Study of Psycho-social motivations and influencing the youth sports Cyber Games (Case Study: Yazd University students)
Subject Areas : Social Science Quarterlyمهربان پارسا مهر 1 , سیدپویا رسولی نژاد 2 , هادی میرزاییان مفرد 3
1 - دانشیار گروه جامعه شناسی دانشگاه یزد
2 - کارشناس ارشد جامعه شناسی دانشگاه یزد
3 - دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جامعه شناسی دانشگاه یزد
Keywords: Competitiveness, Violence, young people, cyber-sport games, Social Interaction,
Abstract :
The purpose of this study the psycho-social motivations influencing the youth sports Cyber Games among students of Yazd University that Theoretical framework to explain the problem and determine the benefit and satisfaction of views and replication were used. The study was conducted as a survey and data collection tool was a questionnaire. The survey Yazd University students that the sample size was determined based on a formula Cochran 380. In terms of when the study was conducted in the academic year 1394-1393. The results show that all the independent variables and the dependent variable was positive and significant relationship. According to regression analysis, five variables feel a sense of competitiveness, the formation of identity, violence and social interaction in a total of 31% of the variation of cyber games sports explain.
1- پارسامهر، مهربان و حدت، الهه (1392). بررسی انگیزه‌های مرتبط با انجام بازیهای ورزشی رایانهای در بین دانشجویان دانشگاه یزد، مدیریت ورزشی دانشگاه تهران، شماره 18، پاییز 1392: 5-27.
2- پارسامهر، مهربان و رسولی نژاد، سید پویا (1392). بررسی انگیزه‌های مرتبط با انجام بازیهای مجازی در بین جوانان (مورد مطالعه: دانشجویان تربیت بدنی دانشگاه یزد)، پژوهشنامه جامعه شناسی جوانان دانشگاه مازندران، دوره 2، شماره 3، بهار و تابستان 1392: 52-37.
3- دوران، بهناز (1380). بررسی رابطه بازیهای رایانهای و مهارت‌های اجتماعی نوجوانان، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد روان شناسی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس تهران.
4- دوران، بهناز؛ آزاد فلاح، پرویز؛ فتحی آشتیانی، علی و پورحسین، رضا (1388). بازیهای رایانهای به روایت بازیکنان، فصلنامه انجمن ایرانی مطالعات فرهنگی و ارتباطات، سال پنجم، شماره 17: 224-211.
5- دوران، بهناز؛ آزاد فلاح، پرویز؛ فتحی آشتیانی، علی و پور حسین، رضا (1391). نقشبازیهایکامپیوتری درشکلگیریهویتجوانان، مجلهعلومرفتاری، دوره 6،شماره 4: 306-299.
6- ردفیلد، جیمز (1380). کودکانوخشونتدررسانههایجمعی، ترجمه مهدی شفقتی و رؤیا منجم،تهران: مرکزتحقیقاتبرنامههایصداوسیمایجمهوری اسلامیایران.
7- شریعت، سید وحید (۱۳۸۸). رده بندی سنی بازیهای سایبری از دیدگاه روان‌شناختی: مطالعه به روش دلفی، تازه‌های علوم شناختی، سال ۱۱، شماره ۲: 1۸-۸.
8- عبدالخالقی، معصومه؛ دواچی، اقدس؛ صحبائی، فائزه و محمودی، محمود (1382). بررسیارتباطبازیهایویدئوئی- رایانهایبا پرخاشگریدردانشآموزان پسرمقطعراهنماییتهرانسال 1382، مجلهعلومپزشکیدانشگاهآزاداسلامی، شماره 3: 145 -141.
9- فرجی، جمشید؛ علیپور، احمد؛ ملایی، عینالله؛ بیانی، علیاصغر و میررضایی، سید علی(1381). اثر بازیهای رایانهای بر فعالیت‌های ذهنی و شاخص‌های ایمنی شناختی کودکان، مجله روانشناسی، شماره 23: 243 -۲27.
10- فرقانی، محمدمهدی و علیزاده، عبدالرحمن (1387). بررسی میزان استفاده جوانان از بازیهای رایانهای و عوامل موثر بر آن، فصلنامه علوم اجتماعی، شماره 38 و 39: 30-1.
11- قربانی، سعید؛ محمدزاده، حسن و ترتیبیان، بختیار (1386). تأثیر بازیهای رایانهای بر برانگیختگی نوجوانان پسر، فصلنامه حرکت، شماره 24، صص 208-199.
12- قطریفی، مریم؛ رشید، خسرو و دلاور، علی (1385). بررسی تاثیر بازیهای رایانهای بر سلامت روانی و عملکرد تحصیلی دانش آموزان دختر و پسر مقطع راهنمایی شهر تهران، فصلنامه روان شناسی و علوم تربیتی، شماره 3 : 18-1.
13- کوثری، مسعود و شاقاسمی، احسان (1388). تعاملی بودن در بازی رایانهای فراخوانی به خدمت، فصلنامه تحقیقات فرهنگی، دوره دوم، شماره 7: 19-1.
14- منطقی، مرتضی (1380). بررسی پیامدهای بازیهای ویدیویی- رایانه ای، تهران: فرهنگ و دانش.
15- مهرابی فر، فاطمه؛ مرتضوی، حمید و لسانی، مهدی (1391). بررسی انواع و مدت زمان استفاده از بازیهای رایانهای و رابطه آن با پیشرفت تحصیلی دانش آموزان مدارس شهر کرمان، پژوهش در برنامه ریزی درسی، سال نهم، دوره دوم، شماره 7 :135-125.
16- Anderson, C. A., & Murphy, C. R. (2003). Violent video games and aggressive behavior in young women, Aggressive behavior, 29(5), 423-429.
17- Appiah, O. & Liu, Y.-I. (2005). Effectively reaching the model minority: The strength of an interdependent self-construal on the evaluation of culturally embedded ads. Paper presented at the Association for the Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, San Antonio, TX.
18- Barr, P., Noble, J., & Biddle, R. (2007). Video game values: Human-computer interaction and games, Interacting with Computers, 19, 180-195.
19- Basil, M. D. (1996). Identification as a mediator of celebrity effects, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 40, 478-495.
20- Beasley, B. & Standley, T. C. (2002). Shirts vs. skins: Clothing as sn indicator of gender role stereotyping in video games, Mass Communication & Society, 5(3), 279-293.
21- Bensley, L. & Eenwyk, J. V. (2001). Video games and real-life aggression: Review of the literature, Journal of Adolescent Health, 29, 244-257.
22- Blumler, J. & Katz, E. (1974), The uses of mass communications: current perspectives on gratifications research, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
23- Branscomb, N. R. & Wann, D. L. (1991). The positive social and self concept consequences of sports team identification, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 15(2), 115-127.
24- Cohen, J. (2001). Defining identification: A theorical look at the identification of audiences with media characters, Mass Communication & Society, 4(3), 245-264.
25- Cupchik, G. C. (2001). Aesthetics and emotion in entertainment media, Media Psychology, 3, 69-89.
26- Denham, B. E. (2004). Toward an explication of media enjoyment: The synergy of socialnorms, viewing situations, and program content, Communication Theory, 14(4), 370-387.
27- Douglas, K. M. & McGarty, C. (2001). Identifiability and self-presentation: Computer mediated communication and intergroup interaction, British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 399-416.
28- Emes, C. E. (1997). Is Mr. Pac Man eating our children? A review of the effect of video games on children, Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 409-414.
29- ESA. (2006). demographic and usage data: Essential facts about the computer and video gaming industry, Washington, DC: Entertainment Software Association.5-7.
30- Eyal, K. & Rubin, A. M. (2003). Viewer aggression and homophily, identification, and parasocial relationships with television characters, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 47(1), 77-98.
31- Ferguson, D. & Perse, E. (2000). The world wide web as a functional alternative to television, Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 44(2), 155-174.
32- Funk, J. B. & Buchman, D. D. (1996). Playing violent video and computer games and adolescent. video and computer games and adolescent self-concept, Journal of Communica,tion, 46, 19–32.
33- Gantz, W. (1981). An Exploration of viewing motives and behaviours associated with television sports, Journal of Broadcasting 25, 263-275.
34- Gentile, D. A. & Walsh, D. A. (2002). A normative study of family media habits, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 23, 157-178.
35- Harwood, J. (1999). Age identification, social identity gratifications, and television viewing, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 43(1), 123-136.
36- Harwood, J. & Roy, A. (2005). Social identity theory and mass communication research In J. Harwood & H. Giles (Eds.), Intergroup communication: Multiple perspectives (pp. 189-211). New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc.
37- Hirt, E. R., Zillmann, D., Erickson, G. A., & Kennedy, C. (1992). Costs and benefits of allegiance: Changes in fans self-ascribed competencies after team victory versus defeat, Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 63(5), 724-738.
38- Hogg, M. A., Abrams, D., Otten, S., & Hinkle, S. (2004). The social identity perspective: Intergroup relations, self-conception, and small groups, Small Group Research, 35(3), 246-276.
39- Hogg, M. A. (2003). Social identity, In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds). Handbook of self and identity (pp. 462-479). New York: The Guilford Press.
40- Holleman, M. C. (2006). Fantasy football: Illegal game or legal game of skill, North Carolina Journal of Law & Technology, 8(1), 59–80.
41- Jansz, J. & Martis, R. G. (2007). The Lara phenomenon: Powerful female characters in video games, Sex Roles, 56, 141-148.
42- Kalleja, G. (2007). Digital Games Involvement: A Conceptual Model, Games and Culture, 2(3), 236-260.
43- Kang, J. W., Kim, H., Cho, S. H., Lee, M. K., Kim, Y. D., Nan, H. M., & Lee, C. H. (2003). The association of subjective stress, urinary catecholamine concentrations and PC game room use and musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limbs in young male Koreans, Journal of Korean Medical Science, 18, 419-424.
44- Kiousis, S. (2002). Interactivity: Concept Explication, New Media & Society, 4(3), 355-383.
45- Kline, S. (2000). Killing Time?, A Canadian Meditation on video Game culture, pp: 35-59, in: Cecilia Von Feilitzen and Ulla carlsson (Eds.) children in the New Media Landscape, yearbook from the UNESCO international clearinghouse on children and violence on the screen, Nordicom, Goteborg university.
46- Lee, S., Seo, W. J., & Green, B. C. (2008). Why dopeople play fantasy sports? Paper presented at North American Society for Sport Management Conference, Ontario, Canada.
47- Levy, D. P. (2005). Fantasy sports and fanship habit as: An investigation of the active consumption of sport, its effects and social implications through the lives of fantasy sport enthusiasts. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Connecticut.
48- Levy, M. & Windahl, S. (1984). Audience activity and gratifications: a conceptual clarification and exploration, Communication Research 11 (1):51-78. Madden NFL Football (2004). Retrieved 8November 2004 from: http://www .easports. com /games/madden 2005/downloads.jsp.
49- Lister, M. (2005). New Media: a Critical Introduction, Reprinted, Routledge.
50- Lomax, R. G. (2006). Fantasy sports: History, gametypes ,and research. In A. A. Raney & J. Bryant (Eds.), Handbook of sport sandmedia. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
51- Malliet, S. (2006). An exploration of adolescents' perceptions of videogame realism, Learning, Media and Technology, 31(4), 377-394.
52- McMillan, S. J. (2000). Defining Interactivity: A Qualitative: Identification of Key Dimensions, New Media and Society, 2(2), 157-179.
53- McMillan, S. J. (2002). A Four-Part Model of Cyber-Interactivity: Some Cyber-Places are More Interactive than Others, New Media and Society, 4(2), 271-291.
54- Morley, D. (1992). Television, audiences, and cultural studies, London: Routledge.
55. Mul, J. D. (2005). The game of life: Narrative and Iudic identity formation in computer games, In Raessens J,Goldstein J. Handbook of computer game studies. Cambridge:MIT Press.
56- Nielsen, S.E., Smith J. H., & Tosca S. P. (2008). Understanding video games: The introduction, London: Routledge.
57- Papacharissi, Z. & Rubin, A. (2000). Predictors of internet usage, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44(2), 175-196.
58- Quirk, J. A., Fish, D. R., Smith, S. J., Sander, J. W., Shorvon, S. D., & Allen, P. J. (1995). First seizures associated with playing electronic screen games: A community-based study in Great Britain, Annals of Neurology, 37, 733-737.
59- Raessens, J. (2005). Computer games as participatory media culture, In Raessens J and Goldstein J. Handbook of Computer games studies. Cambridge: MT Press.
60- Rafeeli, S. (1988). Interactivity: From new media to communication, Sage Annual Review of Communication Research: Advancing Communication Science, 16, 110-134.
61- Raney, A. A. (2003). Disposition-based theories of enjoyment, In J. Bryant, D. Roskos-Ewoldsen & J. Cantor (Eds.), Communication and emotion (pp. 61-84). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
62- Roberts, D. F., Foehr, U. G., & Rideout, V. (2009). Generation M: Media in the lives of 8–18 year olds, Washington, D. C.: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
63- Rubin, A. (1994). Media uses and effects: a Uses and Gratifications perspective in J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.).
64- Ruggiero, T. (2000). Uses and gratification theory in the 21 century, Mass Communication & Society, 3, 3-37.
65- Schiesel, S. (2006). An online game, made in america, seizes the globe, The New York Thimes, pp: A1, C11.
66- Selnow, G. (1984). Playing video games: the electronic friend, Journal of Communication 34(2), 148-156.
67- Shaffer, D. (2000). Social and personality development, 4th edition. Wadsworth, USA; pp:185-195.
68- Sherry, J. L. (2008). Flow and media enjoyment, Communication Theory, 14(4), 328-347.
69- Shipman, F. M. (2001). Blending ther eal and thevirtual: Activity and spectatorship infantasy sports. Paper presented at the Fourth International Digital Artsand Culture Conference.
70- Smith, G. J. (1988). The noble sport fan, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 12(1), 54-65.
71- Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations, Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 1-39.
72- Turkle, S. (1997). Life on screen,Identity in the age of the internet, New York: Touchstone.
73- Voci, A. (2006). Relevance of social categories, depersonalization and group processes: Two field tests of self-categorization theory, European Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 73-90.
74- Vorderer, P., Hartmann, T., & Klimmt, C. (2003). Explaining the enjoyment of playing video games: The role of competition, Paper presented at the ACM International Conference Proceeding Series: Proceedings of the second international conference on entertainment computing, Pittsburgh, PA. 1-8.
75- Vorderer, P. (2000). Interactive entertainment and beyond, In D. Zillmann & P. Vorderer(Eds.), Media entertainment: The psychology of its appeal (pp. 21-36). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
76- Wakefield, K. L. & Wann, D. L. (2006). An examination of dysfunctional sport fans: Method of classification and relationships with problem behaviors, Journal of Leisure Research, 38(2), 168-186.
77- Wallenius, M. & Punamäki, R. (2008). Digital game violence, Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 330-347.
78- Wallenius, M. & Punamäki, R. (2006). direct aggression in adolescence: A longitudinal study of the roles of sex, age, and parent–child communication, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29, 286–294.
79- Wigand, R., Borstelmann, S., & Boster, F. (1985). Electronic leisure: video game usage and the communication climate of video arcades, Communication Yearbook 9, 275-293.
80- Williams, D. (2006). A brief social history of game play. In P. Vorderer & J. Bryant (Eds.), Playing video games: Motives, responses and consequences (pp. 197–212). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
81- Yongjae, K. )2006). An exploration of motives in sport video gaming, International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorshi, 5, 34-46.
82- Zillmann, D. (1994). Entertainment as media effect (Eds), Media effects: Advances in theory and research, 8, 437-461.
_||_
