The Study of Cell Phone Use and its Relationship with Sleep Quality and Academic Performance of High School Students
Subject Areas : psycologyMohsen Fazlali 1 , Fereshteh Farshidi 2
1 - Psychiatrist, Instructor of Clinical Psychology Department, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
2 - M.A. in Educational Technology, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
Keywords: Cell phone, students, Academic performance, sleep quality,
Abstract :
Nowadays, it seems excessive use of electronic media causes sleep disorders and low academic performance in adolescents. The present study was conducted aimed to investigate the use of cell phone and its relationship with sleep quality and academic performance of second year high school students. This study was a correlation one. The statistical population was all second year high school students studying in 2015 in district one in Sari. The sample was selected 300 subjects using simple random sampling based on Krejcie and Morgan table. The research instrument includes cell phone application test, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality questionnaire and students' average (GPA). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test and independent t-test. The findings showed that a significant relationship was found between the use of cell phone, sleep quality and academic performance of students who have cell phones, in a way that by increasing the use of cell phone among students their sleep disorders are increased and academic performance is reduced.
References:
Aghajanloo, A., Haririan, H., Ghafourifard, M., Bagheri, H., & Ebrahimi, S. M. (2012). Sleep quality of students during final exams in Zanjan University of Medical Sciences. Modern Care, Scientific Quarterly of Birjand Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, 8(4), 230-237. (in Persian).
Anderson, C., & Horne, J. A. (2006). Sleepiness enhances distraction during a monotonous task. Sleep, 29(4), 573-576.
Atadokht, A., Hamidifar, V., & Mohammadi, I. (2014). Over-use and type of mobile phone usere in high school students and its relationship with academic performance and achievement motivation. Journal of School Psychology, 3(2), 253-266. (in Persian).
Bagheri, H., Shahabi, Z., Ebrahimi, H., & Ataeinezhad, F. (2007). The association between quality of sleep and health related quality of life in Nurses. Hayat J, 12(4), 13-20. (in Persian).
Ban, D. J., & Lee, T. J. (2001). Sleep duration, subjective sleep disturbances and associated factors among university students in Korea. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 16(4), 475-480.
Beranuy, M., Oberst, U., Carbonell, X., & Chamarro A. (2009). Problematic internet and mobile phone use and clinical symptoms in college students: The role of emotional intelligence. Computin Hum Behav, 25, 1182-1187.
Bianchi, A., & Phillips, J. G. (2005). Psychological predictors of problem mobile phone use. J Cyberpsychol Behavior, 8, 39-51.
Billieux, J., Van der Linden, M., D’Acremont, M., Ceschi, G., & Zermatten, A. (2007). Does impulsivity relate to the perceived dependence on actual use of the mobile phone? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 21, 527-537.
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., & Monk T. H. (1989). The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. J Psychi Res, 28(2), 193-213.
Carskadon, M. A. (2004). Sleep difficulties in young people. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 158(6), 597-598.
Chan-Chee, C., Bayon, V., Bloch, J., Beck, F., Giordanella, J. P., & Leger, D. (2011). Epidemiology of insomnia in France. Revue d'epidemiologie et de Sante Publique, 59(6), 409-422.
Dibaj Nia, P. (2005). Comparative investigation of self-concept between the freshman and senior students. Research in Medicine, 29(3), 231-234.
Gaffari, F., & Zeighami Mohammadi, S. H. (2011). Frequency of sleepiness in hypertensive women. Scientific Journal of Hamadan Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, 19(1), 5-13.
Genzel, L., Dresler, M., Wehrle, R., Grozinger, M., & Steiger A. (2009). Slow wave sleep and REM sleep awakenings do not affect sleep dependent memory consolidation. Sleep, 32(3), 302-310.
Gulmez, M. (2005). The factors effecting the purchase and use of mobile phones by university students: An implementation in Sivas Cumhuriyet University and Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Erciyes University. Economics and AdministrationFaculty, 24, 37-62.
Heydari Cheroude, M., & Salehi Fadri, J. (2010). Analyzing cell phone use level & causes among students. Khorasan Razavi related Research Project, Khorasan Razavi Educational Department Headquarters. (in Persian).
Ishii, K. (2011). Examining the adverse effects of mobile phone use among Japanese adolescents. Keio Communication Review, 33, 69-83.
Kamibeppu, K., & Sugiura, H. (2005). Impact of the mobile phone on junior high school students’ friends hips in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Cyber Psychology & Behavior, 8(2), 121-130.
Karaaslan, I. A., & Budak, L. (2012). A research on university students using the features of mobile phones and its effects on daily communication. J Yasar Uni, 26, 4548-4571.
Knutson, K. L., Rathouz, P. J., & Yan, L. L. (2006). Stability of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index and the Epworth sleepiness questionnaires over 1 year in early middle-aged adults: The CARDIA study. Sleep, 29(3), 103-110.
Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukopadhyaay, T., & Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological wellbeing? American Psychologist, 53(9), 1017-1031.
Leung, L. (2007). Unwillingness-to-communicate and college students’ motives in SMS mobile messaging. Telematics and Informatics, 24, 115-129.
Matanhelia, P. (2010). Mobile phone use by young adults in India: A case study. The Ph.D. Thesis at the University of Maryland. Retrieved from http://www. experientia.com/blog/phd-mobile-phone-use-by-young-adults-in-india-a-casestudy/
Mesquita, G., & Reimaeo, R. (2010). Quality of sleep among university students: Effects of night time computer and television use. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 68(5), 720-725.
Modarresi, M. R., Faghihini A., J., Akbari, M., & Rashti, A. (2012). The relation between sleep disorders and academic performance in secondary school students. Journal of Isfahan Medical School, 30(206), 1456-1467. (in Persian).
Mousavi Seyyed, A., Khazaee, H., Qanbari, Z., & Abbasi, R. (2014). Relationship between pain level & sleep quality of patients suffering from head ache. Kermanshah Medical Science University Research Journal, 18(10), 579-585. (in Persian).
Owens, J. A., & Dalzell, V. (2005). Use of the 'BEARS' sleep screening tool in a pediatric residents' continuity clinic: A pilot study. Sleep Med, 6(1), 63-69.
Payne, J. D., Stickgold, R., Swanberg, K., & Kensinger, E. A. (2008). Sleep preferentially enhances memory for emotional components of scenes. Psychol Sci, 19(8), 781-788.
Randazzo, A. C., Muehlbach, M. J., Schweitzer, P. K., & Walsh J. K. (1998). Cognitive function following acute sleep restriction in children ages 10-14. Sleep, 21(8), 861-868.
Sadeh, A., Gruber, R., & Raviv, A. (2003). The effects of sleep restriction and extension on school-age children: What a difference an hour makes. Child Dev, 74(2), 444-455.
Sahin, S., Ozdemir, K., Unsal, A., & Temiz, N. (2013). Evaluation of mobile phone addiction level and sleep quality in university students. Pak J Med Sci, 29(4), 913-918.
Sar, A. H., & Isiklar A. (2012). Adaptation of problem mobile phone use scale to Turkish. International Journal of Human Sciences, 2, 264-275.
Smedje, H., Broman, J. E., & Hetta J. (2001). Associations between disturbed sleep and behavioural difficulties in 635 children aged six to eight years: A study based on parents' perceptions. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,10(1), 1-9.
Soleymani, M. A., Masoudi, R., Sadeghi, N., Ghorbani, M., & Hasan Pour, A. (2008). General health and its association with sleep quality in two groups of nurses with and without shift working in educational centers of Iran university of medical sciences (IUMS). J Shahrekord Univers Med Scienc, 10(3), 70-75. (in Persian).
Taheri, S. (2006). The link between short sleep duration and obesity: We should recommend more sleep to prevent obesity. Arch Dis Child, 91(11), 881-884. (in Persian).
Takahashi, M., Fukuda, H., Miki, K., Haratani, T., Kurabayashi, L., & Hisanaga, N. (1999). Work-related problems in 16-h night shift nurses (2): Effects on subjective symptoms, physical activity, heart rate, and sleep. Ind Health, 37(2), 228-236.
Tasdemir, M., Hidiroglu, S., Gurun, H., Ozer, H. D., Cicek, M., Cetinkaya, M. Z., et al. (2012). The knowledge, attitude and behaviours of Marmara University students about the usage of mobile phones. Marmara Medical Journal, 25,18.
Tavalaei, S. A., Asari, S. H., Najafi, M., & Habibi, M. (2004). Study of sleep quality in chemical-warfare-agents exposed veterans. Military Medic, 6(4), 241-248.
Wagner, U., Gais, S., Haider, H., Verleger, R., & Born J. (2004). Sleep inspires insight. Nature, 427(6972), 352-355.
Wolfson, A. R., & Carskadon, M. A. (2003). Understanding adolescents' sleep patterns and school performance: A critical appraisal. Sleep Med Rev, 7(6), 491-506.
Wood, A. W., Loughran, S. P., & Stough C. (2006). Does evening exposure to mobile phone radiation affect subsequent melatonin production? International Journal of Radiation Biology, 82, 69-76.
Yogesh, S., Abha, S. H., & Priyanka S. (2014). Mobile usage and sleep patterns among medical students. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 58(1), 100-103.
Zulkefly, S. N., & Baharudin, R. (2009). Mobile phone use amongst students in a University in Malaysia: Its correlates and relationship to psychological health. European Journal of Scientific, 37(2), 206-218.
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Aghajanloo, A., Haririan, H., Ghafourifard, M., Bagheri, H., & Ebrahimi, S. M. (2012). Sleep quality of students during final exams in Zanjan University of Medical Sciences. Modern Care, Scientific Quarterly of Birjand Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, 8(4), 230-237. (in Persian).
Anderson, C., & Horne, J. A. (2006). Sleepiness enhances distraction during a monotonous task. Sleep, 29(4), 573-576.
Atadokht, A., Hamidifar, V., & Mohammadi, I. (2014). Over-use and type of mobile phone usere in high school students and its relationship with academic performance and achievement motivation. Journal of School Psychology, 3(2), 253-266. (in Persian).
Bagheri, H., Shahabi, Z., Ebrahimi, H., & Ataeinezhad, F. (2007). The association between quality of sleep and health related quality of life in Nurses. Hayat J, 12(4), 13-20. (in Persian).
Ban, D. J., & Lee, T. J. (2001). Sleep duration, subjective sleep disturbances and associated factors among university students in Korea. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 16(4), 475-480.
Beranuy, M., Oberst, U., Carbonell, X., & Chamarro A. (2009). Problematic internet and mobile phone use and clinical symptoms in college students: The role of emotional intelligence. Computin Hum Behav, 25, 1182-1187.
Bianchi, A., & Phillips, J. G. (2005). Psychological predictors of problem mobile phone use. J Cyberpsychol Behavior, 8, 39-51.
Billieux, J., Van der Linden, M., D’Acremont, M., Ceschi, G., & Zermatten, A. (2007). Does impulsivity relate to the perceived dependence on actual use of the mobile phone? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 21, 527-537.
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., & Monk T. H. (1989). The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. J Psychi Res, 28(2), 193-213.
Carskadon, M. A. (2004). Sleep difficulties in young people. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 158(6), 597-598.
Chan-Chee, C., Bayon, V., Bloch, J., Beck, F., Giordanella, J. P., & Leger, D. (2011). Epidemiology of insomnia in France. Revue d'epidemiologie et de Sante Publique, 59(6), 409-422.
Dibaj Nia, P. (2005). Comparative investigation of self-concept between the freshman and senior students. Research in Medicine, 29(3), 231-234.
Gaffari, F., & Zeighami Mohammadi, S. H. (2011). Frequency of sleepiness in hypertensive women. Scientific Journal of Hamadan Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, 19(1), 5-13.
Genzel, L., Dresler, M., Wehrle, R., Grozinger, M., & Steiger A. (2009). Slow wave sleep and REM sleep awakenings do not affect sleep dependent memory consolidation. Sleep, 32(3), 302-310.
Gulmez, M. (2005). The factors effecting the purchase and use of mobile phones by university students: An implementation in Sivas Cumhuriyet University and Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Erciyes University. Economics and AdministrationFaculty, 24, 37-62.
Heydari Cheroude, M., & Salehi Fadri, J. (2010). Analyzing cell phone use level & causes among students. Khorasan Razavi related Research Project, Khorasan Razavi Educational Department Headquarters. (in Persian).
Ishii, K. (2011). Examining the adverse effects of mobile phone use among Japanese adolescents. Keio Communication Review, 33, 69-83.
Kamibeppu, K., & Sugiura, H. (2005). Impact of the mobile phone on junior high school students’ friends hips in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Cyber Psychology & Behavior, 8(2), 121-130.
Karaaslan, I. A., & Budak, L. (2012). A research on university students using the features of mobile phones and its effects on daily communication. J Yasar Uni, 26, 4548-4571.
Knutson, K. L., Rathouz, P. J., & Yan, L. L. (2006). Stability of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index and the Epworth sleepiness questionnaires over 1 year in early middle-aged adults: The CARDIA study. Sleep, 29(3), 103-110.
Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukopadhyaay, T., & Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological wellbeing? American Psychologist, 53(9), 1017-1031.
Leung, L. (2007). Unwillingness-to-communicate and college students’ motives in SMS mobile messaging. Telematics and Informatics, 24, 115-129.
Matanhelia, P. (2010). Mobile phone use by young adults in India: A case study. The Ph.D. Thesis at the University of Maryland. Retrieved from http://www. experientia.com/blog/phd-mobile-phone-use-by-young-adults-in-india-a-casestudy/
Mesquita, G., & Reimaeo, R. (2010). Quality of sleep among university students: Effects of night time computer and television use. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 68(5), 720-725.
Modarresi, M. R., Faghihini A., J., Akbari, M., & Rashti, A. (2012). The relation between sleep disorders and academic performance in secondary school students. Journal of Isfahan Medical School, 30(206), 1456-1467. (in Persian).
Mousavi Seyyed, A., Khazaee, H., Qanbari, Z., & Abbasi, R. (2014). Relationship between pain level & sleep quality of patients suffering from head ache. Kermanshah Medical Science University Research Journal, 18(10), 579-585. (in Persian).
Owens, J. A., & Dalzell, V. (2005). Use of the 'BEARS' sleep screening tool in a pediatric residents' continuity clinic: A pilot study. Sleep Med, 6(1), 63-69.
Payne, J. D., Stickgold, R., Swanberg, K., & Kensinger, E. A. (2008). Sleep preferentially enhances memory for emotional components of scenes. Psychol Sci, 19(8), 781-788.
Randazzo, A. C., Muehlbach, M. J., Schweitzer, P. K., & Walsh J. K. (1998). Cognitive function following acute sleep restriction in children ages 10-14. Sleep, 21(8), 861-868.
Sadeh, A., Gruber, R., & Raviv, A. (2003). The effects of sleep restriction and extension on school-age children: What a difference an hour makes. Child Dev, 74(2), 444-455.
Sahin, S., Ozdemir, K., Unsal, A., & Temiz, N. (2013). Evaluation of mobile phone addiction level and sleep quality in university students. Pak J Med Sci, 29(4), 913-918.
Sar, A. H., & Isiklar A. (2012). Adaptation of problem mobile phone use scale to Turkish. International Journal of Human Sciences, 2, 264-275.
Smedje, H., Broman, J. E., & Hetta J. (2001). Associations between disturbed sleep and behavioural difficulties in 635 children aged six to eight years: A study based on parents' perceptions. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,10(1), 1-9.
Soleymani, M. A., Masoudi, R., Sadeghi, N., Ghorbani, M., & Hasan Pour, A. (2008). General health and its association with sleep quality in two groups of nurses with and without shift working in educational centers of Iran university of medical sciences (IUMS). J Shahrekord Univers Med Scienc, 10(3), 70-75. (in Persian).
Taheri, S. (2006). The link between short sleep duration and obesity: We should recommend more sleep to prevent obesity. Arch Dis Child, 91(11), 881-884. (in Persian).
Takahashi, M., Fukuda, H., Miki, K., Haratani, T., Kurabayashi, L., & Hisanaga, N. (1999). Work-related problems in 16-h night shift nurses (2): Effects on subjective symptoms, physical activity, heart rate, and sleep. Ind Health, 37(2), 228-236.
Tasdemir, M., Hidiroglu, S., Gurun, H., Ozer, H. D., Cicek, M., Cetinkaya, M. Z., et al. (2012). The knowledge, attitude and behaviours of Marmara University students about the usage of mobile phones. Marmara Medical Journal, 25,18.
Tavalaei, S. A., Asari, S. H., Najafi, M., & Habibi, M. (2004). Study of sleep quality in chemical-warfare-agents exposed veterans. Military Medic, 6(4), 241-248.
Wagner, U., Gais, S., Haider, H., Verleger, R., & Born J. (2004). Sleep inspires insight. Nature, 427(6972), 352-355.
Wolfson, A. R., & Carskadon, M. A. (2003). Understanding adolescents' sleep patterns and school performance: A critical appraisal. Sleep Med Rev, 7(6), 491-506.
Wood, A. W., Loughran, S. P., & Stough C. (2006). Does evening exposure to mobile phone radiation affect subsequent melatonin production? International Journal of Radiation Biology, 82, 69-76.
Yogesh, S., Abha, S. H., & Priyanka S. (2014). Mobile usage and sleep patterns among medical students. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 58(1), 100-103.
Zulkefly, S. N., & Baharudin, R. (2009). Mobile phone use amongst students in a University in Malaysia: Its correlates and relationship to psychological health. European Journal of Scientific, 37(2), 206-218.
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