some physiological characteristics of wheat. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. Available Online from 21 July 2023. DOI: 10.22034/SAPS.2021.44393.2630.
Marschner, H. 1995. Functions of mineral nutrients: Micronutrients, in Mineral nutrition of higher plants. 2nd Edition (London: Academic Press). pp: 313–404.
Norwood, C. A. 2000. Water use and yield of limited irrigated and dry land corn. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64: 365-370.
Nourmohamadi, Gh., S. A. Siadat. and A. Kashani. 2010. Cereal. Publications of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. 446p.
Pandey, R. K., J. W. Marienville. and A. Adum. 2000. Deficit irrigation and nitrogen effect on maize in a sahelian environment. I. Grain yield components. Agricultural Water Management. 46: 1-13.
Prasertask, A. and S. Fukai. 1997. Nitrogen availability and water stress interaction on rice growth and yield. Field Crops Res. 52: 249-260.
Ran, H, S. Z. Kang, F. S. Li, L. Tong. and T. S. Du. 2016. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen management on hybrid maize seed production in north-west China. Frontiers of Agricultural Sci. Engineering. 3: 55-64.
Raun, W. R. and G. V. Johnson. 1999. Improving nitrogen use efficiency for cereal production. Agronomy J. 91: 357-363.
Russelle, M. P., E. J. Dierbert, R. D. Hauck, M. Stevanovic. and R. A. Olsen. 1981. Effects of water and nitrogen management on yield and N-deplete fertilizer use efficiency of irrigated corn. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 45: 553-558.
Uhart, S. A. and F. H. Andrade. 1995. Nitrogen deficiency in maize: II. Carbon-nitrogen interaction effects on kernel number and grain yield. Crop Science. 35: 1384-1389.
Wienhold, B. J., T. P. Trooien. and G. A. Reichman. 1995. Yield and nitrogen use efficiency of irrigated corn in the Northern Great Plains. Agron. J. 87: 842-846.
