The Effect of High Intensity Exercise on Salivary Lactoferrin, MUC5b and Muc7 Levels in Obese Adolescent Boys
Subject Areas : Journal of Animal BiologyBehrouz alizadeh galeh zavarag 1 , Farzad zehsaz 2 , Karim Azali Alamdari 3 , Akbar Moein 4
1 - Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
2 - Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
3 - Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Sahid Madani Azarbijan University, Tabriz, Iran
4 - Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Sardarood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sardarood, Iran
Keywords: MUC5b, Exhaustive Exercise, MUC7, Speedy, Lactoferrin,
Abstract :
Lifestyle changes have caused different societies to face a wide range of disorders, especially obesity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of intense exercise on the anti-inflammatory factors lactoferrin, Muc5b and Muc7 in the saliva of obese adolescent boys. 32 male students voluntarily participated in the present study and were randomly assigned to four groups: obese aerobic exercise, normal weight aerobic exercise, obese control without exercise, and normal weight control without exercise. The people of the training groups will perform the 10-20-30 exercises protocol as follows for 8 weeks. It was used in statistical software SPSS version 22; and a significance level was determined p ≥ 0.05. The results showed that during intervals 1 to 2 and 3 to 4, the amount of increases in salivary lactoferrin (p = 0.001), MUC5b (p = 0.002) and MUC7 (p = 0.035) in response to a session of exhaustive activity was not significantly different between the two groups (p ≥ 0.05). Participating in exercise has caused a different manipulation of the amount of secretion of mucins from these glands. More detailed information in this field requires further investigation in the future.
1. Allgrove J.E., Gomes E., Hough J., Gleeson M. 2008. Effects of exercise intensity on salivary antimicrobial proteins and markers of stress in active men. Journal of Sport Sciences, 26(6):653-661.
2. Amin M.N., Siddiqui S.A., Ibrahim M., Hakim M.L., Ahammed M.S., Kabir A., 2020. Inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and cancer. SAGE Open Medicine, 8: 2050312120965752.
3. Arnold R.R., Brewer M., Gauthier J. 1980. Bactericidal activity of human lactoferrin: sensitivity of a variety of microorganisms. Infection and Immunity, 28(3):893-898.
4. Bishop N.C., Gleeson M. 2009. Acute and chronic effects of exercise on markers of mucosal immunity. Frontiers in Biosciences, 14(2):4444-4456.
5. Bozzato A, Burger P, Zenk J, Uter W, Iro H. 2008. Salivary gland biometry in female patients with eating disorders. European Archives of Oto-rhino-laryngology, 265:1095-102.
6. Chojnowska S., Baran T., Wilinska I., Sienicka P., Cabaj-Wiater I., Knas M. 2018. Human saliva as a diagnostic material. Advances in Medical Sciences, 63(1):185-191.
7. Davison G., Diment B.C. 2010. Bovine colostrum supplementation attenuates the decrease of salivary lysozyme and enhances the recovery of neutrophil function after prolonged exercise. British Journal of Nutrition, 103(10):1425-1432.
8. Du F., Wu C. 2022. Review on the Effect of Exercise Training on Immune Function. BioMed Research International, 2:15-26.
9. Flouris A.D., Metsios G.S., Koutedakis Y. 2009. Enhancing the efficacy of the 20 m multistage shuttle run test. British Journal of Sport Medicine, 39(3): 166–170.
10. Gawron S.A., Chrzczanowicz J., Nowak D., Gawor R., Kostka T. 2021. Effects of two different types of single exercise modes on salivary C-reactive protein concentration, oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in post-myocardial infarction patients. Redox Report, 26:29-34.
11. Gifford J.L., Hunter H.N., Vogel H. 2005. Lactoferricin. Cellular and molecular life sciences, 62(22):2588-2598.
12. Gillum T., Kuennen M., Gourley C., Schneider S., Dokladny K., Moseley P. 2013. Salivary antimicrobial protein response to prolonged running. Biology of Sport, 30:54-69.
13. Gillum T., Kuennen M., Miller T., Riley L. 2014. The effects of exercise, sex, and menstrual phase on salivary antimicrobial proteins. Exercise Immunology Review, 20:25-35.
14. Gu C., Yan J., Zhao L., Wu G., Wang Y.l. 2022. Regulation of mitochondrial dynamics by aerobic exercise in cardiovascular diseases. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 8:2001.
15. Hackney A.C., Lane A.R. 2015. Exercise and the regulation of endocrine hormones. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science, 135:293-311.
16. Inoue H., Sakai M., Kaida Y., Kaibara K. 1972. Blood lactoferrin release induced by running exercise in normal volunteers: antibacterial activity. Clinica Chimica Acta, 165:341-351.
17. Lee B.A., Oh D.J. 2016. The effects of long-term aerobic exercise on cardiac structure, stroke volume of the left ventricle, and cardiac output. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 12(1):37-47.
18. Legrand D., Mazurier J.A. 2010. Critical review of the roles of host lactoferrin in immunity. Biometals, 23(3):365-376.
19. Leitch E., Willcox M. 1999. Elucidation of the antistaphylococcal action of lactoferrin and lysozyme. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 48(9):867-871.
20. Ligtenberg A.J., Brand H.S., van den Keijbus P.A., Veerman E.C. 2015. The effect of physical exercise on salivary secretion of MUC5B, amylase and lysozyme. Archives of Oral Biology, 60(11):1639-1644.
21. Lundsgaard A.M., Fritzen A.M., Kiens B. 2018. Molecular regulation of fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle during aerobic exercise. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 29(1):18-30.
22. Matsuzaka A., Takahashi Y., Yamazo M. 2014. Validity of the Multi stage 20- M Shuttle-Run test for Japanese children adolescents, and adults. Pediatric Exercise Science, 16(2):113-125.
23. Moreno J.M., Latorre J., Lluch A, Ortega F.J., Comas F., Arnoriaga M. 2021. Lysozyme is a component of the innate immune system linked to obesity associated-chronic low-grade inflammation and altered glucose tolerance. Clinical Nutrition, 40(3):1420-1429.
24. Modeer T., Blomberg C.C., Wondimu B., Julihn A., Marcus C. 2010. Association between obesity, flow rate of whole saliva, and dental caries in adolescents. Obesity, 18(12):2367-2373.
25. Ntovas P., Loumprinis N., Maniatakos P., Margaritidi L., Rahiotis C. 2022. The effects of physical exercise on saliva composition: a comprehensive review. Dentistry Journal, 10(1):7-19.
26. Papacosta E., Nassis G.P. 2011. Saliva as a tool for monitoring steroid, peptide and immune markers in sport and exercise science. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 14(5):424-434.
27. Proctor G.B., Carpenter G.H. Regulation of salivary gland function by autonomic nerves. Autonomic Neuroscience, 133(1):3-18.
28. Roa I., Del S.M. 2018. Obesity, salivary glands and oral pathology. Colombia Medica, 49(4):280-287.
29. Sharma P., Dudus L., Nielsen P.A., Clausen H., Yankaskas J.R., Hollingsworth M.A. 1998. MUC5B and MUC7 are differentially expressed in mucous and serous cells of submucosal glands in human bronchial airways. American Journal of Respiratory Cells and Molecular Biology, 19(1):30-37.
30. Takehara S., Yanagishita M., Podyma-Inoue K.A., Kawaguchi Y. 2013. Degradation of MUC7 and MUC5B in human saliva. PloS One, 8(7):69-81.
31. Usui T., Tsuji S., Nagai N., Takeyasu C., Orita K. 2020. Influence of One-year Moderate Exercise Training on Oral Local Immune Function and Growth-inhibitory Effect on Streptococcus Mutants. The Journal of Education and Health Sciences, 65(3):185-191.