بررسی اثرات وابسته به مقدار اسانس‌های گیاهی مختلف اصلاح‌کننده فلور میکروبی شکمبه بر تجزیه‌پذیری پروتئین با استفاده از روش نوین برون‌ تنی تولید گاز

Subject Areas : Camel

م. دانش مسگران ¹ (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran)
م.ر. نظری ² (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran)
ع.ر. وکیلی ³ (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran)
ج. فلاحتی زو ⁴ (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran)
س. فدایی ⁵ (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran)

Received: 2015-11-12 Accepted : 2016-01-15 Published : 2016-09-01

Keywords: اسانس‌های گیاهی, نیتروژن آمونیاکی, پروتئین خوراک, تجزیه‌پذیری پروتئین,

Abstract :

هدف از انجام این مطالعه بررسی اثرات مقدار مختلف اسانس­های گیاهی آویشن و دارچین بر تجزیه­پذیری شکمبه­ای پروتئین یک جیره کاملاً مخلوط تجاری دارای 16 درصد پروتئین خام با استفاده از روش نوین تولیدگاز بود. تیمارهای آزمایشی عبارت بودند از؛ جیره کاملاً مخلوط بدون اسانس (تیمار شاهد)، شاهد + 25 میکرولیتر اسانس آویشن، شاهد + 50 میکرولیتر اسانس آویبشن، شاهد + 25 میکرولیتر اسانس دارچین و شاهد + 50 میکرولیتر اسانس دارچین. مایع شکمبه مورد استفاده در آزمایش از دو رأس گاو شیرده (دارای وزن 38±640 کیلوگرم) دارای فیستولای شکمبه­ای و قبل از غذا دهی صبحگاهی گرفته شد. حدود 90 میلی­لیتر مایع شکمبه بافری شده به 400 میلی­گرم خوراک و مخلوطی از کربوهیدرات­های سریع التخمیر (شامل مالتوز، زایلوز و نشاسته) با چهار سطح متفاوت (100، 200، 300 و 400 میلی­گرم) در شیشه­های کشت دارای درپیچ مخصوص اضافه شد. هر یک از اسانس­ها در سه حجم متفاوت (صفر، 25 و 50 میکرولیتر به ازای 90 میلی­لیتر مایع شکمبه) استفاده شدند. نمونه فاقد اسانس به عنوان شاهد در نظر گرفته شد. در زمان­های 4، 8، 12، 24 و 30 ساعت پس از شروع کشت، میزان تولید گاز (برحسب میلی­لیتر) و غلظت نیتروژن آمونیاکی (بر حسب میلی­گرم) اندازه­گیری شد و تجزیه­پذیری پروتئین در شرایط برون تنی با استفاده از عرض از مبدأ معادله تابعیت خطی غلظت نیتروژن آمونیاکی (متغیر وابسته) و تولیدگاز (متغیر اصلی) محاسبه شد. هر دو اسانس آویشن و دارچین تجزیه­پذیری پروتئین جیره کاملاً مخلوط تجاری را نسبت به تیمار شاهد به طور معنی­داری کاهش دادند (05/0P<). تجزیه­پذیری پروتئین برای شاهد، تیمار حاوی 50 میکرولیتر اسانس آویشن و تیمار حاوی 50 میکرولیتر اسانس دارچین به ترتیب 56/0، 33/0 و 48/0 بود. مقدار هر یک از بخش­های سریع تجزیه­ شونده و کند تجزیه شونده پروتئین خوراک به طور معنی­داری تحت تأثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی قرار گرفت (05/0P<). همچنین، تجزیه­پذیری مؤثر پروتئین در شکمبه نیز به طور معنی­داری تحت تأثیر اسانس­های گیاهی قرار گرفت (05/0P<). این نتایج نشان دادند که ممکن است بتوان از اسانس­های گیاهی در جهت دست ورزی تجزیه­پذیری پروتئین در شکمبه استفاده کرد.

References:

Agarwal N., Shekhar C., Kumar R., Chaudhary L.C. and Kamra D.N. (2009). Effect of peppermint (Mentha piperita) oil on in vitro methanogenesis and fermentation of feed with buffalo rumen liquor. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 148, 321-327.

Alsaht A.A., Bassiony S.M., Abdel-Rahman G.A. and Shehata S.A. (2014). Effect of cinnamaldehyde thymol mixture on growth performance and some ruminal and blood constituents in growing lambs fed high concentrate diet. Life Sci. J. 11, 240-248.

AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. I. 15P^thP Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.

Bagamboula C.F., Uyttendaele M. and Debevere J. (2004). Inhibitory effect of thyme and basil essential oils, carvacrol, thymol, estragol, linalool and p-cymene towards Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri. Food Microbiol. 21, 33-42.

Bakkali F., Averbeck S., Averbeck D. and Idaomar M. (2008). Biological effects of essential oils: a review. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46, 446-475.

Benchaar C., Calsamiglia S., Chaves A.V., Fraser G.R., Colombatto D., McAllister T.A. and Beauchemin K.A. (2008). A review of plant-derived essential oils in ruminant nutrition and production. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 145, 209-228.

Benchaar C., Petit H.V., Berthiaume R., Ouellet D.R., Chiquette J. and Chouinard P.Y. (2007). Effects of essential oils on digestion, ruminal fermentation, rumen microbial populations, milk production, and milk composition in dairy cows fed alfalfa silage or corn silage. J. Dairy Sci. 90, 886-897.

Bonhomme A. (1990). Rumen ciliates: their metabolism and relationships with bacteria and their hosts. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 30, 203-216.

Burt S. (2004). Essential oils: their antimicrobial properties and potential applications in foods: a review. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 94, 223-253.

Cardozo P., Calsamiglia S., Ferret A. and Kamel C. (2005). Screening for the effects of natural plant extracts at different pH on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation of a high-concentrate diet for beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 83, 2572-2579.

Chang C.T., Chang W.L., Hsu J.C., Shih Y. and Chou S.T. (2013). Chemical composition and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of Cinnamomum cassia essential oil. Bot. Stud. 54, 10-17.

ChaoS.C., Young D.G. and Oberg C.J. (2000). Screening for inhibitory activity of essential oils on selected bacteria fungi and viruses. J. Essent. Oil. Res. 12, 639-649.

Dewhurst R.J., Hepper D. and Webster A.J.F. (1995). Comparison of in sacco and in vitro techniques for estimating the rate and extent of rumen fermentation of a range of dietary ingredients. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 51, 211-229.

Duffield T.F., Rabiee A.R. and Lean I.J. (2008). A meta-analysis of the impact of monensin in lactating dairy cattle. Part 2. Production effects. J. Dairy Sci. 91, 1347-1360.

Falahatizow J., Danesh Mesgaran M., Vakili A.R., Tahmasbi A.M. and Nazari M.R. (2015). The estimation of ruminal protein degradation parameters of various feeds using in vitro modified gas production technique. Iranian J. Vet. Res. 16, 47-52.

Firkins J.L., Yu Z. and Morrison M. (2007). Ruminal nitrogen metabolism: perspectives for integration of microbiology and nutrition for dairy. J. Dairy Sci. 90, 1-16.

Hedqvist H. and Udén P. (2006). Measurement of soluble protein degradation in the rumen. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 126, 1-21.

Jahani-Azizabadi H., Danesh Mesgaran M., Vakili A.R. and Rezayazdi K. (2014). Effect of some plant essential oils on in vitro ruminal methane production and on fermentation characteristics of a mid-forage diet. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 16, 1543-1554.

Jahani-Azizabadi H., Danesh Mesgaran M., Vakili A.R., Rezayazdi K. and Hashemi M. (2011). Effect of various medicinal plant essential oils obtained from semi-arid climate on rumen fermentation characteristics of a high forage diet using in vitro batch culture. African J. Microbiol. Res. 5(27), 4812-4819.

Karlsson L., Hetta M., Udén P. and Martinsson K. (2009). New methodology for estimating rumen protein degradation using the in vitro gas production technique. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 153, 193-202.

Khorrami B., Vakili A.R., Mesgaran M.D. and Klevenhusen F. (2014). Thyme and cinnamon essential oils: potential alternatives for monensin as a rumen modifier in beef production systems. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 200, 8-16.

Koroch A., Ranarivelo L., Behra O., Juliani H.R. and Simon J.E. (2007). Quality attributes of ginger and cinnamon essential oils from Madagascar. ASHS Press, Alexandria, Virginia.

KrishnamoorthyU., Steingass H. and Menke K.H. (1990). The contribution of ammonia, amino acids and short peptides to estimates of protein degradability in vitro. J. Anim. Physiol. A: Anim. Nutr. 63, 135-141.

Lapierre H., Berthiaume R., Raggio G., Thivierge M.C., Doepel L., Pacheco D., Dubreuil P. and Lobley G.E. (2005). The route of absorbed nitrogen into milk protein. Anim. Sci. 80, 11-22.

Lavine M.D. and Arrizabalaga G. (2011). The antibiotic monensin causes cell cycle disruption of Toxoplasma gondii, mediated through the DNA repair enzyme TgMSH-1. Antimicrob. Agents Chemoth. 55(2), 745-755.

Leng R.A. and Nolan J.V. (1984). Symposium: protein nutrition of the lactating dairy cow. Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. J. Dairy Sci. 67, 1027-1089.

Lorenz M.M., Karlsson L., Hetta M. and Uden P. (2011). Recycling of microbial N and estimation of protein degradation by in vitro gas production. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 170, 111-116.

Macheboeuf D., Morgavi D.P., Papon Y., Mousset J.L. and Arturo-Schaan M. (2008). Dose-response effects of essential oils on in vitro fermentation activity of the rumen microbial population. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 145, 335-350.

McIntosh F.M., Williams P., Losa R., Wallace R.J., Beever D.A. and Newbold C.J. (2003). Effects of essential oils on ruminal microorganisms and their protein metabolism. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, 5011-5014.

Menke K.H. and Steingass H. (1988). Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Anim. Res. Dev. 28, 7-25.

Molero R., Ibars M., Calsamiglia S., Ferret A. and Losa R. (2004). Effects of a specific blend of essential oil compounds on dry matter and crude protein degradability in heifers fed diets with different forage to concentrate ratios. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 114, 91-104.

Nanon A., Suksombat W. and Yang W.Z. (2014). Effects of essential oils supplementation on in vitro and in situ feed digestion in beef cattle. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 196, 50-59.

Newbold C.J., McIntosh F.M., Williams P. Losa R. and Wallace R.J. (2004). Effects of a specific blend of essential oil compounds on rumen fermentation. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 114, 105-112.

Ohene-Adjei S., Chaves A.V., McAllister T.A., Benchaar C., Teather R.M. and Forster R.J. (2008). Evidence of increased diversity of methanogenic archaea with plant extract supplementation. Microb. Ecol. 56, 234-242.

Ørskov E.R. and McDonaldI. (1979). The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. J. Agric. Sci. Camb. 92, 499-503.

Paranagama P.A., Wimalasena S., Jayatilake G.S., Jayawardena A.L., Senanayake U.M. and Mubarak A.M. (2001). A composition of essential oil constituents of bark, leaf, root and fruit of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum blum) grown in Sri Lanka. J. Nat. Sci. Found. Sri Lanka. 29, 147-153.

Patra A.K. and Yu Z. (2014). Effects of vanillin, quillaja saponin, and essential oils on in vitro fermentation and protein-degrading microorganisms of the rumen. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 98, 897-905.

Porte A. and Godoy R. (2008). Chemical composition of Thymus vulgaris (thyme) essential oil from the Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil). J. Serbian Chem. Soc. 73(3), 307-310.

Raab L., Cafantaris B., Jilg T. and Menke K.H. (1983). Rumen protein degradation and biosynthesis. 1. A new method for determination of protein degradation in rumen fluid in vitro. Br. J. Nutr. 50, 569-582.

Reichling J., Schnitzler P., Suschke U. and Saller R. (2009). Essential oils of aromatic plants with antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and cytotoxic properties: an overview. Forsch. Komplementmed. 16(2), 79-90.

Rodriguez C.A., Gonzalez J., Alvir M.R., Repetto J.L., Centeno C. and Lamrani F. (2000). Composition of bacteria harvested from the liquid and solid fractions of the rumen of sheep as influenced by intake level. Br. J. Nutr. 84, 369-376.

Russell J.B., Strobel H.J. and Chen G. (1988). Enrichment and isolation of a ruminal bacterium with a very high specific activity of ammonia production. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54, 872-877.

Santos F.A.P., Huber J.T., Theurer C.B., Swingle R.S., Simas J.M., Chen K.H. and Yu P. (1998). Milk yield and composition of lactating cows fed steam-flaked sorghum and graded levels of ruminally degradable protein. J. Dairy Sci. 81, 215-220.

SAS Institute. (2002). SASP^®P/STAT Software, Release 9.1. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.

Shabnum S. and Wagay M.G. (2011). Essential oil composition of Thymus vulgaris and their uses. J. Res. Dev. 11, 83-94.

Talebzadeh R., Alipour D., Saharkhiz M.J., Azarfar A. and Malecky M. (2012). Effect of essential oils of Zataria multiflora on in vitro rumen fermentation, protozoal population, growth and enzyme activity of anaerobic fungus isolated from Mehraban sheep. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 172, 115-124.

Ultee A., Kets E.P.W. and Smid E.J. (1999). Mechanisms of action of carvacrol on the food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65, 4606-4610.

Van de Braak S.A.A.J. and Leijten G.C.J.J. (1999). Essential Oils and Oleoresins: A Survey in the Netherlands and other Major Markets in the European Union. CBI, Centre for the Promotion of Imports from Developing Countries, Rotterdam, Netherlands.

Van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B. and Lewis B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3583-3597.

Varga E., Bardocz A., Belak A., Maraz A., Boros B., Felinger A., Bozormenyi A. and Horvath G. (2015). Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of thyme essential oils and the polyphenolic content of different thymus extracts. Farmacia. 63(3), 357-361.

Vlaeminck B., Fievez V., Demeyer D. and Dewhurst R.J. (2006). Effect of forage : concentrate ratio on fatty acid composition of rumen bacteria isolated from ruminal and duodenal digesta. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 2668-2678.

Wallace R.J., McEwan N.R., McIntosh F.M., Teferedegne B. and Newbold C.J. (2002). Natural products as manipulators of rumen fermentation. Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci. 15, 1458-1468.

Weatherburn M.W. (1967). Phenol-hypochlorite reaction for determination of ammonia. Anal. Chem. 39(8), 971-974.