Analyzing the human resources' cyberloafing in the health field of Iraq with a mixed approach

Subject Areas : Transformational Human Resources

Karar Abdul Kazem ¹ (PhD student in public administration, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan branch (Khorasgan), Isfahan, Iran.)
Saeed Sharifi ² (Associate Professor and Faculty Member of the Department of Cultural Management, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan), Iran;)
Amer Ellami ³ (Assistant professor and faculty member of the Department of Public Management, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.)
Mehrda Sdadeghi ⁴ (Assistant professor and member of the academic staff of the Department of Cultural Management, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan), Isfahan, Iran.)

Received: 2024-01-10 Accepted : 2024-03-28 Published : 2024-05-05

Keywords: cyberloafing, human resource, Iraqi health field,

Abstract :

Abstract Background and purpose: Human resources' cyberloafing has been recognized as an important issue in today's world with the development of the use of communication tools. The purpose of this research is to analyze the components of human resources' cyberloafing in the health field of Iraq. Research method: The research method was conducted in two phases: qualitative (thematic analysis) and quantitative (survey). The research community in the first phase was all the published texts between 2013 and 2023, of which 250 works were examined as a sample and the validity of the research data was confirmed through an external audit. The statistical sample of the quantitative part was 156 employees of health organizations in Iraq who were selected based on Cochran's formula. Through the researcher-made questionnaire based on the first phase, the data of this section were collected. In the quantitative section, structural equation modeling and second-order confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze the data. Findings: The results of this section included 4 overarching themes including loitering behaviors, negative consequences of loitering, functions, and causes of loitering, 9 organizing themes, and 73 basic themes. Conclusion: One of the important issues that Iraqi health managers should pay attention to is the reduction of virtual roaming behaviors in order to reduce its negative consequences in the workplace.

References:

1. Aciksoz, S., Sendir, M., Atar, N. Y., Simsekoglu, N. & Baydili, K. N. (2023). Is Cyberloafing an Indicator of Innovativeness? https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2805290/v1
2. Alyahya, S. & Alqahtani, A. (2022). Cyberloafing in Educational Settings: A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies. 16(16): 113-141. ‏ https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v16i16.32285
3. Andel, S.A., Kessler, S.R., Pindek, S., Kleinman, G. & Spector, P.E. (2019). Is cyberloafing more complex than we originally thought? Cyberloafing as a coping response to workplace aggression exposure. Computers in Human Behavior. 101: 124-130.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.07.013
4. Bhattacharjee, A., & Sarkar, A. (2023). Abusive supervision and cyberloafing: an investigation based on Stressor-Emotion-CWB theory. Information Technology & People.‏ 37(3): 1126-1155. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-05-2022-0353
5. Bigi Demeneh, Z., Allameh, M., Pradeyan Khi, A. & Sharifi, S. (2023). Employees' lived experiences of exciting leadership challenges in interpersonal relationships of knowledge-based companies. Iranian public administration studies. 6(2): 129-155 [In Persian].https://doi.org 10.22034/JIPAS.2023.376740.1522
6. Buntarangin, B. & Frantzen, F. (2022). Cyberloafing While Working From Home: Exploring the Conceptualisation, Drivers and Implications (Master's thesis, University of Agder). https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3036469
7. Derin, N. & Gökçe, S.G. (2016). Are cyber loafers also innovators?: A study on the relationship between cyberloafing and innovative work behavior. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 235: 694-700.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.11.070
8. Hamzavi, H., Mohebi, A., Khademi, A. & Rezaeimanesh, B. (2023). The effect of sustainable human resource management on human resource retention and the mediating role of social capital. Transformative Human Resources Quarterly. 2(7): 20-38 [In Persian]. https://sanad.iau.ir/Journal/thr/Article/1037900
9. Hardiani, W.A.A. (2021). Pengaruh Work Family Conflict Dan Beban Kerja Terhadap Burnout dan Dampaknya Pada Cyberloafing. Jurnal Visi Manajemen. 7(1): 14-30.‏‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.56910/jvm.v7i1.149
10. Kamila, M.N. & Muafi, M. (2023). The influence of job stress and job boredom on employee performance mediated by cyberloafing behavior: Evidence in Indonesia. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478). 12(1): 99-109.‏ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5078-4670
11. Kim, Y.J., Aslam, M.S., Deng, R., Leghari, Q.A., Lkhagvasuren, D., Nadir, M.N. & Shahnaz, S. (2022). Assessing the workplace cyberloafing behavior among pharmacists in Pakistan. Journal of research in pharmacy practice. 11(2): 73.‏ https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12930
12. Koay, K.Y. & Lai, C.H.Y. (2023). Workplace ostracism and cyberloafing: a social cognitive perspective. Management Research Review. 46(3): 1-15.‏ https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-07-2022-0490
13. Korzynski, P. & Protsiuk, O. (2024). What leads to cyberloafing: the empirical study of workload, self-efficacy, time management skills, and the mediating effect of job satisfaction. Behavior & Information Technology. 43(1): 200-211.‏‏ DOI: 10.1080/0144929X.2022.2159525
14. Lim, V.K. & Teo, T.S. (2024). Cyberloafing: A review and research agenda. Applied Psychology. 73(1): 441-484. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12452
15. Muafi, M. (2023). The Effects of Cyberloafing on Organizational Commitment: The Role of Emotional Exhaustion and Job Overload. JBTI: Jurnal Bisnis: Teori dan Implementasi. 14(2): 323-337.‏ https://doi.org/10.18196/jbti.v14i2.19486
16. Nursya, F. & Yuliza, W.T. (2023). Hubungan Cyberloafing Behavior dengan Employee Commitment Pada Karyawan Di Rumah Sakit. Jurnal Keshatan Mercusuar. 6(1): 41-46.‏ https://doi.org/10.36984/jkm.v6i1.370
17. Öztürk, M. & Kerse, G. (2022). Smartphone and internet addiction as predictors of cyberloafing levels in students: A mediated model. Education for Information. 38(2): 189-204. DOI: 10.3233/EFI-211564‏
18. Peng, J., Nie, Q. & Chen, X. (2023). Managing hospitality employee cyberloafing: The role of empowering leadership. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 108: 103349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103349‏
19. Restubog, S.L.D., Garcia, P.R.J.M., Toledano, L.S., Amarnani, R. K., Tolentino, L. R. & Tang, R. L. (2011). Yielding to (cyber)-temptation: Exploring the buffering role of self-control in the relationship between organizational justice and cyberloafing behavior in the workplace. Journal of Research in Personality. 45(2): 247-251.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2011.01.006
20. Samadi-Miarkolaei, H. & Samadi-Miarkolaei, H. (2019). Relationship between Cyberloafing and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the Healthcare and Treatment Network with Structural Equation Modeling Approach. J Health Res Commun. 5(2): 73-83 http://jhc.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-392-fa.html
21. Suari, G.A.M.S., Rahyuda, A.G., Wibawa, I., Sari, G. A. P. L. P., Yana, I. & Putra, I. (2022). The effect of role ambiguity on cyberloafing with work stress as a mediation variable. The International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS). 6(S4): 2211-2219. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS4.7145
22. Tan, Z., Yan, S. & Xia, Q. (2022). Perceived overqualification and cyberloafing: the role of learning and performance climate. Current Psychology. 32: 1-10.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03913-2
23. Tandon, A., Kaur, P., Ruparel, N., Islam, J. U. & Dhir, A. (2022). Cyberloafing and cyberslacking in the workplace: a systematic literature review of past achievements and future promises. Internet Research. 32(1): 55-89.‏ https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-06-2020-0332
24. Tsai, H.Y. (2023). Do you feel like being proactive today? How daily cyberloafing influences creativity and proactive behavior: the moderating roles of the work environment. Computers in Human Behavior. 138: 107470.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107470
25. Ugrin, J.C. & Pearson, J.M. (2013). The effects of sanctions and stigmas on cyberloafing. Computers in Human Behavior. 29(3): 812-820.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.005
26. Yulianti, E. & Bagis, F. (2023). Effect of Workloafing, Cyberloafing and Self Efficacy on Employee Performance in Purwokerto Islamic Hospital. JESH: Journal of Social, Economics, and Humanities. 1(1): 1-11.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.30595/jesh.v1i1.72
27. Wu, J., Mei, W. Liu, L. & Ugrin, J.C. (2020). The bright and dark sides of social cyberloafing: Effects on employee mental health in China. Journal of Business Research. 112: 56-64.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.02.043
28. Yildiz, H. & Yildiz, B. (2022). Testing the validity and reliability of a Turkish version of the social cyberloafing scale. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 58(4): 1291-1302.‏ https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12930
29. Zahmat Doost, E. & Zhang, W. (2023). The effect of social media use on job performance with moderating effects of Cyberloafing and job complexity. Information Technology & People.‏ https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-04-2022-0249
30. Zhang, H. Zhao, H., Liu, J., Xu, Y. & Lu, H. (2015). The dampening effect of employees’ future orientation on cyberloafing behaviors: the mediating role of self-control. Frontiers in Psychology. 6: 1482.‏ https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01482
31. Zhou, Z.E, Pindek, S. & Ray, E.J. (2022). Effects of daily active and passive email incivility on employee cyberloafing. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 27(5): 1-15.‏ https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000325