Article : A study of the relationship between social factors and youth unemployment of graduates of Islamic Azad universities in the west of Mazandaran province.
Flora Radakbari
1
(
PhD student of Sociology, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
)
Manouchehr Pahlavan
2
(
Department of Sociology, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
)
Ali Asghar Abassi Esfajir
3
(
Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
)
الکلمات المفتاحية: Employment, Unemployment, Islamic Azad Universities, Graduates, Keywords: social factors, west of Mazandaran province,
ملخص المقالة :
Introduction : One of the most important social issues in Iran is the increasing unemployment of university graduates, that exists in most fields, especially the humanities. Method: descriptive. A kind of survey that in order to collect data to measure variables and test hypotheses, a questionnaire consisting of design criteria, validity, reliability was approved by university professors.Findings :Based on the research findings and statistical table, it can be stated that out of the total number of 300 graduates in terms of gender, 40.33% were men and 59.67% were women. And between the ages of 31- 37 years, 28.33% of the highest sample size, 43 years and above 13.33% constitute the lowest sample size.In addition, 71% of the total number of subjects are single and 29% are married in terms of marital status. And the highest ratio means that postgraduate education is 42.33% of the highest sample size and with doctoral education is 17.67% of the lowest sample size. Also, among all subjects, 10.67% in the field of industrial management, the highest volume And 5% have the lowest volume in the field of librarianship and graduation from education have the highest ratio, ie in 2011, 11.67% constitute the largest sample size.Discussion : Friedman test results shows that the most effective social factors for graduate unemployment are the option of "kinship relations in graduate employment" with an average rank of (3.19) percent, the lowest social factors of job security,
Manuscript title : article : A study of the relation ship between social factors and youth unemployment of graduates of Islamic azad universities in the west of Mazandaran province.
Abstract :
Introduction : One of the most important social issues in Iran is the increasing unemployment of university graduates, that exists in most fields, especially the humanities. The purpose of this study is to investigate the social factors of unemployment of graduates of Islamic Azad universities in the west of Mazandaran province. This study has an applied nature.
Method: descriptive. A kind of survey that in order to collect data to measure variables and test hypotheses, a questionnaire consisting of design criteria, validity, reliability was approved by university professors.
Findings :Based on the research findings and statistical table, it can be stated that out of the total number of 300 graduates in terms of gender, 40.33% were men and 59.67% were women. And between the ages of 31- 37 years, 28.33% of the highest sample size, 43 years and above 13.33% constitute the lowest sample size.
In addition, 71% of the total number of subjects are single and 29% are married in terms of marital status. And the highest ratio means that postgraduate education is 42.33% of the highest sample size and with doctoral education is 17.67% of the lowest sample size. Also, among all subjects, 10.67% in the field of industrial management, the highest volume And 5% have the lowest volume in the field of librarianship and graduation from education have the highest ratio, ie in 2011, 11.67% constitute the largest sample size.
According to the graduation in 2019,about 6.67% constitute the lowest sample size. And out of 300 graduates in terms of employment, 9.34% of them are employed in the public sector, 16.67% are employed in the non-governmental sector, 38.33% are unemployed, job seekers.
Discussion : Friedman test results shows that the most effective social factors for graduate unemployment are the option of "kinship relations in graduate employment" with an average rank of (3.19) percent, the lowest social factors of job security, social security, with an average rank of (1.98) percent..
Keywords: social factors, unemployment, employment, graduates, Islamic Azad universities, west of Mazandaran province.
Introduction: Employment is the most basic natural human right, because human beings have to do it in response to their needs (Ahmadpour Dariani and Azizi, 2005, 57). Employment is the rational use of efficient professional forces in specialized jobs and their adaptation to Necessary specialized professional positions, in a way that their proper employment makes it possible to achieve organizational goals (Dehghan, 2002) On the other hand, unemployed refers to people from the active population who have reached the age of economic activity, but in practice they do not engage in economic activity, all people whose employment contracts have expired and are looking for a new job, or people who have just reached the age of employment or have just entered the job market and are not yet employed, as well as people without permanent jobs. Various technical reasons such as lack of equipment and factors of production or technical defect of the workshop and for special economic reasons such as loss of market sales of the institution or lack of profitability of the workshop and in these cases, for an indefinite period or permanently lose their jobs and do not receive wages Unemployed people with an active population make up the unemployed (Sam Aram, 2004).
Definition of Unemployment: From the perspective of Iranian statistics, unemployed in the economy refers to people who are looking for work at the working age (15 to 65 years) but do not find work or a source of income. Children and the elderly are not considered active in the population because they are unable to work. Housewives and students are not considered active in the population if they are not looking for work (Statistics Center of Iran).
The theoretical framework: Using Karl Marx's view of work culture, he states that the Marxist approach is the most important sociological theory that examines the concept of work and the type of attitude towards it, especially work culture in capitalist society. Marx was challenged by the Great Depression of the 1930s and its aftermath, and did not pay equal attention to the various forms of unemployment that were normally distinguishable in the mid-19th century.
From Todaro's point of view, he relates unemployment to the age composition of the population and states that in an economy where the birth and death rates are high, a higher percentage of the total population is in the age group (0-14) than in an economy where the birth and death rates are higher. From the point of view of Max's view of labor, according to his ideas in his book "Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism", Wemir is down to examining the impact of religious beliefs and attitudes on the evolution of work culture in Western society.
The importance of research :The importance of paying attention to the employment of educated youth is such that according to the Fourth Social, Economic and Cultural Development Plan, the government is obliged to pay special attention to the employment of unemployed graduates. Adopt the reform of the country's education system to promote the ability, creativity, skills, innovation, entrepreneurship and create a spirit of learning and research for university graduates. This program obliges the government to provide quantitative and qualitative development of specialized, committed, creative and entrepreneurial human resources. The development of a cross-sectoral document on employment development in reducing unemployment is one of the executive measures of the country's development plan and is of great importance. (Pajhwian, 2014) To achieve such goals, attention to social issues and the impact of social factors on unemployment and employment of graduates is of particular importance.
Research literature: Hossein Nejad (2016) Research entitled "Study of employment status of Yasouj University graduates in the years 2011 to 2014 and related to socio-demographic variables" Comments of 232 graduates in the fields of Persian literature, English literature, sociology and political science in the year 88 92 Findings showed that gender, place of residence, average of total training courses after graduation, apprenticeship and selection rate have no significant relationship with employment status, but field of study, research work, interest in the field of study and day or night study status has a significant relationship with employment.
Baghflaki and Parandin 1990 studied the factors affecting unemployment of students at the Azad University of Kermanshah..
Results : Among the factors of education »managerial, cultural and social, each of which has a significant impact on unemployment, the share of cultural and social factors in the impact on unemployment is higher.
Methodology
The research method is survey, descriptive and based on the purpose and results of the type of applied research, and in terms of implementation is the type of field that has been done in the field of cross-sectional studies. Documentation was performed using a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by professors and specialists in the field of social sciences and sociology and the statistics of the research and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha of 0.831.
Documentation was performed using a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by professors and specialists in the field of social sciences and sociology and the statistics of the research and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha of 0.831.
The statistical population of the study was all graduates of humanities in West Azad University of Mazandaran province, whose number was 22234. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics (frequency tables, graphs, means, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Chi-square test, Friedman test) were used.. Statistical analysis was performed using version 26 of SPSS software.
Findings of Descriptive Statistics: Based on the research findings and statistical table, it can be stated that out of the total number of 300 graduates in terms of gender, 40.33% were men and 59.67% were women, so it can be concluded that the unemployment rate among female graduates was higher than men. He is a graduate, and out of 300 graduates, between the ages of 31 and 37 years, 28.33% are the highest sample size and the age of 43 and above is 13.33% of the lowest sample size. . In addition, of the total number of subjects in terms of marital status, 71% are single and 29% are married. Therefore, it can be concluded that most of the unemployed are single.
Data and with doctoral education 17.67% constitute the lowest sample size.Also, among all the subjects, 10.67% have the highest volume in the field of industrial management and 5% have the lowest volume in the field of librarianship. Out of 300 graduates, the highest proportion, ie the year of graduation in 2010, is 11.67%, the largest sample size. And according to the year 1397 graduation, Of the 300 graduates in terms of employment, 9.34% are employed in the public sector, 16.67% are employed in the non-governmental sector, 38.33% are unemployed and job seekers.
Frequency distribution of bachelor's, master's and doctoral graduates in all fields of humanities of Azad universities in the west of Mazandaran province according to employment status.
Variable quality | Level | Abundance | Frequency percentage | Cumulative frequency percentage |
Employment status | Employed | 70 | 23/23 | 23/23 |
| Employed in the governmental sector | 20 | 6/67 | 30 |
| Working in the non-governmental sector | 50 | 16/67 | 46/47 |
| Unemployed and looking for work | 115 | 38/33 | 85 |
| Studying in higher education | 45 | 15 | 100 |
total |
| 300 | 100 |
|
In terms of employment status, out of 300 graduates in terms of employment status, unemployed and job seekers constitute 38.33% of the largest sample size and in terms of employment status, jobs in the public sector constitute 6.67% of the lowest sample size.
Frequency distribution of bachelor's, master's, and doctoral graduates in all fields of humanities of Azad universities in the west of Mazandaran province according to their expertise in skills.
Variable quality | Level | Abundance | Frequency percentage | Cumulative frequency percentage |
Expertise in skills
| Driving | 76 | 25/33 | 25/33 |
| Art (painting, calligraphy ...) | 49 | 16/33 | 41/66 |
| Computer | 67 | 23/23 | 64 |
| Language | 108 | 36 | 100 |
total |
| 300 | 100 |
|
In terms of expertise in skills, out of 300 graduates, in terms of expertise in driving skills, 25.33% constitute the highest sample size and in terms of expertise in art skills (painting, calligraphy ...) 16.33% constitute the lowest sample size.
Inferential findings : social factors affect youth unemployment.
Calculating the Khi test
Two social factors of unemployment and employment of youth and graduates: the first factor is the role of kinship relations in the employment of graduates, chi-double equal to 235.867, degree of freedom 4, significance level of 0.0005 and the result is also confirmed. The second factor of appropriate job and social security is doubled by 192, degree of freedom 1, the level of significance is 0.0005 and the result is confirmed. And the result is confirmed. The fourth factor is that the scientific information of the graduates should be more than the desired job, 135.500, the degree of freedom is 2, the level of significance is 0.0005 and the result is confirmed.
Table No. (2) Calculating the Khi test
two social factors of youth unemployment and employment
The results of Table 2 Shows that the Khi test of forty-six, forty-seven questions is designed to assess the social factors affecting youth unemployment and employment, it is statistically significant, it means that social factors are effective youth unemployment and employment, as The social hypothesis is confirmed.
Result | Sig | Df | X2 | Question |
Confirmation | 0/0005 | 4 | 235/867 | 46 |
Confirmation | 0/0005 | 1 | 192 | 47 |
Table (3)
The results of Friedman test to examine the average rankings : The results of Friedman test show that in terms of youth and graduates of bachelor, master, doctorate in all fields of humanities in the western universities of Mazandaran province, the most social factors affecting youth unemployment and graduates, the role of kinship It is suitable for youth employment and the least factor of job and social security.
Description | average |
46- Kinship is involved in the employment of young graduates. | 3/19 |
47- Provide adequate job and social security. | 1/98 |
48- Prohibit retirees from re-entering government jobs. | 2/06 |
49- The scientific information of the graduates should be more relevant to the desired job.
| 2/77 |
Unemployment factors |
Economic factors Lack of skill learnhng
Profational factors lndividual factors
Educathonal factors Lack of experience
Discussion and Conclusion : Does the hypothesis of social factors affect unemployment and employment of graduates of Islamic Azad universities?
According to the statistical tables, the scales related to the social factors hypothesis are: 1- The role of kinship relations in the employment of graduates 2- Providing adequate job and social security 3- Prohibition of re-entry of retirees 4 -Increasing the scientific information of graduates about the desired job.
The highest average rank in the first factor is the role of kinship relations in the employment of graduates with 3.19% and the lowest appropriate factor of job and social security with an average rank of 1.98%.
In the component of social factors, the most important social item obtained is the option of "kinship relations play a role in the employment of graduates". Research findings (documentary and survey studies) show that job search through acquaintances and relatives is the most common and successful method. In Iran, having a kinship relationship is an important factor in finding a job. Mostafa Razini, a sociologist and social pathologist, says about the destructive effects of partisanship in society. It is normal for them to achieve their desired action and goal (Razini, Mostafa, 1394).
Given the importance that young graduates attach to this factor, having a kinship relationship in finding a job is an important factor. . Tavali and Jajan Zanj (2010) and Dashang (2011) consider kinship and party existence as important factors in the employment and graduation of graduates. This is the case where there is corruption. Corruption refers to the misuse of power, position, credit, and public resources for personal gain.
. In fact, corruption is due to an imbalance between the processes of gaining political power and citizenship rights. Ralph Darndorf Authority is distributed equally among individuals and groups. The distribution of authority is such that some have authority and command and the rest obey and lack authority.. This means a dual distribution of power. Unequal distribution of power conflicts with the interests of those in power and those without authority.
This is one of the concepts that Dardorf puts forward in relation to power, which means that a person who has power in one environment does not necessarily have the same authority in another environment and may be dominated. The opposite is also true. Graduates are the most important (Aghashahi, 1386). In the field of social barriers to employment, we can mention, kinship relations, retirees re-employment, lack of scientific information of young people and graduates, job insecurity, lack of skills and work experience. Job security means that the organization enables people to be empowered.
In order to be dependent on individuals in terms of professionalism and capability of the organization, individual expertise and capability is also needed in society (Sadat Mir Hosseini, Heidarnejad 1387). Formerly, when it came to job security, formal employment came to mind. But today, when job security is in line with social security, it is considered from a new perspective, and that is attention to job security through employee empowerment. The third factor is the ban on retirees re-entering government jobs. Retirement of the elderly is important because their resignation means providing job opportunities for young people and graduates. In the definition of unemployment, the age group over 60 means the withdrawal of part of the labor force from the labor market and government centers. However, as the available statistics show, most of them have remained in the labor market. According to the available statistics, the high participation rate of the elderly in the society shows the prevailing conditions in Iran, which has forced them to stay in the labor market.
If retired people leave the labor market and activities in time, the problem of youth and graduate unemployment will decrease and this work will not be possible unless the living conditions of retirees change. The results of Bantaj (Saboohi 1381) (Ghorbani 1392) research are similar. The fourth factor is the increase in scientific information of graduates. In the field of education of students' literacy and information. Free colleges, schools and colleges that are able to include teaching materials in textbooks are the largest institution with a large number of audiences and play an important role in teaching courses and the level of literacy and information. Therefore, the first thing that can be done to equip and train literacy and information is to strengthen the faculty members and students who have an effective role in achieving this goal. . And teach students ways of thinking, learning different courses. (Karami, Sajjad Sharifi, Mehdi Genavi, Elmira) Year 24, No. 4. Efforts to promote economic literacy The higher the unemployment rate, the lower the monetary wage increase. That is, there is an exchange between wage inflation and unemployment. The Phillips curve shows that there is an inverse relationship between wage growth rate and unemployment rate or between inflation rate and unemployment rate.
Unemployment will decrease when economic prosperity and aggregate demand increase, and prices and wages will increase, and unemployment will increase during recession and aggregate demand. At the same time, growth in prices and wages will decrease. (Phillips, 1958).
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