Effect of bio fertilizers and foliar applicationon of Nano zinc oxide on clorophyll content, grain filling period and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under water limitation

Subject Areas : Journal of Plant Ecophysiology

RAOUF SEYED SHARIFI ¹ , khadigeh babaei ² , alireza pirzad ³

1 - university of mohaghegh ardabili
2 - دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی
3 - دانشکده کشاورزی دنشگاه ارومیه

Received: 2015-11-08 Accepted : 2016-02-23 Published : 2018-02-20

Keywords: Grain yield, Foliar application, Wheat, PGPR, grain filling,

Abstract :

In order to study the effect of bio fertilizers and foliar application of nano zinc oxide on cholorophyll content, grain filling period and grain yield of wheat under water limitation, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2014. The experimental factors were included: water limitation in three levels [full irrigation as control, irrigation withholding at 50% of heading booting stages], seed inoculation with PGPR: non-inoculation, inoculation with Azotobacter, Azosperilium, Pseudomonasputida) and foliar application of nano zinc oxide: non-foliar application and foliar application of nano iron oxide, nano zinc oxide and nano zinc oxide+ nano iron oxide). Results showed that maximum of grain weight (0.0689 g), rate grain filling (0.0019 g.day-1), grain filling period (52.63 days), effective grain filling period (34.78 days) and grain yield of per plant (1.21 g per plant) were obtained at application of Azotobacter, nano oxide of Zn+Fe and full irrigation. Minimum of traits (0.0031 g, 0.0017 g.day-1, 45.46 days, 25.39 days and 0.18 g.plant-1 respectively) were obtained in non-inoculation, non-foliar application of nano oxide and irrigation to %50 of booting stage. Based on the results, it seems that bio fertilizers and nano oxide of Zn+Fe application can be recommended for profitable wheat production under water limitation condition.

References:

احمدی، ا.، پ. احسانزاده و ف. جباری. 1388 .مقدمه برفیزیولوژی گیاهی. انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، 623 صفحه.
حسنزاده، ا.، د. مظاهری، م.ر. چایچی، وک. خاوازی.1386 .کارایی مصرف باکتریهای تسهیل کننده جذب فسفر و کود شیمیایی فسفر بر عملکرد
و اجزای عملکرد جو. مجله پژوهش و سازندگی. شماره 75 :111 -118 .
خسروی، ه.، ن. صالح راستین، و م. محمدی. 1381 .بررسی فراوانی خصوصیات فیزیولوژیک ازتوباکتر کروکوم در خاکهای زراعی استان تهران.
مجموعه مقالات ضرورت تولید کودهای بیولوژیک در کشور: 214 -228 .
خیرخواه زویاری، م.، ر. هنرنژاد، م. اصفهانی و م. قلی پوری. 1383 .بررسی روابط همبستگی بین سرعت و طول پر شدن دانه با عملکرد و اجزای
عملکرد در ارقام مختلف برنج در سه تاریخ کاشت. مجله پژوهشنامه علوم کشاورزی. جلد،1 شماره 2 :40 -39 .
صالح راستین، ن. 1384 .مدیریت پایدار از دیدگاه بیولوژی خاک. مجموعه مقالات (ضرورت تولید صنعتی کودهای بیولوژیک در کشور) چاپ دوم.
انتشارات سنا. صفحه 5-32 .
گلپرور، ا.ر.، ا. مجیدی هروان و ع. قاسمی پیربلوطی. 1383 .بهبود ژنتیکی پتانسیل عملکرد و مقاومت به تنش خشکی در ژنوتیپهای گندم نان
 .13-24 :13 .کشاورزی خشکسالی و خشکی). Triticum aestivum L.)
پایگذار، ی.، ا. قنبری.، م. حیدری و ا. توسلی. 1388 .اثر محلولپاشی عناصر کممصرف بر خصوصیات کمی و کیفی ارزن مرواریدی رقم
نوتریفید (glacum Pennisetum (تحت تنش خشکی. مجله اکوفیزیولوزی گیاهان زراعی. سال سوم. شماره 10 :78-67 .
عموآقایی، ر؛ ا. مستاجران، و گ امتیازی، 1382 ،تأثیر باکتری آزوسپریلیوم بر برخی شاخصهای رشد و عملکرد سه رقم گندم، مجله علوم و فنون
کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، 2 :127-138 .
ملکوتی، م.ج. و م.م، تهرانی. 1388 .نقش ریزمغذیها در افزایش عملکرد و بهبود کیفیت محصولات کشاورزی. انتشارات دانشگاه تربیت مدرس،
تهران.288 صفحه.

Allen, M.F., T.S.Moore and M. Cheristenses. 1980. Phytohormone, changes in Bouteloua gracilis infected by
vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae. I. Cytokine increase in the host plant. Canadian Journal of Botany 58: 371-
374.
Alloway, B.J. 2004. Zinc in soils and crop nutrition. Int. Zinc Assoc .Belgium, 128p.
Alvaro, F., J. Isidro, D. Villegas, L.F. Corcia del mora and C. Royo. 2008. Breeding effects on grain filling,
biomass partitioning, and remobilization in Mediterranean Durum wheat., Agron J. 100: 361-370.
Banerjee, M., R.L.Yesmin, and J.L. Vessey. 2006. Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria as bio fertilizers and bio
pesticides., PP. 137-181. In: Handbook of microbial bio fertilizers. Ed., Rai, M., K., Food production Press,
U. S. A.
Blum, A. 2005. Drought resistance, water-use efficiency, and yield potential-are theycompatible, dissonant, or
mutually exclusive? Aust. J. Agric. Res. 56: 1159-1168.
Brdar. M. D., M. Marija, B. Kraljevic and D.K. Borislav. 2008. The paremetors of grain filling and yield
components in common wheat (Triricum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidhum L. var. durum.).
Central Eur. J. Biol. 3: 75-82.
Burd, G.I., D. G.Dixon and B. R Glick. 2000. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria that decrease heavy metal
toxicity in plants. Can. J. Microbiol. 33: 237-245.
Bybordi, A. and G. Mamedov .2010. Evaluation of application methods efficiency of zinc and iron for canola
(Brassica napus L.). Sci Biol. 2: 94-103.
Cakmak, I. 2008. Enrichment of cereal grains with zinc: Agronomic or genetic bio fortification? Plant Soil.
302:1-17.
Dobbelaere, S., J. Vanderleyden and Y. Okon. 2003. Plant growth-promoting effects of diazotrophs in the
rhizosphere. Critical Reviews in Plant Sci. 22: 107-149.
El-azeem, A., K. Salem, A. Abdullah and A. Al-Doss. 2014. Performance of some wheat genotypes affected by
different nitrogen, potassium and zinc foliar applications. Life Sci. J. 11: 742-748.

Ellis, R. H. and Pieta-Filho, C. 1992. The development of seed quality in spring and winter cultivars of barley
and wheat. Seed Sci. Res. 2: 19-25.
EL-Tayeb, M. A. 2005. Response of barley grains to the interactive effect of salinity and salicylic acid. Plant
Growth Regul. 45:215-222.
Gilick, B.E., D. Penrose and M. Wenbo. 2001. Bacterial promotion of plant growth. Biotech. Adv. 19: 135-138.
Hammer, G., Z. Dong, G. McLean, A. Doherty, C. Messina, J. Schussler, C. Zinselmeier, S. Pszkiewicz and M.
Cooper. 2009. Can changes in canopy and/or root systemarchitecture explain historical maize yield trends in
U.S. Corn Belt? Crop Sci. J. 49:299-312.
Hoque, M., and S. Haque. 2002. Effects of GA3 and mode of application on morphology and yield parameters of
mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). Pak J Biol Sci. 5: 281-283.
Jagnow‚ G. 1987. Inoculation of cearl crop forage grasses with nitrogen- fixing rhizosphere bacteria: possible
causes of success and failure with reagard to yield response-a review. Z‚ P flanzenerneahr. Bodenk. 150: 361-
368.
Jiang, L., D. Zhang, F. Song, X. Zhang, Y. Shao and C. Li. 2013. Effects of zinc on growth and physiological
characters of flag leaf and grains of winter wheat after anthesis. Adv J. Food Sci and Tech. 5: 571-577.
Kandil, A. A. 2004. Effect of planting dates, nitrogen levels and bio- fertilization treatments on growth attributes
of sugar beet (Beta Vulgaris L.). J. Basic Appl. Sci. 5: 227-237.
Khan, M. R., N.C. Talukdar and D. Thakuria. 2003. Detection of Azospirillum and PSB in rice rhizosphere soil
by protein and antibiotic resistance profile and their effect on grain yield of rice. Indian J Biotech. 2: 246-250.
Kutman, B., B. Yildiz, L. Ozturk and I. Cakmak. 2010. Biofortification of durum wheat with zinc through soil
and foliar applications of nitrogen. J. Agri. Food Chem. 1: 1-9.
Lawlor, D.W. and G. Cornic. 2002. Photosynthetic carbon assimilation and associated metabolism in relation to
water deficits in higher plants. Plant Cell Environ. 25: 275-294.
Lucy, M., E.Reed and B.R. Glick. 2004. Applications of free living plant growth promotingrhizobacteria.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 86: 1-25.
Manske, G.B., A. Luttger, R.K. Behle, P.G. Vlek and M. Cimmit. 2000. Enhancement of mycorrhiza (VAM)
infection, nutrient efficiency and plant growth by Azotobacter chroococcum in wheat. J. Plant Breeding Biol. 78-
83.
Marschner, H. 1984. Function of mineral nutrients: micronutrients. In: Mineral nutrition of higher plants, Acad
Press. NewYork, Pp: 269-300.
Mazaherinia, S., A.R. Astaraei, A. Fotovat and A. Monshi. 2010. Nano iron oxide particles efficiency on Fe, Mn,
Zn and Cu concentrations in wheat plant. J. World Appl. Sci. 7: 36- 40.
Mishra, M., U. Kumar, P.K. Mishra and V. Prakash. 2010. Efficiency of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for
the enhancement of cicerarietinumL. Growth and germination under salinity. Adv in Bio Res. 4: 92-96.
Mohamad, W., M. Ighbal and S.M. Shal. 1990. Effect of mode of application to zine and iron on yield of wheat.
Journal of Agricultural. 6: 615- 618.
 Ozturk, L., M.A. Yazici, C. Yucel, A. Bagci, H. Ozkan, H.J. Braun, Z. Sayers and I. Cakmak. 2006.
Concentration and localization of zinc during seed development and germination in wheat. J. Plant
Physiology. 128: 144–152.
Pandy, R.K. and J.W. Maranvil. 2000. Deficit irrigation and nitrogen effects on maize in a Sahelian environment
II. Shoot growth, nitrogen uptake and water extraction. J. Agr. Water Manage. 1: 15-27.
Prasad, T.N., P. Sudhakar, Y. Sreenivasulu, P. Latha, V. Munaswamy, K. Raja Reddy, T.S. Sreeprasad and P.R.
Sajanlal. 2012. Effect of nano scale Zinc-oxide particles on the germination, growth and yield of peanut. J.
Plant. Nut. 35: 905-927.
Ram, G. and B.V.S. Chandraker. 1985. Influence of Azotobacterization in presence of fertilizer nitrogenin the
yield of wheat. Indian. Soc. And. Soil. Sci. 33: 424-426.
Roesti, D.‚ R. Gaur, B.N. Johariz‚ G. Imfeld‚ S. Sharma‚ K. Kawalieet and M. Aragno. 2006. Plant growth stage‚
fertilizer management promoting rhizobacteria affect the community structure in rain-fed wheat field.
Soil.Biol. Biochem. 38:1111-1120.
Ronanini, D.R., R. Savin and A.J. Hall. 2004. Dynamic of fruit growth and oil quality of sunflower (Helianthus
annus L.) exposed to brif interval of high temperature during grain filling. Field Crop Res. 83: 79-90.
Saatovich, S.Z. 2006. Azospirillium of Uzbekistan soils and their influence on growth and development of wheat
plants. Plant Soil, 283: 137-145.

Sajadi, N.A., H. Madani and A. Sajedi. 2009. Effect of mycorrhiza and zinc on some agronomical traits and ear
characteristics in maize (KSC704) under drought stress. Proceedings of International conf on energy and
enviro. 19: 2070- 3740
Sangtarash, M.H. 2010. Responses of different wheat genotypes to drought stress applied at different growth
stages. Pak. J. Bio. Sci. 13: 114-119.
Sarig, S., Y. Okon and A Blum. 1990. Promotion of leaf area development and yield in Sorghum bicolor
inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense. Symbiosis 9: 235-245.
Singh, J and A.L. Patel. 1996. Dry matter distribution different parts of wheat under water stress at various
growth stage. Field Crop Abs. 11: 10-16.
Stampar, F., M. Hudina, K. Dolenc and V. Usenik. 1998. Influence of foliar fertilization on yield quantity and
quality of apple (Malus domestica borkh.). In: Anac, D. and P. Martin- Prével. Improved crop quality by
nutrient management. Pp: 91-94.
Swędrzynska, D and A. Sawicka,. 2000. Effect of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense on development and
yielding of maize (Zea mays ssp. Saccharata L.) under different cultivation conditions. Polish J. of Enviro.
Studies. 9: 505-509.
Timsina, Y.N. 2013. Effect of nitrogen fertilization on zinc and iron uptake and yield components of wheat.
Department of plant and environmental sciences, (IPM). Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB). 94
Pp.
Wu, S.C., Z.H. Cao., Z.G. Li and K.C. Cheung. 2005. Effect of biofertilizer containing N-fixer, P and K
solubilizers and AM fungi on maize growth: agreen house trial. Geoderma. 125: 155-166.
Yang, F., F.S. Hong., W.J. You., C. Liu., C .Wu and P. Yang.2006. Influences of nanoanatase TiO2 on the
nitrogen metabolism of growing spinach. Biol Trace Element Res.110: 179-190.
Zayed, B.A., A.K. Salem and M.El. Sharkawy. 2011. Effect of Different Micronutrient Treatments on Rice
(Oriza sativa L.) Growth and Yield under Saline Soil Conditions. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 7,
179-184.