Structural Complexity and Modern patterns in hegemonic war
Subject Areas :
Abomohammad Asgarkhani
1
,
omid asiaban
2
1 - Department of International Relations, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 - Department of International Relations, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Keywords: Russia, China, Structural Complexity, American Hegemony, Challenger Civilizations Networks,
Abstract :
Hegemonic wars have transformed their essence due to systemic changes. The concept of structural complexity has been utilized as a theoretical framework for research to explain the new patterns of hegemonic warfare. Structural complexity includes principles such as emergent properties, nonlinear dynamics, adaptation, downward causality, network diffusion, non-equilibrium order, and self-regulatory mechanism. In the present study, the question was addressed as what the effects of structural complexity are on new patterns of hegemonic warfare in the modern international system. This research method consisted of two steps; in the first step, a theoretical and analytical model of structural complexity based on deductive inference was presented; in the second step, the time series analysis method was used to examine the historical trend of hegemonic wars as experimental data. According to the hypothesis of this research, the situation of structural complexity in the international system has caused profound changes in an important variable such as international order. The intellectual hegemony of the United States with the dimensions of productive, institutional, structural, and compulsory power in the war against the networks of civilization and identity is challenging in Russia, Iran, and China. Hence, hegemonic wars occur in the discourse, military, economic, and technological dimensions.
رضائی جعفری، محسن و آقاحسینی، علیرضا و علی‌حسینی، علی (1395)، گفتمان انقلاب اسلامی ایران و الزامات اشاعه ارزش‌های آن در عصر جهانی شدن بر اساس نظریه گفتمان لاکلا و موفه، فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی سیاست‌گذاری عمومی، دوره ششم، شماره 20، صص 110-85
ضرغامی، برزین و شوشتری، سید محمد جواد و انصاری‌زاده، سلمان (1393)، ژئوپولیتیک شیعه یا هلال شیعه (مبانی، اهداف و رویکردها)، فصلنامۀ پژوهش‌های جغرافیای انسانی، شمارۀ 1، صص: 214-197
فیرحی، داود (1387)، نظام سیاسی و دولت در اسلام. انتشارات سمت
نقیب‌زاده، احمد (1389)، تاریخ دیپلماسی و روابط بین‌الملل. نشر قومس ب- انگلیسی
Adler, E. (2019). World Ordering A Social Theory of Cognitive Evolution. In Cambridge University Press.
Barnett, M., & Duvall, R. (2005). Power in International Politics. International Organization, 59(01), 39–75.
Caliskan, M. (2019). Modern political warfare: Current practices and possible responses.
Chodor, T. (2014). Neoliberal Hegemony and the Pink Tide in Latin America: Breaking Up with TINA?. Springer.
Clowes, E. W. (2016). Russia on the edge: imagined geographies and post-Soviet identity. Cornell University Press.
De Keersmaeker, G. (2016). Polarity, Balance of Power and International Relations Theory: Post-Cold War and the 19th Century Compared. Springer.
Doran, C. F., & Parsons, W. (1980). War and the cycle of relative power. American Political Science Review, 74(4), 947-965.
Franklin & Widdis. (2004). National identity in Russian culture: an introduction. Cambridge University Press.
Friedberg, A. (2017). The Authoritarian Challenge: China, Russia, and the Threat to the Liberal International Order. The Sasakawa Peace Foundation.
Gilpin, R. (1983). War and change in world politics. Cambridge University Press.
Gilpin, R. (1988). The theory of hegemonic war. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18(4), 591–613.
Gunitsky, S. (2013). Complexity and theories of change in international politics. International Theory, 5(1), 35–63.
Gurganus, J., & Rumer, E. (2019). Russia’s Global Ambitions In Perspective. Carnegie Moscow Center, February, 20.
Hafner-Burton, E. M., Kahler, M., & Montgomery, A. H. (2009). Network analysis for international relations. International Organization, 63(3), 559–592.
Harrison, N. E. (2013). Complexity in World Politics: Concepts and Methods of a New Paradigm by Neil E. Harrison. In Political Science Quarterly (Vol. 122).
Herd, G. P. (2010). Great powers and strategic stability in the 21st century: Competing visions of world order.
Holland, J. H. (2014). Complexity: A very short introduction. OUP Oxford.
Hunter, S. (2010). Iran's foreign policy in the post-Soviet era: resisting the new international order. ABC-CLIO.
Huntington, S. P. (1997). The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. 1996. Polish Edition MUZA SA.
Huntington, S. P. (2004). Who are we?: The challenges to America's national identity. Simon and Schuster.
Huntington, Samuel P. (2017). The clash of civilizations? FOREIGN AFFAIRS, 72(3), 32–51.
Jones, C. (2018). China's Challenge to Liberal Norms: The Durability of International Order. Springer.
Knoke, D. (1994). Political networks: the structural perspective (Vol. 4). Cambridge University Press.
Kramer, C. R. (2014). Network-centric Peace: An Application of Network Theory to Violent Conflicts. The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).
Kurth, J. (2009). What are We Fighting For? Western Civilization, American Identity, and US Foreign Policy. Center for the Study of America and the West, Foreign policy research institute, January 2009, 15 p.
Maoz, Z. (2010). Networks of nations: The evolution, structure, and impact of international networks, 1816–2001 (Vol. 32). In Cambridge University Press.
Mazarr, M. J., Heath, T. R., & Cevallos, A. S. (2018). China and the international order. Rand Corporation.
Mazarr, M. J., Priebe, M., Radin, A., & Cevallos, A. S. (2016). Understanding the Current International Order. In Rand.
McCullough, M. F. (2018). A Complexity Theory of Power. Journal on Policy and Complex Systems. Volume, 4(2).
Modelski, G., & Thompson, W. R. (1988). The Long Cycle of World Leadership. In Seapower in Global Politics, 1494–1993(pp. 97-132). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Modelski, G., Thompson, W. R., & Devezas, T. (2008). Globalization as Evolutionary Process: Modeling Global Change. New York: Routledge.
Organski, A. F. (1958). World politics. Knopf.
Parlar Dal, E. M. E. L., & Erşen, E. M. R. E. (2020). Russia in the Changing International System.
Wagner, M. (2016). Social Emergence in International Relations. Palgrave Macmillan.
Wallerstein, I. (1974). The rise and future demise of the world capitalist system: Concepts for comparative analysis. Comparative studies in society and history, 16(4), 387-415.
Waring, P. (2015). The Peloponnesian War.
Yanes, F. J. (1914). A Glance at Latin-American Civilization. The Journal of Race Development, 4, 381–397.
_||_رضائی جعفری، محسن و آقاحسینی، علیرضا و علی‌حسینی، علی (1395)، گفتمان انقلاب اسلامی ایران و الزامات اشاعه ارزش‌های آن در عصر جهانی شدن بر اساس نظریه گفتمان لاکلا و موفه، فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی سیاست‌گذاری عمومی، دوره ششم، شماره 20، صص 110-85
ضرغامی، برزین و شوشتری، سید محمد جواد و انصاری‌زاده، سلمان (1393)، ژئوپولیتیک شیعه یا هلال شیعه (مبانی، اهداف و رویکردها)، فصلنامۀ پژوهش‌های جغرافیای انسانی، شمارۀ 1، صص: 214-197
فیرحی، داود (1387)، نظام سیاسی و دولت در اسلام. انتشارات سمت
نقیب‌زاده، احمد (1389)، تاریخ دیپلماسی و روابط بین‌الملل. نشر قومس ب- انگلیسی
Adler, E. (2019). World Ordering A Social Theory of Cognitive Evolution. In Cambridge University Press.
Barnett, M., & Duvall, R. (2005). Power in International Politics. International Organization, 59(01), 39–75.
Caliskan, M. (2019). Modern political warfare: Current practices and possible responses.
Chodor, T. (2014). Neoliberal Hegemony and the Pink Tide in Latin America: Breaking Up with TINA?. Springer.
Clowes, E. W. (2016). Russia on the edge: imagined geographies and post-Soviet identity. Cornell University Press.
De Keersmaeker, G. (2016). Polarity, Balance of Power and International Relations Theory: Post-Cold War and the 19th Century Compared. Springer.
Doran, C. F., & Parsons, W. (1980). War and the cycle of relative power. American Political Science Review, 74(4), 947-965.
Franklin & Widdis. (2004). National identity in Russian culture: an introduction. Cambridge University Press.
Friedberg, A. (2017). The Authoritarian Challenge: China, Russia, and the Threat to the Liberal International Order. The Sasakawa Peace Foundation.
Gilpin, R. (1983). War and change in world politics. Cambridge University Press.
Gilpin, R. (1988). The theory of hegemonic war. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18(4), 591–613.
Gunitsky, S. (2013). Complexity and theories of change in international politics. International Theory, 5(1), 35–63.
Gurganus, J., & Rumer, E. (2019). Russia’s Global Ambitions In Perspective. Carnegie Moscow Center, February, 20.
Hafner-Burton, E. M., Kahler, M., & Montgomery, A. H. (2009). Network analysis for international relations. International Organization, 63(3), 559–592.
Harrison, N. E. (2013). Complexity in World Politics: Concepts and Methods of a New Paradigm by Neil E. Harrison. In Political Science Quarterly (Vol. 122).
Herd, G. P. (2010). Great powers and strategic stability in the 21st century: Competing visions of world order.
Holland, J. H. (2014). Complexity: A very short introduction. OUP Oxford.
Hunter, S. (2010). Iran's foreign policy in the post-Soviet era: resisting the new international order. ABC-CLIO.
Huntington, S. P. (1997). The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. 1996. Polish Edition MUZA SA.
Huntington, S. P. (2004). Who are we?: The challenges to America's national identity. Simon and Schuster.
Huntington, Samuel P. (2017). The clash of civilizations? FOREIGN AFFAIRS, 72(3), 32–51.
Jones, C. (2018). China's Challenge to Liberal Norms: The Durability of International Order. Springer.
Knoke, D. (1994). Political networks: the structural perspective (Vol. 4). Cambridge University Press.
Kramer, C. R. (2014). Network-centric Peace: An Application of Network Theory to Violent Conflicts. The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).
Kurth, J. (2009). What are We Fighting For? Western Civilization, American Identity, and US Foreign Policy. Center for the Study of America and the West, Foreign policy research institute, January 2009, 15 p.
Maoz, Z. (2010). Networks of nations: The evolution, structure, and impact of international networks, 1816–2001 (Vol. 32). In Cambridge University Press.
Mazarr, M. J., Heath, T. R., & Cevallos, A. S. (2018). China and the international order. Rand Corporation.
Mazarr, M. J., Priebe, M., Radin, A., & Cevallos, A. S. (2016). Understanding the Current International Order. In Rand.
McCullough, M. F. (2018). A Complexity Theory of Power. Journal on Policy and Complex Systems. Volume, 4(2).
Modelski, G., & Thompson, W. R. (1988). The Long Cycle of World Leadership. In Seapower in Global Politics, 1494–1993(pp. 97-132). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Modelski, G., Thompson, W. R., & Devezas, T. (2008). Globalization as Evolutionary Process: Modeling Global Change. New York: Routledge.
Organski, A. F. (1958). World politics. Knopf.
Parlar Dal, E. M. E. L., & Erşen, E. M. R. E. (2020). Russia in the Changing International System.
Wagner, M. (2016). Social Emergence in International Relations. Palgrave Macmillan.
Wallerstein, I. (1974). The rise and future demise of the world capitalist system: Concepts for comparative analysis. Comparative studies in society and history, 16(4), 387-415.
Waring, P. (2015). The Peloponnesian War.
Yanes, F. J. (1914). A Glance at Latin-American Civilization. The Journal of Race Development, 4, 381–397.
