اثر دانه آسیاب شده یا کامل گندم و تریتیکاله بر عملکرد تولیدی، صفات کیفی تخم مرغ، ویژگی های دستگاه گوارش و قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی در بلدرچین‌های ژاپنی تخمگذار

Subject Areas : Camel

ن. بختیاری معز ¹ (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran)
س. میرزایی گودرزی ² (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran)
ع.ا. ساکی ³ (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran)
ا. احمدی ⁴ (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran)

Received: 2019-05-31 Accepted : 2019-10-15 Published : 2020-06-01

Keywords: عملکرد, قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی, بلدرچین تخمگذار, منبع غله, دانه کامل,

Abstract :

این مطالعه به ­منظور بررسی اثر دانه آسیاب­ شده یا کامل گندم و تریتیکاله بر عملکرد تولیدی، صفات کیفی تخم ­مرغ، ویژگی­ های دستگاه گوارش و قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی در بلدرچین ­های ژاپنی تخمگذار انجام شد. مجموعاً تعداد 210 قطعه بلدرچین ژاپنی تخمگذار از سن 18 تا 26 هفتگی در این آزمایش استفاده شد. آزمایش به ­صورت فاکتوریل  1+ 2 × 2 شامل پنج تیمار طراحی شد: 1) جیره شاهد بر اساس ذرت-کنجاله سویا، 2) دو نوع غله (گندم و ترتیکاله)، 3) دو شکل فیزیکی غله (دانه آسیاب­شده و کامل). هر تیمار شامل شش تکرار و هر واحد آزمایشی شامل قفس با هفت پرنده بود. درصد تولید، وزن تخم ­مرغ، توده تخم ­مرغ و ضریب تبدیل خوراک تحت تأثیر منبع غله قرار نگرفتند به استثنای میانگین خوراک مصرفی روزانه که فقط با تغذیه تریتیکاله کاهش یافت (P=0513). میانگین خوراک مصرفی روزانه و درصد تولید در گروه تغذیه­ شده با دانه کامل در مقایسه با گروه دریافت­ کننده دانه آسیاب ­شده بالاتر بود (p < 0.05). رنگ زرده تخم ­مرغ در گروه­ های تغذیه­ شده با گندم و تریتیکاله در مقایسه با گروه شاهد کاهش یافت (p < 0.05). وزن نسبی کبد، پیش معده، لوزالمعده، سنگدان و روده کور تحت تأثیر گروه ­های آزمایشی قرار نگرفت. تغذیه دانه کامل نسبت به شکل آسیاب­ شده باعث افزایش اسیدیته ژژنوم (P=0.0014)، روده کور (p < 0.05) و ویسکوزیته روده باریک (p < 0.001) شد. تغذیه تریتیکاله در مقایسه با گندم باعث کاهش قابلیت هضم ماده خشک (p < 0.01) و انرژی قابل سوخت ­و ­ساز ظاهری تصحیح ­شده براساس نیتروژن (p < 0.05) شد. به ­طور کلی، استفاده از دانه آسیاب ­شده تریتیکاله در جیره بر مصرف خوراک، درصد تولید و قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی اثر منفی داشت ولی تغذیه دانه کامل غلات باعث بهبود عملکرد تولیدی و قابلیت هضم ماده خشک در بلدرچین­ های تخمگذار شد.

References:

Abdel Wahed H.M., Namra M.M.M. and Ragab M.S. (2010). Triticale grains as substitute for yellow corn in laying Japanese quail diets. Egyptian J. Nutr. Feeds. 13, 563-576.

Abdollahi M.R., Ravindran V. and Amerah A.M. (2016). Influence of partial replacement of ground wheat with whole wheat and exogenous enzyme supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and energy utilization in young broilers. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 100, 929-937.

Amerah A.M., Peron A., Zaefarian F. and Ravindran V. (2012). Influence of whole wheat inclusion and a blend of essential oils on the performance, nutrient utilization, digestive tract development and ileal microbiota profile of broiler chickens. British Poult. Sci. 52, 124-132.

Amerah A.M., Ravindran V., Lentle R.G. and Thomas D.G. (2007). Feed particle size: Implications on the digestion and performance of poultry. World's Poult. Sci. J. 63, 439-455.

American Society of Agricultural Engineers. (1995). ASAE Standard: ASAE S319. Method of Determining and Expressing Fineness of Feed Materials by Sieving. Agricultural Engineers Yearbook. St. Joseph, Michigan.

AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. I. 15^th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.

Biggs P. and Parsons C.M. (2009). The effects whole grains on nutrient digestibilities, growth performance, and cecal short chained fatty acid concentrations in young chicks fed ground corn soybean meal diets. Poult. Sci. 88, 1893-1905.

Chizari A. and Hajiheidary M. (2010). The effects of market factors and government policies on maize marketing in Iran. African J. Agric. Res. 5(12), 1351-1359.

Ciftci I., Yenice E. and Eleroglu H. (2003). Use of triticale alone and combination with wheat or maize: Effects of diet type and enzyme supplementation on hen performance, egg quality, organ weights, intestinal viscosity and digestive system characteristics. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 105, 149-161.

Ebrahimi E., Sobhani Rad S. and Zarghi H. (2017). Effect of triticale level and exogenous enzyme in the grower diet on performance, gastrointestinal tract relative weight, jejunal morphology and blood lipids of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix Japonica). J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 19, 569-580.

Engberg R.M., Hedemann M.S. and Jensen B.B. (2002). The inf uence of grinding and pelleting of feed on the microbial composition and activity in the digestive tract of broiler chickens. British Poult. Sci. 44, 569-579.

Engberg R.M., Hedemann M.S., Steenfeldt S. and Jensen B.B. (2004). Influence of whole wheat and xylanase on broiler performance and microbial compositionand activity in the digestive tract. Poult. Sci. 83, 925-938.

Faruk M.U., Bouvarel I., Même N., Rideau N., Roffidal L., Tukur H.M., Bastianelli D., Nys Y. and Lescoat P. (2010). Sequential feeding using whole wheat and a separate protein-mineral concentrate improved feed efficiency in laying hens. Poult. Sci. 89, 785-796.

Frikha M., Safaa H.M., Serrano M.P., Jimenez-Moreno E., Lazaro R. and Mateos G.G. (2011). Influence of the main cereal in the diet and particle size of the cereal on productive performance and digestive traits of brown-egg laying pullets. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 164, 106-115.

Gabriel I., Mallet S., Leconte M., Travel A. and Lalles J.P. (2008). Effects of whole wheat feeding on the development of the digestive tract of broiler chickens. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 142, 144-162.

Garcia M., Lazaro R., Latorre M., Gracia M. and Mateos G.G. (2008). Influence of enzyme supplementation and heat processing of barley on digestive traits and productive performance of broilers. Poult. Sci. 87, 940-948.

Grobas S., Mendez J., Lazaro R., de Blas C. and Mateos G.G. (2001). Influence of source and percentage of fat added to diet on performance and fatty acid composition of egg yolks of two strains of laying hens. Poult. Sci. 80, 1171-1179.

Haugh R.R. (1937). The Haugh unit for measuring egg quality. US Egg Poult. Mag. 43, 522-555.

Jamroz D., Skorupinska J., Orda J., Wiliczkiewicz A. and Klunter A.M. (2001). Use of wheat, barley or triticale in feed for laying hens supplemented with carbohydrases derived from trichoderma longibrachiaturn. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 19, 107-116.

Jozefiak D., Rutkowski A., Jensen B.B. and Engberg R.M. (2007). Effects of dietary inclusion of triticale, rye and wheat and xylanase supplementation and xylanase supplementation on growth performance of broiler chickens and fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 132, 79-93.

Khoramabadi V., Akbari M.R., Khajali F., Noorani H. and Rahmatnejad E. (2014). Influence of xylanase and vitamin A in wheat-based diet on performance, nutrients digestibility, small intestinal morphology and digesta viscosity in broiler chickens. Acta Sci. Anim. Sci. 36, 379-384.

Konca Y. and Beyzi S.B. (2013). Effect of free choice feediong based on emmer, triticale and wheat to Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) on performance, inner organs and intestinal viscosity. Anim. Sci. 56, 113-119.

Mirzaie S., Zaghari M., Aminzadeh S., Shivazad M. and Mateos G.G. (2012). Effects of wheat inclusion and xylanase supplementation of the diet on productive performance, nutrient retention, and endogenous intestinal enzyme activity of laying hens. Poult. Sci. 91, 413-425.

Nir I., Hillel R., Shefet G. and Nitsan Z. (1994). Effect of grain particle size on performance. 2. Grain texture interactions. Poult. Sci. 73, 781-791.

NRC. (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9^th Rev. Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.

Pang Y. and Applegate T. (2007). Effects of dietary copper supplementation and copper source on digesta pH, calcium, zinc, and copper complex size in the gastrointestinal tract of the broiler chicken. Poult. Sci. 86, 531-537.

Preston C.M., McCracken K.J. and McAllister A. (2000). Effect of diet form and enzyme supplementation on growth, efficiency and energy utilisation of wheat-based diets for broilers. British Poult. Sci. 41, 324-331.

Ravindran V., Wu Y.B., Thomas D.G. and Morel P.C.H. (2006). Influence of whole wheat feeding on the development of digestive organs and performance of broiler chickens. Australian J. Agric. Res. 57, 16-21.

Roberts S.A., Xin H., Kerr B.J., Russell J.R. and Bregendahl K. (2007). Effect of dietary fiber and reduced crude protein on nitrogen balance and egg production in laying hens. Poult. Sci. 86, 1716-1725.

SAS Institute. (2004). SAS^®/STAT Software, Release 9.4. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.

Senkoylu N., Samli H.E., Akyurek H., Okur A.A. and Kanter M. (2009). Effects of whole wheat with or without ylanase supplementation on performance of layers and digestive organ development. Italian J. Anim. Sci. 8, 155-163.

Singh Y., Amerah A.M. and Ravindran V. (2014). Whole grain feeding: Methodologies and effects on performance, digestive tract development and nutrient utilization of poultry. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 190, 1-18.

Svihus B. (2011). The gizzard: Function, influence of diet structure and effects on nutrient availability. World's Poult. Sci. J. 67, 207-224.

Svihus B. (2014). Function of the digestive system. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 23, 306-314.

Svihus B., Juvik E., Hetland H. and Krogdahl A. (2004). Causes for improvement in nutritive value of broiler chicken diets with whole wheat instead of ground wheat. British Poult. Sci. 45, 55-60.

Uddin M., Rose S.P., Hiscock T.A. and Bonnet S. (1996). A comparison of the energy availability for chickens of ground and whole grain samples of two wheat varieties. British Poult. Sci. 37, 347-357.

Uni Z., Ganot S. and Sklan D. (1998). Posthatch development of mucosal function in the broiler small intestine. Poult. Sci. 77, 75-82.

Van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B. and Lewis A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3583-3597.

Wu Y.B., Ravindran V., Thomas D.G., Birtles M.J. and Hendriks W.H. (2004a). Influence of method of whole wheat inclusion and xylanase supplementation on the performance, apparent metabolisable energy, digestive tract measurements and gut morphology of broilers. British Poult. Sci. 45, 385-394.

Wu Y.B. and Ravindran V. (2004b). Influence of whole wheat inclusion and xylanase supplementation on the performance, digestive tract measurements and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 116, 129-139.

Zarghi H. and Golian A. (2009). Effect of triticale replacement and enzyme supplementation on performance and blood chemistry of broiler chickes. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 8(7), 1316-1321.