patterns of cultural and religious diversity Management and its relationship with rebellion and integration.

Subject Areas : INTERCULTURAL STUDIES QUARTERLY

hasan ghanimati ¹

1 - دانشجوی دکتری جامعه‌شناسی (بررسی مسائل اجتماعی ایران)، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

Received: 2016-12-12 Accepted : 2017-02-20 Published : 2017-02-19

Keywords: integration, rebellion, cultural and religious diversity Management, Pluralism, cultural and ethnic restricttions,

Abstract :

One of important issues in multi-ethic and multicultural societies is the conflict and tension resulting from various cultural elements in these societies and policy-makers adopt different strategies to mamage cultural and ethnic diversities in order to create and maintain integration and order. Literature veview in the field of ethnic, religious and cultural diversity management ranging from complete government intervention to no government intervention. This article aims to show that in a given society the less government intervention in cultural, religious and ethnic diversities, the less ethnic, religious and cultural tension and the more integration. To test this statement, a comparative study using secondary data from MAR,ISD,IRF was done. Given time period from 2003 to 2010 and includes 199 country. The results show: societies with high level of pluralism in mamging cultural and ethnic diversities, experience a high level of integration, and societies with high level of cultural and ethnic restricttions, experience a high level of rebellions. Therefore, cultural diversity adoption strategy is more suitable than limitation strategy in multicultural societies. At the same time, adoption a proper strategy for cultural and ethnic diversity management to reach a high level of integration depends on geographical segmentation. To reach maximum level of integration, societies should adopt different levels pluralism.

References:

 
امیدی، علی، (1387)، مقایسه مدل­های ساختاری مدیریت مناطق جوامع متکثر قومی: درس­هایی برای ایران، دو فصلنامه برنامه و بودجه، دوره 13، شماره 106
تقی­لو، فرامرز، (1386)، تنوع قومی و سیاست چند فرهنگی: بررسی موردی ایران معاصر، فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی، دوره 10، شماره 1
چلبی، مسعود، (1382)، جامعه شناسی نظم؛ تهران؛ نشرنی
مارجر، مارتین، (1377)، سیاست قومی، ترجمه: افتخاری، اصغر، فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی، دوره 1، شماره 1
یزدانی نسب، محمد، (1389)، رابطه سیاست‌های قومی دولت مرکزی و تضاد قومی بررسی تطبیقی کمی طی سال‌های ۲۰۰۴-‎۱۹۹۰، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، گروه علوم اجتماعی

 

Alesina, A., R. Baqir, and W. Easterly, (1999), "Public Goods and Ethnic Divsions," Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.114, Issue 4, pp 1243-1284.
Cooperman Alan, Henne Peter, Kishi Katayoun, Schiller Anna, Cornibert Stefan S, (2016), Trends in Global Restrictions on Religion, www.pewresearch.org
Delanty, Gerard, (2009), Community. Key Ideas. Routledge, London
Dillard, Angela, (2001), Guess Who's Coming to Dinner Now? Multicultural Conservatism in America, New York: New York University Press
Easterly, W, and R. Levine, (1997), “Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, Issue 4, Vol.112, pp 1203-1250
Fearon, J, and D. Laitin, (2003), “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 97, No. 1, pp. 75-90.
Fearon, J, and D. Laitin. (2003), Ethnic and Cultural Diversity by Country, Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 195-222
Fearon, J, and Gurr. Ted, (1993), Why Minorities Rebel: A Global Analysis of Communal Mobilization and Conflict since 1945, International Political Science Review , Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 161-201.
Finke Roger, Harris Jaime, Martin Robert R, Montminy Sarah, (2011), Cross-National Socio-Economic and Religion Data,
International Religious Freedom
Fox Jonathan, Religion and State dataset
 http://www.religionandstate.org
Hartmann, Douglas and Joseph, Gerteis, (2005), “Dealing with Diversity: Mapping Multiculturalism in Sociological Terms”
Sociological Theory, Vol.23, Issue 2, pp 218-240.
Hechter, Michael, (2004), From Class to Culture, The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 110, No. 2 , pp. 400-445
Jepperson, Ronald L, (2002). Political Modernities: Disentangling Two Underlying Dimensions of Institutional Differentiation.
 Sociological Theory Vol. 20, No 1, pp. 61-85.
Kaufmann, D. Kraay, A. and Massimo Maastruzzi.(2006).
‘Measuring Corruption:Myths and Realities’,Development Outreach.
Kaufmann, D. Kraay, A. and Pablo Zoido-Lobaton.(1999).
‘Governance Matters’, Policy Working Paper 2196, Development Economics Group, World Bank.
Kymlicka, W, and He, Baogang, eds, (2005), Multiculturalism in Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lambsdorff, J.G. (2007)."The Methodology of the Corruption Perceptions Index 2007",Transparency International
(http://www.transparency.lt/new/images/cpi2007_methodology.pdf).
Levinson, David, (1998), Ethnic Groups Worldwide:A Ready Reference Handbook, Greenwood.
Minorities at Risk, Codebook version 2/2009,center for international Development and Conflict Management.
 mar.umd.edu/mar_data.asp         
Mozaffar, S., and J. Scarrit. (1999), "The Specification of Ethnic Cleaveges and Ethnopolitical Groups for the Analysis of Democratic Competition in Contemporary Africa", Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, vol 5, no1, pp 82-117.
O'Leary, Brendan , (2005), “Debating Consociational Politics: Normative and Explanatory Arguments.” In From Power-Sharing to Democracy: Post-Conflict Institutions in Ethnically Divided Societies, (Ed.) S. J. R. Noel. (Toronto: McGill-Queens University Press), pp. 3-4
Reitz, J.G, Breton, R, Dion, K.K, Dion, K.L, (2009),
Multiculturalism and Social Cohesion Potentials and Challenges of Diversity, Publisher: Springer
Sambanis, Nicholas, (2000), Partition as a Solution to Ethnic War: An Empirical Critique of the Theoretical Literature,: World Politics, Vol. 52, No 4, pp. 437-483
Singh, Ajay Kumar, (1997). ‗Jharkhand Movement: Assertion of Socio-cultural Identity and the Demand for a Separate State‘, in Rasheeduddin Khan (ed.), Rethinking Indian Federalism (Shimla: Inter-University Centre for Humanities and Social Sciences), 241–52.
Smith, Anthony, (1996), Culture community and territory : the politics of ethnicity and Nationalism. International Affairs, Vol. 72, No 3, pp. 445-458.
Tilly, Charles, (2003), Priorities for Research on Conflict in Multiethnic Country. In Conflict and Reconstruction in Multiethnic Societies, Proceedings of a Russian-American Workshop, Washington, National Academies Press.
Wimmer, Andreas (2008), The Making and Unmaking of Ethnic Boundaries: A Multilevel Process Theory, American Journal of sociology, Vol. 113, No 4, pp. 970-1022
www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar
www.indsocdev.org