Effect of Caffeine-based Energy Drinks on Perceived Exertion and Mood of Basketball Players Aged 16 to 18 Years

Subject Areas : Sport Sciences Quarterly

pezhman ahmadi ¹ (استادیار گروه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی،دانشکده علوم انسانی، واحد یادگار امام خمینی (ره) شهر ری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران)
vahid farahani ² (گروه روان‌شناسی ورزش، دانشکده تربیت بدنی، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران)
bita divsarnaz ³ (استادیاردانشکده تربیت بدنی، واحدکرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران.)

Received: 2021-08-17 Accepted : 2021-08-17 Published : 2021-04-21

Keywords: Mood, Caffeine, Rate of Perceived Exertion, Energy drink, Hype,

Abstract :

In recent years the consumption of energy drinks has increased dramatically, especially among athletes. Athletes believe that consuming energy drinks increases their performance due to their ergogenic compounds such as sugars, caffeine and taurine. The age range was 16 to 18 years. The statistical population of the study was 60 male high school students in the third grade of the Malard School of Physical Education, out of which 24 volunteers with the same weight (between 68 and 72 kg) were selected. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups: consumption of 250 ml hype drinks with caffeine (32 mg per 100 ml), placebo and baseline conditions. Interventions were applied for 3 weeks. In the present study, Wall Sit test was used for fatigue. Then, perception of stress through Borg index and mood status was assessed by Broms Questionnaire in two stages of pretest and posttest. The results of Friedman test and repeated analysis of variance showed that consumption of hype drinks significantly reduced perception of stress and temperament in adolescent basketball players. As a result, energy drink hype can be effective in reducing perception of stress and improving mood in adolescent basketball players. The present study also showed that perception of placebo (effect of placebo) can be effective in reducing perception of stress and mood.            

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-   Astorino, T. A., Martin, B. J., Schachtsiek, L., Wong, K., & Ng, K. (2011). Minimal effect of acute caffeine ingestion on intense resistance training performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(6), 1752-1758.

-   Bloms, L. P., Fitzgerald, J. S., Short, M. W., & Whitehead, J. R. (2016). The effects of caffeine on vertical jump height and execution in collegiate athletes. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 30(7), 1855-1861.

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-   Duncan, M. J., & Oxford, S. W. (2011). The effect of caffeine ingestion on mood state and bench press performance to failure. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(1), 178-185.

-   Duncan, M. J., Lyons, M., & Hankey, J. (2009). Placebo effects of caffeine on short-term resistance exercise to failure. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 4(2), 244-253.

-   Fernández-Campos, C., Dengo, A. L., & Moncada-Jiménez, J. (2015). Acute consumption of an energy drink does not improve physical performance of female volleyball players. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 25(3), 271-277.

-   Forbes, S. C., Candow, D. G., Little, J. P., Magnus, C., & Chilibeck, P. D. (2007). Effect of Red Bull energy drink on repeated Wingate cycle performance and bench-press muscle endurance. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 17(5), 433-444.

-   Forozesh, G., Nikbakht, M., & Mohammadshahi, M. (2012). Comparison of the effect of energy drinks with a simple carbohydrate solution on anaerobic power, fatigue index and blood lactate level. SSU_Journals, 19(6), 754-765.

-   Gariballa, S., & Forster, S. (2007). Effects of dietary supplements on depressive symptoms in older patients: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Clinical nutrition, 26(5), 545-551.

-   Giles, G. E., Mahoney, C. R., Brunyé, T. T., Gardony, A. L., Taylor, H. A., & Kanarek, R. B. (2012). Differential cognitive effects of energy drink ingredients: caffeine, taurine, and glucose. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 102(4), 569-577.

-   Higgins, J. P., Tuttle, T. D., & Higgins, C. L. (2010, November). Energy beverages: content and safety. In Mayo clinic proceedings (Vol. 85, No. 11, pp. 1033-1041). Elsevier.

-   Hoffman, J. R., Kang, J., Ratamess, N. A., Hoffman, M. W., Tranchina, C. P., & Faigenbaum, A. D. (2009). Examination of a pre-exercise, high energy supplement on exercise performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 6(1), 2.

-   Howard, M. A., & Marczinski, C. A. (2010). Acute effects of a glucose energy drink on behavioral control. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 18(6), 553.

-   Hulston, C. J., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2008). Substrate metabolism and exercise performance with caffeine and carbohydrate intake. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(12), 2096-2104.

-   Insight, A. M. (2017). Global energy drinks market: Insights, market size, share, growth, trends analysis and forecast to 2021. AIM Market Insight.

-   Kennedy, D. O., Veasey, R., Watson, A., Dodd, F., Jones, E., Maggini, S., & Haskell, C. F. (2010). Effects of high-dose B vitamin complex with vitamin C and minerals on subjective mood and performance in healthy males. Psychopharmacology, 211(1), 55-68.

-   Lanotte, M., Lopiano, L., Torre, E., Bergamasco, B., Colloca, L., & Benedetti, F. (2005). Expectation enhances autonomic responses to stimulation of the human subthalamic limbic region. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 19(6), 500-509.

-   Lind, E., Ekkekakis, P., & Vazou, S. (2008). The Affective Impact of Exercise Intensity That Slightly Exceeds the Preferred Level: 'Pain'for No Additional'Gain'. Journal of Health Psychology, 13(4), 464-468.

-   Lohse, K., & Sherwood, D. E. (2011). Defining the focus of attention: effects of attention on perceived exertion and fatigue. Frontiers in psychology, 2, 332.

-   Marquet, L. A., Brisswalter, J., Louis, J., Tiollier, E., Burke, L. M., Hawley, J. A., & Hausswirth, C. (2016). Enhanced endurance performance by periodization of carbohydrate intake:“sleep low” strategy. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(4), 663-672.

-   Olatona, F. A., Aderibigbe, I. O., Aderibigbe, S. A., & Ladi-Akinyemi, T. W. (2018). Energy drinks consumption among football players in Lagos, Nigeria. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 31(4), 84-88.

-   Schaffer, S. W., Shimada, K., Jong, C. J., Ito, T., Azuma, J., & Takahashi, K. (2014). Effect of taurine and potential interactions with caffeine on cardiovascular function. Amino Acids, 46(5), 1147-1157.

-   Schmidt, R. M., McIntire, L. K., Caldwell, J. A., & Hallman, C. (2008). Prevalence of energy-drink and supplement usage in a sample of Air Force personnel (No. AFRL-RH-WP-TP-2010-0010). AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH HUMAN EFFECTIVENESS DIRECTORATE.

-   Scholey, A. B., & Kennedy, D. O. (2004). Cognitive and physiological effects of an “energy drink”: an evaluation of the whole drink and of glucose, caffeine and herbal flavouring fractions. Psychopharmacology, 176(3-4), 320-330.

-   Seifert, S. M., Schaechter, J. L., Hershorin, E. R., & Lipshultz, S. E. (2011). Health effects of energy drinks on children, adolescents, and young adults. Pediatrics, 127(3), 511-528.

-   Shah, S. A., Szeto, A. H., Farewell, R., Shek, A., Fan, D., Quach, K. N., ... & Nguyen, N. (2019). Impact of high volume energy drink consumption on electrocardiographic and blood pressure parameters: A randomized trial. Journal of the American Heart Association, 8(11), e011318.

-   Smillie, L. D., & Gökçen, E. (2010). Caffeine enhances working memory for extraverts. Biological psychology, 85(3), 496-498.

-   Smit, H. J., & Rogers, P. J. (2002). Effects of ‘energy’drinks on mood and mental performance: critical methodology. Food quality and preference, 13(5), 317-326.

-   Smith, A., Sutherland, D., & Christopher, G. (2005). Effects of repeated doses of caffeine on mood and performance of alert and fatigued volunteers. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 19(6), 620-626.

-   Stewart-Williams, S., & Podd, J. (2004). The placebo effect: dissolving the expectancy versus conditioning debate. Psychological bulletin, 130(2), 324.

-   Tan, Z. S., Burns, S. F., Pan, J. W., & Kong, P. W. (2020). Effect of caffeine ingestion on free-throw performance in college basketball players. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 18(2), 62-67.

-   Umana-Alvarado, M., & Moncada-Jimenez, J. (2004). The effect of an energy drink on aerobic performance in male athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(5), S174-S175.

-   Wen, N., Dalbo, V. J., Burgos, B., Pyne, D. B., & Scanlan, A. T. (2018). Power testing in basketball: Current practice and future recommendations. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(9), 2677-2691.

-   Whitham, M., & McKinney, J. (2007). Effect of a carbohydrate mouthwash on running time-trial performance. Journal of sports sciences, 25(12), 1385-1392.

References

• Alford, C., Cox, H., & Wescott, R. (2001). The effects of red bull energy drink on human performance and mood. Amino acids, 21(2), 139-150.


• Astorino, T. A., & Roberson, D. W. (2010). Efficacy of acute caffeine ingestion for short-term high-intensity exercise performance: a systematic review. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(1), 257-265.


• Astorino, T. A., Cottrell, T., Lozano, A. T., Aburto-Pratt, K., & Duhon, J. (2012). Effect of caffeine on RPE and perceptions of pain, arousal, and pleasure/displeasure during a cycling time trial in endurance trained and active men. Physiology & behavior, 106(2), 211-217.


• Astorino, T. A., Martin, B. J., Schachtsiek, L., Wong, K., & Ng, K. (2011). Minimal effect of acute caffeine ingestion on intense resistance training performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(6), 1752-1758.


• Bloms, L. P., Fitzgerald, J. S., Short, M. W., & Whitehead, J. R. (2016). The effects of caffeine on vertical jump height and execution in collegiate athletes. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 30(7), 1855-1861.


• Borg, G. (1998). Borg's perceived exertion and pain scales. Human kinetics.


• Buck, R., Dixon, J., Matjasich, L., & Petersen, R. (2013). Energy Drink Consumption among Adolescents and Young Adults: Health Effects and Implications for Practice(Doctoral dissertation, Westminster College).


• Campbell, B., Wilborn, C., La Bounty, P., Taylor, L., Nelson, M. T., Greenwood, M., ... & Schmitz, S. (2013). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: energy drinks. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 10(1), 1.


• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences {Ind cd.  NJ: Erihaum.


• Colloca, L., Petrovic, P., Wager, T. D., Ingvar, M., & Benedetti, F. (2010). How the number of learning trials affects placebo and nocebo responses. Pain®, 151(2), 430-439.


• Davis, J. M., Zhao, Z., Stock, H. S., Mehl, K. A., Buggy, J., & Hand, G. A. (2003). Central nervous system effects of caffeine and adenosine on fatigue. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 284(2), R399-R404.


• Doherty, M., & Smith, P. M. (2005). Effects of caffeine ingestion on rating of perceived exertion during and after exercise: a meta‐Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 15(2), 69-78.


• Duncan, M. J., & Oxford, S. W. (2011). The effect of caffeine ingestion on mood state and bench press performance to failure. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(1), 178-185.


• Duncan, M. J., Lyons, M., & Hankey, J. (2009). Placebo effects of caffeine on short-term resistance exercise to failure. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 4(2), 244-253.


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• Fernández-Campos, C., Dengo, A. L., & Moncada-Jiménez, J. (2015). Acute consumption of an energy drink does not improve physical performance of female volleyball players. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 25(3), 271-277.


• Forbes, S. C., Candow, D. G., Little, J. P., Magnus, C., & Chilibeck, P. D. (2007). Effect of Red Bull energy drink on repeated Wingate cycle performance and bench-press muscle endurance. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 17(5), 433-444.


• Forozesh, G., Nikbakht, M., & Mohammadshahi, M. (2012). Comparison of the effect of energy drinks with a simple carbohydrate solution on anaerobic power, fatigue index and blood lactate level. SSU_Journals, 19(6), 754-765.


• Gariballa, S., & Forster, S. (2007). Effects of dietary supplements on depressive symptoms in older patients: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Clinical nutrition, 26(5), 545-551.


• Giles, G. E., Mahoney, C. R., Brunyé, T. T., Gardony, A. L., Taylor, H. A., & Kanarek, R. B. (2012). Differential cognitive effects of energy drink ingredients: caffeine, taurine, and glucose. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 102(4), 569-577.


• Higgins, J. P., Tuttle, T. D., & Higgins, C. L. (2010, November). Energy beverages: content and safety. In Mayo clinic proceedings(Vol. 85, No. 11, pp. 1033-1041). Elsevier.


• Hoffman, J. R., Kang, J., Ratamess, N. A., Hoffman, M. W., Tranchina, C. P., & Faigenbaum, A. D. (2009). Examination of a pre-exercise, high energy supplement on exercise performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 6(1), 2.


• Howard, M. A., & Marczinski, C. A. (2010). Acute effects of a glucose energy drink on behavioral control. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 18(6), 553.


• Hulston, C. J., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2008). Substrate metabolism and exercise performance with caffeine and carbohydrate intake. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(12), 2096-2104.


• Insight, A. M. (2017). Global energy drinks market: Insights, market size, share, growth, trends analysis and forecast to 2021. AIM Market Insight.


• Kennedy, D. O., Veasey, R., Watson, A., Dodd, F., Jones, E., Maggini, S., & Haskell, C. F. (2010). Effects of high-dose B vitamin complex with vitamin C and minerals on subjective mood and performance in healthy males. Psychopharmacology, 211(1), 55-68.


• Lanotte, M., Lopiano, L., Torre, E., Bergamasco, B., Colloca, L., & Benedetti, F. (2005). Expectation enhances autonomic responses to stimulation of the human subthalamic limbic region. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 19(6), 500-509.


• Lind, E., Ekkekakis, P., & Vazou, S. (2008). The Affective Impact of Exercise Intensity That Slightly Exceeds the Preferred Level: 'Pain'for No Additional'Gain'. Journal of Health Psychology, 13(4), 464-468.


• Lohse, K., & Sherwood, D. E. (2011). Defining the focus of attention: effects of attention on perceived exertion and fatigue. Frontiers in psychology, 2, 332.


• Marquet, L. A., Brisswalter, J., Louis, J., Tiollier, E., Burke, L. M., Hawley, J. A., & Hausswirth, C. (2016). Enhanced endurance performance by periodization of carbohydrate intake:“sleep low” strategy. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48(4), 663-672.


• Olatona, F. A., Aderibigbe, I. O., Aderibigbe, S. A., & Ladi-Akinyemi, T. W. (2018). Energy drinks consumption among football players in Lagos, Nigeria. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 31(4), 84-88.


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• Schaffer, S. W., Shimada, K., Jong, C. J., Ito, T., Azuma, J., & Takahashi, K. (2014). Effect of taurine and potential interactions with caffeine on cardiovascular function. Amino Acids, 46(5), 1147-1157.


• Schmidt, R. M., McIntire, L. K., Caldwell, J. A., & Hallman, C. (2008). Prevalence of energy-drink and supplement usage in a sample of Air Force personnel(No. AFRL-RH-WP-TP-2010-0010). AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH HUMAN EFFECTIVENESS DIRECTORATE.


• Scholey, A. B., & Kennedy, D. O. (2004). Cognitive and physiological effects of an “energy drink”: an evaluation of the whole drink and of glucose, caffeine and herbal flavouring fractions. Psychopharmacology, 176(3-4), 320-330.


• Seifert, S. M., Schaechter, J. L., Hershorin, E. R., & Lipshultz, S. E. (2011). Health effects of energy drinks on children, adolescents, and young adults. Pediatrics, 127(3), 511-528.


• Shah, S. A., Szeto, A. H., Farewell, R., Shek, A., Fan, D., Quach, K. N., ... & Nguyen, N. (2019). Impact of high volume energy drink consumption on electrocardiographic and blood pressure parameters: A randomized trial. Journal of the American Heart Association, 8(11), e011318.


• Smillie, L. D., & Gökçen, E. (2010). Caffeine enhances working memory for extraverts. Biological psychology, 85(3), 496-498.


• Smit, H. J., & Rogers, P. J. (2002). Effects of ‘energy’drinks on mood and mental performance: critical methodology. Food quality and preference, 13(5), 317-326.


• Smith, A., Sutherland, D., & Christopher, G. (2005). Effects of repeated doses of caffeine on mood and performance of alert and fatigued volunteers. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 19(6), 620-626.


• Stewart-Williams, S., & Podd, J. (2004). The placebo effect: dissolving the expectancy versus conditioning debate. Psychological bulletin, 130(2), 324.


• Tan, Z. S., Burns, S. F., Pan, J. W., & Kong, P. W. (2020). Effect of caffeine ingestion on free-throw performance in college basketball players. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 18(2), 62-67.


• Umana-Alvarado, M., & Moncada-Jimenez, J. (2004). The effect of an energy drink on aerobic performance in male athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(5), S174-S175.


• Waez Mousavi, S.M. K., Hamza, Kh. (2007). The effect of a psychological counseling session on the mood characteristics of Hamid athletes. International Congress of Applied Psychology in Championship Sports.


• Wen, N., Dalbo, V. J., Burgos, B., Pyne, D. B., & Scanlan, A. T. (2018). Power testing in basketball: Current practice and future recommendations. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(9), 2677-2691.


• Whitham, M., & McKinney, J. (2007). Effect of a carbohydrate mouthwash on running time-trial performance. Journal of sports sciences, 25(12), 1385-1392.