اثربخشی مداخلات شناختی رفتاری در اضطراب امتحان، سلامت عمومی - و اضطراب کرونا در داوطلبان کنکور

الموضوعات :

روجا کیوانی ¹ , سعید جهانیان ²

1 - کارشناس ارشد، گروه روان شناسی، دانشکده روان شناسی و علوم تربیتی، واحد تهران جنوب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهوران ، ایران. [e-mail]
2 - استادیار گروه روان شناسی، دانشکده روان شناسی و علوم تربیتی، واحد تهران جنوب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایو ران . [e-mail]

تاريخ الإرسال : 09 الأربعاء , شعبان, 1444 تاريخ التأكيد : 09 الأربعاء , شعبان, 1444 تاريخ الإصدار : 19 الأحد , رجب, 1443

الکلمات المفتاحية: اضطراب امتحان, سلامت عمومی, اضطراب کرونا, واژههای کلیدی: مداخلات شناختی رفتاری, - داوطلبان کنکور,

ملخص المقالة :

چکیدههدف این پژوهش اثربخشی مداخلات شناختی رفتاری بر اضطراب امتحان، سلامت عمومی و -اضطراب کرونا در داوطلبان کنکورسال 1401 - 1400 موسسه هیراد در منطقه 3 شهر تهران با بهره گیریاز طر نیمه آزمایشی، پیش آزمون پس آزمون با گروه کنترل به صورت تصادفی در دو گروه -آزمایش) 15 نفر( و کنترل ) 15 نفر(بود. گروه آزمایش به مدت 8 جلسه 90 دقیقه تحت درمان شناختی -رفتاری قرار گرفتند. ابزار پژوهش شامل پرسشنامه های اضطراب امتحان )فریدمن و جاکوب، 1975 ،)سلامت عمومی )گلدبرگ و هیلر، 1979 ( و اضطراب کرونا )علی پور ودیگران، 2020 ( بود. داده ها بااستفاده آزمون تحلیل کوواریانس مکرر با بهره گیری از نرم افزار SPSS تحلیل شد. یافته ها نشان دادمیانگین نمرات اضطراب امتحان، سلامت عمومی و اضطراب کرونا در دو گروه آزمایشی و گواه متفاوتبود و حاکی از اثربخش بودن آموزش مداخلات شناختی رفتاری در کاهش اضطراب امتحان و –اضطراب کرونا و افزایش سلامت عمومی داوطلبان کنکور بود ) 05 / 0 > P .)واژههای کلیدی: مداخلات شناختی رفتاری، اضطراب امتحان، سلامت عمومی، اضطراب کرونا، -داوطلبان کنکور

المصادر:

منابع
ابوالقاسمی، ع. اسدی مقدم، ع. نجاریان، ب. شکرشکن، . ) 1375 (. ساخت و اعتباریابی مقیاسی برای
اضطراب امتحان در دانش آموزان راهنمایی شهر اهواز. مجله علوم تربیتی و روان شناسی دانشگاه
شهید چمران اهواز، 2( 4 ،) 61 - 74 .
امامی، م. ت. و حافظیان، م. ) 2020 (. بررسی روابط بین ادراکات محیطی کلاسی با اضطراب امتحان با
نقش واسط اهداف پیشرفت: یک نظریه علّی. فصلنامه علمی مدیریت بر آموزش سازمان ها، 9( 1 ،)
279 - 308 .
امیری، ب.، قنبری، ه.، بهرام، علی. و آقامحمدیان، . ر. ) 1384 (. مقایسه اثربخشی شیوه گروه درمانی
شناختی رفتاری، آموزش مهارت های مطالعه و روش تلفیقی بر کاهش اضطراب امتحان. فصلنامه -
مطالعات تربیتی و روان شناسی، 6( 2 ،) 55 - 73 .
آقایی، ا.، عابدی، ا. و جمالی باقلعه، س. ) 1389 (. فراتحلیل اثربخشی مداخلات شناختی رفتاری در -
کاهش اضطراب امتحان در ایران. مجله روان پزشکی و روان شناسی بالینی ایران، 18 ( 1 ،) 3 - 12 .
باعزت، ف.، صادقی، م.، ایزدی فرد، ر. و روبن زاده، ش. ) 1391 (. اعتبار و رواسازی آزمون اضطراب
امتحان فریدمن: فرم فارسی. مطالعات روان شناختی، 8( 1 ،) 51 - 66 .
بیانتفر، ف. ) 1398 (. پیش بینی اضطراب بیماری کرونا در میان کادر پزشکی در تهران بر اساس نظریه
پنج عاملی شخصیت. فصلنامه روان شناسی سلامت ایران، 2( 2 ،) 113 - 126 .
راست روشن طبیبی، آ. و محمدی، ع. ) 1398 (. نقش نگرش های ناکارآمد و خودپنداره تحصیلی در
پیش بینی اضطراب امتحان دانش آموزان. روان شناسی مدرسه و آموزشگاه، 8( 4 ،) 77 - 91 .
ژانت، ز. ) 1383 (. ارزیابی و شناخت رفتاردرمانی نوجوانان. ترجمه م. خدایاری فرد و ی. عابدینی. -
تهران: انتشارات رشد )تاریخ انتشار اثر اصلی، 1992 .)
سرمد، ز.، حجازی، ا. و بازرگان، ع، ) 1390 (. روش تحقیق در علوم رفتار . ی انتشارات آگاه.
شارف، ر. ) 1386 (. نظریه های روان درمانی و مشاوره. ترجمه م. فیروزبخت. تهران: خدمات فرهنگی رسا
)تاریخ انتشار اثر اصلی، 1997 .)
شمس اسفندآباد، . ) 1384 (. روان شناسی تفاوت های فرد . ی تهران: انتشارات سمت.
شولتز، د. ) 1381 (. نظریه های شخصی . ت ترجمه ی. کریمی و دیگران. تهران: ارسباران )تاریخ انتشار اثر
اصلی، 1990 .)
شولتز، د. و شولتز، س. ) 1385 (. نظریه های شخصی . ت ترجمه ی. سیدمحمدی. ) 1385 ( تهران: ویرایش
)تاریخ انتشار اثر اصلی، 1998 .)
شیرزاد، م. ) 1395 (. بررسی رابطه تیپ های شخصیتی و کمال گرایی با اضطراب امتحان دانشجویان.
فصلنامه مطالعات روان شناسی و علوم تربیتی، 2( 1 ،) 62 - 71 .
فصلنامه پژوهش های کاربردی در علوم رفتاری/ 79
عزیزی، س. و بشرپور، س. ) 1399 (. نقش نشخوار فکری، تنظیم هیجان و واکنش پذیری به استرس در
پیش بینی اضطراب ویروس کرونا )کوید- 19 ( در پرستاران. فصلنامه مدیریت پرستاری، 9( 3 ،) 8 -
18 .
علی پور، ا.، قدمی، ا.، علیپور، ز. و عبداله زاده، . ) 1398 (. اعتباریابی مقدماتی مقیاس اضطراب بیماری
کرونا ) CDAS ( در نمونه ایرانی. فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی روان شناسی سلامت، - 8( 32 ،) 163 - 175 .
عینی، س.، عبادی، م. و ترابی، ن. ) 1399 (. تدوین نظریه اضطراب کرونا در دانشجویان بر اساس حس
انسجام و تاب آوری، نقش میانجی حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده. مجله فرهنگ مشاوره و روان درمانی،
11 ( 43 ،) 1 - 32 .
کارآموزیان، م.، عسکری زاده، ق. و دره کردی، ع. ) 1394 (. اثربخشی درمان گروهی مدیریت تنیدگی بر
اضطراب دوران بارداری و پارامترهای فیزیولوژیک نوزادان. فصلنامه روان شناسی تحولی:
روان شناسان ایرانی، 11 ( 43 ،) 259 - 272 .
لیهی، ر. ) 1398 (. تکنیک های شناخت درمانی )راهنمای کاربردی برای متخصصین بالینی(. ترجمه .
حمیدپور و ز. اندوز. تهران: ارجمند )تاریخ انتشار اثر اصلی، 2003 .)
م، ع، فرجاد، ) 1388 (. خلاصه کتاب آموزش و پرورش تطبیقی، انتشارات رشد، چاپ ششم ) جلد اول (.
نگهداری، س. و زارع، . ) 1397 (. نقش واسطه ای باورهای فراشناختی در رابطه بین جهت گیری هدف
و اضطراب امتحان دانشجویان. دوفصلنامه راهبردی شناختی یادگیری، 6( 11 ،) 1 - 20 .
Abbaszadeh, M., Alizadeh Aghdam, M., & Kohi, K. (2008). Social-Individual Factors Affecting Academic Motivation in High School Students. Sociological Studies, 1, 43-66.
Ahmed, M. A., Jouhar, R., Ahmed, N., Adnan, S., Aftab, M., Zafar, M. S., & Khurshid, Z. (2020). Fear and practice modifications among dentists to combat novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 2821.
Alimehdi, M., Ehteshamzadeh, P., Naderi, F., Eftekhaesaadi, Z., & Pasha, R. (2016). The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on intolerance of uncertainty and anxiety sensitivity in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Thoughts and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 10(38), 77-86.
Alimehdi, M., Ehteshamzadeh, P., Naderi, F., Eftekharsadi Z., & Pasha, R. A. (2017) Comparative Study of the Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction on Anxiety Sensitivity and Symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies, 7.
Alipour, A., Ghadami, A., Alipour, Z., & Abdollahzadeh, H. (2020). Preliminary validation of the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS) in the Iranian sample. Quarterly Journal of Health Psychology, 8(32), 163-175.
Amiri, T. (1996). Comparison of methods of behavior therapy, cognitive therapy and cognitive-behavior therapy on reducing anxiety (dissertation of Allame Tabatabaei University, Tehran).
Barsky, A. J., & Ahern, D. K. (2004). Cognitive behavior therapy for hypochondriasis: a randomized controlled trial. Jama, 291(12), 1464-1470.
80 / اثربخشی مداخلات شناختی- رفتاری در اضطراب امتحان، سلامت عمومی…
Bhattacharjee, B., & Acharya, T. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic and its effect on mental health in USA–a review with some coping strategies. Psychiatric Quarterly, 91(4), 1135-1145.
Blanchard, E. B., Lackner, J. M., Sanders, K., Krasner, S., Keefer, L., Payne, A., ... & Dulgar-Tulloch, L. (2007). A controlled evaluation of group cognitive therapy in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(4), 633-648.
Bresó, E., Schaufeli, W. B., & Salanova, M. (2011). Can a self-efficacy-based intervention decrease burnout, increase engagement, and enhance performance? A quasi-experimental study. Higher Education, 61(4), 339-355.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen and J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Bruining, H., Bartels, M., Polderman, T. J., & Popma, A. (2021). COVID-19 and child and adolescent psychiatry: an unexpected blessing for part of our population? European child & adolescent psychiatry, 30(7), 1139-1140.
Bursch, B. (2008). Psychological/cognitive behavioral treatment of childhood functional abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 47(5), 706-707.
Butler, A. C., Chapman, J. E., Forman, E. M., & Beck, A. T. (2006). The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(1), 17-31.
Calvo, M. G. (2008). Test anxiety and comprehension efficiency. Psychology in The School, 20, 77-78.
Carey, E., Devine, A., Hill, F., & Szűcs, D. (2017). Differentiating anxiety forms and their role in academic performance from primary to secondary school. PloS one, 12(3), e0174418.
Carter, B., Rees, P., Hale, L., Bhattacharjee, D., & Paradkar, M. S. (2016). Association between portable screen-based media device access or use and sleep outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 170(12), 1202-1208.
Carvalho, J., Ruparelia, V., & Telwala, T. (2018). Procrastination, perfectionism and test anxiety: A perilous triad. Indian J Mental Health, 5, 124-127.
Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. CDC, (2019). How Are Children Different from Adults? Available online. Accessed on 18 December, (2020).
Chaddha, A., Robinson, E. A., Kline-Rogers, E., Alexandris-Souphis, T., & Rubenfire, M. (2016). Mental Health and Cardiovascular Disease. The American journal of medicine, 129(11), 1145–1148.
Chen, F., Zheng, D., Liu, J., Gong, Y., Guan, Z., & Lou, D. (2020). Depression and anxiety among adolescents during COVID-19: A cross-sectional study. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 88, 36–38.
Craig, S. L., Iacono, G., Pascoe, R., & Austin, A. (2021). Adapting clinical skills to telehealth: Applications of affirmative cognitive-behavioral therapy with LGBTQ+ youth. Clinical Social Work Journal, 49(4), 471-483.
Craig, S.L., Austin, A., & Alessi, E.J. (2013). Gay Affirmative Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Sexual Minority Youth: A Clinical Adaptation. Clinical Social Work Journal, 41, 258-266.
D. G. Forgays, T., Sosnowski, &K. Wrzesniewski (Washington, DC: Hemisphere), 23–41.
Desai, M., Pandit, U., Nerurkar, A., Verma, C., & Gandhi, S. (2021). Test anxiety and procrastination in physiotherapy students. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 10.
فصلنامه پژوهش های کاربردی در علوم رفتاری/ 81
Douma, M., Scholten, L., Maurice-Stam, H., & Grootenhuis, M. A. (2018). Online cognitive-behavioral based group interventions for adolescents with chronic illness and parents: study protocol of two multicenter randomized controlled trials. BMC Pediatrics, 18(1), 1-10.
Duan, L., Shao, X., Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Miao, J., Yang, X., & Zhu, G. (2020). An investigation of mental health status of children and adolescents in china during the outbreak of COVID-19. Journal of Affective Disorders, 275, 112-118.
Dubuc, M. M., Aubertin-Leheudre, M., & Karelis, A. D. (2020). Gender differences in academic performance of high school students: The relationship with cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle endurance, and test anxiety. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 11.
Dubuc, M. M., Aubertin-Leheudre, M., & Karelis, A. D. (2020). Gender differences in academic performance of high school students: The relationship with cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle endurance, and test anxiety. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 11.
Ehde, D. M., Dillworth, T. M., & Turner, J. A. (2014). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for individuals with chronic pain: efficacy, innovations, and directions for research. The American psychologist, 69(2), 153–166.
Eizadifard, R. (2010). Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy with problem solving skills training on reduction of test anxiety symptoms. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 4(1), 23-27.
Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7(2), 336–353.
Fardin, M. A. (2020). COVID-19 and anxiety: A review of psychological impacts of infectious disease outbreaks. Archives of clinical infectious diseases, 15(COVID-19).
Fardouly, J., & Vartanian, L. R. (2016). Social media and body image concerns: Current research and future directions. Current Opinion in Psychology, 9, 1-5.
Farsinejad, M., Karami, A., & Asadzadeh, H. (2019). The Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Academic Dysphoria and Test Anxiety in High School Girl Students. Journal of Instruction and Evaluation, 11(44), 119-143.
Foruzande, N., & Delaram, M. (2004). Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on coping skills in student in shahrekord medical university. Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, 5(3)26‑34.
Friedman, I. A., & Bendas-Jacob, O. (1997). Measuring perceived test anxiety in adolescents: A self-report scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 57(6), 1035-1046.
Gaab, J., Blättler, N., Menzi, T., Pabst, B., Stoyer, S., & Ehlert, U. (2003). Randomized controlled evaluation of the effects of cognitive–behavioral stress management on cortisol responses to acute stress in healthy subjects. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28(6), 767-779.
Gavin, B., Lyne, J., & McNicholas, F. (2020). Mental health and the COVID-19 pandemic. Irish journal of psychological medicine, 37(3), 156-158.
Ghadiri, P., Asadzadeh, H., & Dorataj, F. (2010). Investigating the Relationship between Perception of Classroom Environment and Goal Orientation with Mathematics Academic Achievement in Third Grade Female Students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 6(16), 116-137.
Ghiasvand, A. M., Naderi, M., Tafreshi, M. Z., Ahmadi, F., & Hosseini, M. (2017). Relationship between time management skills and anxiety and academic motivation of nursing students in Tehran. Electronic Physician, 9(1), 3678–3684.
82 / اثربخشی مداخلات شناختی- رفتاری در اضطراب امتحان، سلامت عمومی…
Giannopoulou, I., Efstathiou, V., Triantafyllou, G., Korkoliakou, P., & Douzenis, A. (2021). Adding stress to the stressed: Senior high school students’ mental health amidst the COVID-19 nationwide lockdown in Greece. Psychiatry Research, 295, 113560.
Godbey, K. L., & Courage, M. M. (1994). Stress-management program: intervention in nursing student performance anxiety. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 8(3), 190-199.
Greeven, A., Van Balkom, A. J., Visser, S., Merkelbach, J. W., Van Rood, Y. R., Van Dyck, R., ... & Spinhoven, P. (2007). Cognitive behavior therapy and paroxetine in the treatment of hypochondriasis: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(1), 91-99.
Grissom, J. B. (2005). Physical fitness and academic achievement. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online, 8(1), 11‑25.
Grist, R., Croker, A., Denne, M., & Stallard, P. (2019). Technology delivered interventions for depression and anxiety in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 22(2), 147-171.
Grossman, M. (1972). On the concept of health capital and the demand for health. Journal of Political Economy, 80(2), 223–255.
Hedman, E., Axelsson, E., Andersson, E., Lekander, M., & Ljotsson, B. (2016). Exposure-based cognitive–behavioural therapy via the internet and as bibliotherapy for somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder: randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 209(5), 407-413.
Hembree, R. (1988). Correlates, causes, effects, and treatment of test anxiety. Review of Educational Research, 58(1), 47-77.
Hofmann, S. G., & Smits, J. A. (2008). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(4), 621-632.
Hofmann, S. G., Wu, J. Q., & Boettcher, H. (2014). Effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders on quality of life: a meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(3), 375-391.
Holland, G., & Tiggemann, M. (2016). A systematic review of the impact of the use of social networking sites on body image and disordered eating outcomes. Body Image, 17, 100-110.
Jannesari, F., & Pourshams, A. (2013). A review of cognitive behavioral therapy in irritable bowel syndrome. Govaresh, 18(3), 143-148.
Jelvani, R. (2011). Studying the efficacy of the cognitive-behavioral teaching on mentaloptimism and wellbeing. Journal of Science Signatum, 63(2), 2-19.
Jones, E. A., Mitra, A. K., & Bhuiyan, A. R. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on mental health in adolescents: A systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(5), 2470.
Kaya, H., Kaya, N., Palloş, A. Ö., & Küçük, L. (2012). Assessing time-management skills in terms of age, gender, and anxiety levels: A study on nursing and midwifery students in Turkey. Nurse Education in Practice, 12(5), 284-288.
Kazdin, A. E. (2000). Encyclopedia of psychology (Vol. 8, p. 4128). American Psychological Association (Ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Klimek, P., Wilhelm, S., Safren, S. A., & Blashill, A. J. (2020). Cognitive behavioral therapy for body image and self-care (CBT-BISC) among seual minority men living with HIV: Skills-based treatment mediators. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44(1), 208-215.
فصلنامه پژوهش های کاربردی در علوم رفتاری/ 83
Lackner, J. M., Jaccard, J., Krasner, S. S., Katz, L. A., Gudleski, G. D., & Blanchard, E. B. (2007). How does cognitive behavior therapy for irritable bowel syndrome work? A mediational analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Gastroenterology, 133(2), 433-444.
Last, B. F., Stam, H., Onland-van Nieuwenhuizen, A. M., & Grootenhuis, M. A. (2007). Positive effects of a psycho-educational group intervention for children with a chronic disease: first results. Patient Education and Counseling, 65(1), 101-112.
Lazaratou, H., Dikeos, D. G., Anagnostopoulos, D. C., & Soldatos, C. R. (2010). Depressive symptomatology in high school students: the role of age, gender and academic pressure. Community Mental Health Journal, 46(3), 289-295.
Leddy, M. A., Anderson, B. L., & Schulkin, J. (2013). Cognitive-behavioral therapy and decision science. New Ideas in Psychology, 31(3), 173-183.
Lee, M., & Larson, R. (2000). The Korean ‘examination hell’: Long hours of studying, distress, and depression. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(2), 249-271.
Leonidou, C., & Panayiotou, G. (2018). How do illness-anxious individuals process health-threatening information? A systematic review of evidence for the cognitive-behavioral model. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 111, 100-115.
Magson, N. R., Freeman, J. Y., Rapee, R. M., Richardson, C. E., Oar, E. L., & Fardouly, J. (2021). Risk and protective factors for prospective changes in adolescent mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50(1), 44-57.
McCrae, N., Gettings, S., & Purssell, E. (2017). Social media and depressive symptoms in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review. Adolescent Research Review, 2(4), 315-330.
McDonald, A. S. (2001). The prevalence and effects of test anxiety in school children. Educational Psychology, 21(1), 89-101.
McElroy, E., Patalay, P., Moltrecht, B., Shevlin, M., Shum, A., Creswell, C., & Waite, P. (2020). Demographic and health factors associated with pandemic anxiety in the context of COVID‑19. British Journal of Health Psychology, 25(4), 934-944.
Mehrabi, T., Behzadi, S., Sabouri, F., & Alavi, M. (2016). Assessment the effect of the CBT on motivation of the nursing students. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 21(2), 118-123.
Mollanorouzi, H., Issazadegan, A., & Soleymany, E. (2019). The Comparison of Adlerian Treatment and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on Clinical Symptoms in Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 25(6), 865-873.
Moreno, M. A., Christakis, D. A., Egan, K. G., Jelenchick, L. A., Cox, E., Young, H., ... & Becker, T. (2012). A pilot evaluation of associations between displayed depression references on Facebook and self-reported depression using a clinical scale. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 39(3), 295-304.
Moreno, M. A., D’Angelo, J., & Whitehill, J. (2016). Social media and alcohol: Summary of research, intervention ideas and future study directions. Media and Communication, 4(3), 50-59.
Moss-Morris, R., McAlpine, L., Didsbury, L. P., & Spence, M. J. (2010). A randomized controlled trial of a cognitive behavioural therapy-based self-management intervention for irritable bowel syndrome in primary care. Psychological Medicine, 40(1), 85-94.
Narimani, M., Taklavi, S., Abolghasemi, A., & Mikaili, N. (2014). The effectiveness of applied relaxation training based on mindfulness and cognitive-behavioral therapy on anxiety sensitivity of women with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 3(6), 13-22.
84 / اثربخشی مداخلات شناختی- رفتاری در اضطراب امتحان، سلامت عمومی…
Nesi, J., & Prinstein, M. J. (2015). Using social media for social comparison and feedback-seeking: Gender and popularity moderate associations with depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(8), 1427-1438.
Ohrnberger, J., Fichera, E., & Sutton, M. (2017). The dynamics of physical and mental health in the older population. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 9, 52-62.
Oosterhoff, B., Palmer, C. A., Wilson, J., & Shook, N. (2020). Adolescents' motivations to engage in social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic: associations with mental and social health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(2), 179-185.
Oosterhoff, B., Palmer, C. A., Wilson, J., & Shook, N. (2020). Adolescents' motivations to engage in social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic: associations with mental and social health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(2), 179-185.
Pekrun, R. (2019). Expectancy–value theory of anxiety: Overview and implications. Anxiety: Recent developments in cognitive, psychophysiological, and health research, 23-42.
Pekrun, R., Goetz, T., Titz, W., & Perry, R. P. (2002). Academic emotions in students' self-regulated learning and achievement: A program of qualitative and quantitative research. Educational psychologist, 37(2), 91-105.
Pomerantz, E. M., Altermatt, E. R., & Saxon, J. L. (2002). Making the grade but feeling distressed: Gender differences in academic performance and internal distress. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(2), 396-404.
Qi, H., Liu, R., Chen, X., Yuan, X. F., Li, Y. Q., Huang, H. H., Zheng, Y., & Wang, G. (2020). Prevalence of anxiety and associated factors for Chinese adolescents during the COVID-19 outbreak. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74(10), 555–557.
Qi, M., Zhou, S. J., Guo, Z. C., Zhang, L. G., Min, H. J., Li, X. M., & Chen, J. X. (2020). The effect of social support on mental health in Chinese adolescents during the outbreak of COVID-19. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(4), 514-518.
Riehm, K. E., Feder, K. A., Tormohlen, K. N., Crum, R. M., Young, A. S., Green, K. M., ... & Mojtabai, R. (2019). Associations between time spent using social media and internalizing and externalizing problems among US youth. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(12), 1266-1273.
Rimes, K. A., Salkovskis, P. M., Jones, L., & Lucassen, A. M. (2006). Applying a cognitive behavioral model of health anxiety in a cancer genetics service. Health Psychology, 25(2), 171–180.
Ringeisen, T., & Buchwald, P. (2010). Test anxiety and positive and negative emotional states during an examination. Cognition, Brain, Behavior, 14(4), 431–447.
Saisto, T., & Halmesmäki, E. (2003). Fear of childbirth: a neglected dilemma. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 82(3), 201-208.
Savard, J., Ivers, H., Savard, M. H., & Morin, C. M. (2016). Long-term effects of two formats of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia comorbid with breast cancer. Sleep, 39(4), 813-823.
Scholten, L., Willemen, A. M., Grootenhuis, M. A., Maurice-Stam, H., Schuengel, C., & Last, B. F. (2011). A cognitive behavioral based group intervention for children with a chronic illness and their parents: a multicentre randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatrics, 11, 65.
Seipp, B. (1991). Anxiety and academic performance: A meta-analysis of findings. Anxiety Research, 4(1), 27-41.
Seivewright, H., Green, J., Salkovskis, P., Barrett, B., Nur, U., & Tyrer, P. (2008). Cognitive–behavioural therapy for health anxiety in a genitourinary medicine clinic: randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 193(4), 332-337.
فصلنامه پژوهش های کاربردی در علوم رفتاری/ 85
Silverman, W. K., Pina, A. A., & Viswesvaran, C. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37(1), 105-130.
Smits, J. A., Berry, A. C., Tart, C. D., & Powers, M. B. (2008). The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral interventions for reducing anxiety sensitivity: A meta-analytic review. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(9), 1047-1054.
Smits, J. A., Julian, K., Rosenfield, D., & Powers, M. B. (2012). Threat reappraisal as a mediator of symptom change in cognitive-behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders: A systematic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80, 624–635.
Sørensen, P., Birket-Smith, M., Wattar, U., Buemann, I., & Salkovskis, P. (2011). A randomized clinical trial of cognitive behavioural therapy versus short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy versus no intervention for patients with hypochondriasis. Psychological Medicine, 41(2), 431-441.
Spinath, B., Eckert, C., & Steinmayr, R. (2014). Gender differences in school success: What are the roles of students’ intelligence, personality and motivation? Educational Research, 56(2), 230-243.
Steinmayr, R., & Spinath, B. (2008). Sex differences in school achievement: What are the roles of personality and achievement motivation? European Journal of Personality: Published for the European Association of Personality Psychology, 22(3), 185-209.
Steinmayr, R., & Spinath, B. (2009). The importance of motivation as a predictor of school achievement. Learning and Individual Differences, 19(1), 80-90.
Steinmayr, R., Crede, J., McElvany, N., & Wirthwein, L. (2016). Subjective well-being, test anxiety, academic achievement: Testing for reciprocal effects. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 1994.
Stoeber, J., Feast, A. R., & Hayward, J. A. (2009). Self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism: Differential relationships with intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and test anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(5), 423-428.
Sumathipala, A., Siribaddana, S., Abeysingha, M. R. N., De Silva, P., Dewey, M., Prince, M., & Mann, A. H. (2008). Cognitive-behavioural therapy v. structured care for medically unexplained symptoms: randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 193(1), 51-59.
Tang, S., Xiang, M., Cheung, T., & Xiang, Y. T. (2021). Mental health and its correlates among children and adolescents during COVID-19 school closure: The importance of parent-child discussion. Journal of Affective Disorders, 279, 353-360.
Taylor, S. (2004). Understanding and treating health anxiety: A cognitive-behavioral approach. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 11(1), 112-123.
Tee, M. L., Tee, C. A., Anlacan, J. P., Aligam, K. J. G., Reyes, P. W. C., Kuruchittham, V., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 379-391.
Thompson, R. D., Delaney, P., Flores, I., & Szigethy, E. (2011). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for children with comorbid physical illness. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 20(2), 329-348.
Timmerman, I. G., Emmelkamp, P. M., & Sanderman, R. (1998). The effects of a stress-management training program in individuals at risk in the community at large. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(9), 863-875.
Vahia, I. V., Blazer, D. G., Smith, G. S., Karp, J. F., Steffens, D. C., Forester, B. P., ... & Reynolds, C. F. (2020). COVID-19, mental health and aging: A need for new knowledge to bridge science and service. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(7), 695-697.
86 / اثربخشی مداخلات شناختی- رفتاری در اضطراب امتحان، سلامت عمومی…
Watt, M. C., Stewart, S. H., Lefaivre, M. J., & Uman, L. S. (2006). A brief cognitive‑behavioral approach to reducing anxiety sensitivity decreases pain‑related anxiety. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 35(4), 248-256.
WHO. (2020). Rolling updates on coronavirus disease (COVID www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen. Accessed May 23, 2020.
Yaghoobi, A., Mohagheghi, H., & Mottaghian, M. (2013). The role of gender, academic discipline and time management in predicting students’ verbal creativity at Bu-Ali Sina. Journal of Innovation and Creativity in Human Science, 3(1), 39-54.
Yildirim, I., Ergene, T., & Munir, K., (2007). High rates of depressive symptoms among senior high school students preparing for national university entrance examination in Turkey. The International Journal on School Disaffection, 4(2), 35–44.
Zhang, C., Ye, M., Fu, Y., Yang, M., Luo, F., Yuan, J., & Tao, Q. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on teenagers in China. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(6), 747-755.

_||_