Mediating Role of Self-Compassion and Self-Control in the Relationship between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Quality of Life

Subject Areas : Clinical psychology

Mohammad Ali Besharat ¹ , Samira Keshavarz ² , Masoud Gholamali Lavasani ³

1 - استاد دانشگاه تهران
2 - کارشناس ارشد روان‌شناسی بالینی
3 - دانشیار دانشگاه تهران

Received: 2015-07-27 Accepted : 2015-07-27 Published : 2015-06-22

Keywords: quality of life, Self-Control, Schema, self-Compassion,

Abstract :

 The purpose of the present study was to examine the mediating role of self-compassion and self-control in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and quality of life. Three hundred and ninety one individuals (209 females, 182 males) from Shiraz city completed the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF; Young & Brown 1999), the World Health Organization Quality Of Life-Brief (WHOQOL, 1996), the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS; Neff, 2003b), and the Self-Control Scale (SCS; Tangney, Baumeister & Boone, 2004). The results indicated early maladaptive schemas had a significant negative correlation with quality of life. Self-compassion mediated the relationship between disconnection/rejection and impaired limits with quality of life. Self-control mediated the relationship between disconnection/rejection, impaired limits, and hypervigilance/inhibition with quality of life. The findings suggested that early maladaptive schemas had a determinant role in quality of life and this was partly through mediating role of self-compassion and self-control.  

References:

آهی، ق.، محمدی‎فر، م. ع. و بشارت، م. ع. (1386). پایایی و اعتبار فرم کوتاه پرسشنامه طرحواره یانگ. مجله روان‎شناسی و علوم تربیتی، 3، 20-5

انجدانی، ا. (1389). نقش تعیین‎کننده خودشناسی انسجامی، بهوشیاری، حرمت خود و شفقت بر خود در نظم­دهی هیجانات ناشی از وقایع ناخوشایند. پایان‎نامه کارشناسی ارشد روان‎شناسی عمومی دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‎شناسی، دانشگاه تهران

بشارت، م. ع.، خلیلی‎اردکانی، ن. و غلامعلی‎لواسانی، م. (1393). نقش واسطه­ای خودمهارگری در رابطه بین سبک­های دلبستگی و مشکلات بین شخصی. علوم روان‎شناختی، 50، 177-151

جلالی، ا.، سروقد، س. و سامانی، س. (1391). نقش واسطه‎ای روان‎بنه‎های شناختی در ارتباط با فرایند و محتوای خانواده و شیوه‎های مقابله با تعارض. روان‎شناسی تحولی: روان‎شناسان ایرانی، 9(33)، 92-83

طاهبازحسین‎زاده، س.، قربانی، ن. و نبوی، م. (1390). مقایسه گرایش شخصیتی خودتخریبی و خودشناسی انسجامی در بیماران مبتلا به مالتیپل اسکلروز و افراد سالم. روان‎شناسی معاصر، 6، 35-46

نجات، س.، منتظری، ع.، هلاکوئی‎نائینی، ک.، محمد، ک. و مجدزاده، ر. (1385). استانداردسازی پرسشنامه کیفیت زندگی سازمان جهانی بهداشت: ترجمه و روان‎سنجی گونه ایرانی. مجله دانشکده بهداشت و انیستیتو تحقیقات بهداشتی، 4، 12-1

محمدی‎مصیری، ف.، شفیعی‎فرد، ی.، داوری، م. و بشارت، م. ع. (1391). نقش خودمهارگری، کیفیت رابطه با والدین و محیط مدرسه در سلامت روانی و رفتارهای ضداجتماعی نوجوانان. روان‎شناسی تحولی: روان‎شناسان ایرانی، 32، 404-397

نصیری، ح. (1385). بررسی روایی و پایایی مقیاس کوتاه کیفیت زندگی سازمان بهداشت جهانی (WHOQOL-BRIEF) و تهیه نسخه ایرانی آن (IRQOL). مجموعه مقالات سومین سمینار بهداشت روانی دانشجویان، 369-373

Akin, A. (2012). Self-compassion and automatic thoughts. Journal of Education, 42, 1-10.

Barber, B. K. (2001). Political violence, social inte-gration, and youth functioning: Palestinian youth from the Intifada. Journal of Community Psycho-logy, 29, 259-280.

Baumeister, R.  F., Heatherton, T. F., & Tice, D. M. (1994). Losing control: How and why people fail at self-regulation. San Diego, CA, US: Academic Press.

Beck, A. T. (2005). The current state of cognitive therapy: A 40-year retrospective. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 953-959.

Beck, A. T., & Epstein, N. (1993). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893-897.

Bowlin, S. L., & Baer, R. (2012). Relationships between mindfulness, self-control, and psychological func-tioning. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 411-415.

Breines, J. G., & Chen, S. (2012). Self-compassion increases self-improvement motivation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1133-1143.

Calvete, E., & Connor-Smith, J. K. (2005). Automatic thoughts and psychological symptoms: A cross cul-tural comparison of American and Spanish students. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29)2(, 201-217.

Cohen, S., & Syme, S. L. (2001). Social support and health. New York: Academic Press.

Costanza, R., Fishera, B., Ali, S., Beer, C., Bond, L., & et al. (2007). Quality of life: An approach integrating opportunities, human needs, and subjective well-being. Ecological Economics, 61, 267-276.

Day, D. V., & Kilduff, M. (2003). Self-monitoring personality and work relationships: Individual difference in social network. In Barrick M. R. and Ryan A. M. (Eds.), Personality and work: Reconsidering the role of personality in organi-zations (pp. 205-228). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Denson, T. F., Capper, M. M., Oaten, M., Friese, M., & Schofield, T. P. (2011). Self-control training decreases aggression in response to pro-vocation in aggressive individuals. Journal of Research in Personality, 45, 252-256.

Duckworth, A. L., & Kren, M. L. (2011). A Meta analysis of the convergent validity of self-control measures. Journal of Research in Personality, 45)3(, 259-268.

Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., Jones, S., Smith, M., Guthrie, I., & et al. (1999). Regulation, emo-tionality, and preschoolers’ socially competent peer interactions. Child Development, 70, 432-442.

Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology and Psycho-therapy, 13, 353-379.

Gottfredson, R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). The general theory of crime. CA: Stanford University Press.

Halvorsen, M., Wang, C. E., Richter, J., Myrland, I., Pederson, S. K., & et al. (2010). Dysfun-ctional attitudes and early maladaptive schemas as predictors of depression: A 9-year follow-up study. Therapy and Research, 34, 368-379.

Hawke, L. D., & Provencher, M. D. (2012). Early maladaptive schemas among patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Dis-orders, 136, 803-811.

Heim, C., Shugart, M., Craighead, W. E., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2010). Neurobiological and psychiatric conse-quences of child abuse and neglect. Develop-mental Psychobiology, 52, 671-690.

Janusek, L. W., Tell, D., Albuquerque, K., & Mathews, H. L. (2013). Childhood adversity increases vulner-bility for behavioral symptoms and immune dysre-gulation in women with breast cancer. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 30, 149-162.

Johansson, P., Dahlström, U., & Broström, A. (2006). Factors and interventions influencing health-related quality of life in patients with heart failure: A review of the literature. European Journal of Cardiovas-cular Nursing, 5, 5-15.

Koleck, M., Mazaux, J. M., Rascle, N., & Scheweitzer, M. B. (2006). Psycho-social factors and coping stra-tegies as predictors of chronic evolution and quality of life in patients with low back pain: A prospective study. European Journal of Pain, 10, 1-11.

Latham, L. L., & Perlow, R. (1996). The relationship of client-directed aggressive and non client-directed aggressive work behavior with self-control. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 1027-1041.

Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., Allen, A. B., & Hancock, J. )2007). Self-compassion and reaction to unpleasant self-relevant events: The implication of treating oneself kindly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 887-904.

McLaughlin, K. A., Conron, K. J., Koenen, K. C., & Gilman, S. E. (2010). Childhood adversity, adult stressful life events, and risk of past-year psychiatric disorder: A test of the stress sensitization hypothesis in a population-based sample of adults. Psycholo-gical Medicine, 40, 1647-1658.

Muraven, M. (2008). Autonomous self-control is less depleting. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 763-770.

Neff, K. D. (2003a). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2, 85-101.

Neff, K. D. (2003b). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223-250.

Neff, K. D., Hsieh, Y., & Dejitthirat, K. (2005). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 139-154.

Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity, 9(3), 225-240.

Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K. L., & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psycho-logical functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 139-154.

Onyishi, I. E., Okongwu, O. E., & Ugwu, F. O. (2012). Personality and social support as predictors of life satisfaction of Nigerian prisons officers. European Scientific Journal, 8, 110-125.

Schmidt, N. B., Joiner, T. E., Young, J. E., & Telch, M. J. (1995). The Schema Questionnaire: Investigation of psychometric properties and the hierarchical structure of a measure of maladaptive schemas. Cog-nitive Therapy and Research, 19, 295-301.

Seligman, M. E., & Csikzentmihalya, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5-14.

Shah, R., & Waller, G. (2000). Parental style and vulnerability to depression: The role of core beliefs. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188, 19-25.

Skevington, S. M., Lotfy, M., & O'Connel, K. A. (2004). The World Health Organization's WHOQOL-BREF Quality of life Assessment: Psychometric properties and results of the international field trial: A report from the WHOQOL group. Quality of Life Research, 13, 299-310.

Stallard, P. (2007). Early maladaptive schemas in children: Stability and differences between a com-munity and a clinic referred sample. Clinical Psy-chology & Psychotherapy, 14, 10-18.

Taquechel, A. E. G., Littleton, H. L., & Axsom, D. (2011). Social support, world assumptions, and exposure as predictors of anxiety and quality of life following a mass trauma. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 498-506.

Tanaka, M., Wekerle, C., Schmuck, M. L., & Paglia-Boak, A. (2011). The linkages among childhood maltreatment, adolescent mental health, and self-compassion in child welfare adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35, 887- 898.

Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjust-ment, less pathology, better grades and interper-sonal success. Journal of Personality, 72, 271-324.

Thimm, J. C. (2011). Incremental validity of mal-adaptive schemas over five-factor model facets in the prediction of personality disorder symptoms. Perso-nality and Individual Differences, 50, 777-782.

World Health Organization (1996). WHOQOL-BRIEF introduction, administration, scoring and generic version of the assessment: Field trial version. WHO.

Wright, M. O. D., Crawford, E., & Castillo, D. D. (2009). Childhood emotional maltreatment and later psychological distress among college students: The mediating role of maladaptive schemas. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 59-68.

Yarnell, l. M., & Neff, K. D., (2013). Self-compassion, interpersonal conflict resolutions, and well-being. Self and Identity, 12, 146-159.

Young, J. E. (1994). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach (rev. ed.). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange.

Young, J. E., & Brown, G. (1999). Young Schema Questionnaire-L3a. New York: Cognitive Therapy Center of  New York

Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishoar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. New York: Guilford Press