The Effect of Core Muscles’ Fatigue on Agility in Female Athletes

Subject Areas : Sport Sciences Quarterly

sohila minaei ¹ , aliakbar jadidiyan ²

1 - کارشناس ارشد آسیب شناسی ورزشی و حرکات اصلاحی، دبیر تربیت بدنی شهر مریوان
2 - دکتری تخصصی آسیب ‌شناسی ورزشی و حرکات اصلاحی، مربی گروه تربیت‌بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه پیام نور، ایران

Received: 2021-08-17 Accepted : 2021-08-17 Published : 2021-04-21

Keywords: Fatigue, Agility, Female athletes, core stability, core muscles,

Abstract :

Fatigue is a common phenomenon during sports activities affecting athletic performance. Core muscle actions can affect performance of the whole body and extremities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of core muscle fatigue on female athletes’ agility. 30 healthy female students, active in sports teams, accomplished Illinois, 505 and T agility tests on two sessions. The first was held before and the second after the fatigue protocol. Within group comparisons were determined with paired t test. The results showed that core muscles fatigue can lead to significant reduction in agility tests scores (p < 0/05). Further, Cohen’s effect size value of T (d=0/673), 505 (d=1/925) and Illinois (d=1/873) agility tests suggested a moderate, and high to very high practical significance. According to the results, it is recommended to perform functional exercises simulated to sport activities; including agility and core stability exercises to prevent fatigue and injury.  

References:

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-       Abt, J. P., Smoliga, J.M., Brick ,M.J., Jolly, J.T., Lephart, S.M., Fu, F.H. (2007). Relationship between cycling mechanics and core stability. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21, 1300-1304.

-       American., A., of physical education., papers. (1989). Physical activity and aging. Human kinetics books, 22.

-       Bellew, J., Panwitz B., Peterson L., Brock M., Olson K. (2009). Effect of acute fatigue of the hip abductors on control of balance in young and older women. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 90, 1170-1175.

-       Cairns, S. (2011). Interactive processes link the multiple symptoms of fatigue in sport competition. Ph.D dissertation. Auckland New Zealand Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, AUT University.

-       Chaabene, H., Hachana, Y., Rajeb, G.B., Khlifa, R., Aouadi, R., Chamari, K., et al. (2014). Validity and reliability of new agility test among elite  and subelite under 14-soccer players. PLoS ONE, 9-16.

-       Cloak, R., Nevill , A., Smith, J., Wyon, M. (2014). The acute effects of vibration stimulus following FIFA 11þ on agility and reactive strength in collegiate soccer players. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 3, 193-298.

-       Dehnavi, H., Khorramnezhad, H., Hassanpanah, H., Hajibigloo, M. (2013). The effect of fatigue on functional stability in the basketball players with functional ankle instability. American Journal of Sports Science, 1(3), 28-32.

-       Ellis, L., Gastin, P., Lawrence, S., Savage, B., Buckeridge, A., Tumilty, D. (2000). Protocols for the physiological assessment of team sports players. Physiological Test for the Elite Athletes. Champaign, IL: Australian Sports Commission.

-       Gailey, R. S., Raya, M.A., Gaunaurd, I.A., Jayne, L.D.M., Campbell, M.A.J., (Ret), S.M., Gagne, E., et al. (2013). Comparison of three agility tests with male servicemembers: Edgren Side Step Test, T-Test, and Illinois Agility Test. .JRRD, 7, 951-960.

-       Gibson, A. S., Grobler, L.A., Collins, M., Lambert, M.I., Sharwood, K., Derman, E.W., et al. (2006). Evaluation of maximal exercise performance, fatigue, and depression in athletes with acquired chronic training intolerance. Clin J Sport Med, 1, 39-45.

-       Gretchen, D., Heather, R. (2010). Improving core strength to prevent injury. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 81, 15-19.

-       Hargreaves, M. (2008). Fatigue mechanisms determining exercise performance: integrative physiology is systems biology. J Appl Physiol, 104, 1541-1542.

-       Hart, J. M., Fritz, J.M., Kerrigan, D.C., Saliba, E.N., Gansneder, B.M., Ingersoll, C.D. (2006). Reduced quadriceps activation after lumbar paraspinal fatiguing exercise. J athl Train, 41(1), 79-86.

-       Hewett, T. E., Shultz, S.J., Griffin, L.Y. (2007). Understanding and preventing noncontact ACL injuries. USA. Human Kinetics Publishers, 42(1), 135-138.

-       Hodges, P. W., Richardson, C.A. (1997). Contraction of the abdominal muscles associated with movement of the lower limb. Phys Ther, 77(2).

-       Howard, J., Granacher, U., & Behm, D. G. (2015). Trunk extensor fatigue decreases jump height similarly under stable and unstable conditions with experienced jumpers. Eur J Appl Physiol, 115(2), 285-294. doi:10.1007/s00421-014-3011-x

-       Janot, J., Weiss, T., Kreitinger, J., Wilde, H., & et al. (2010). Effect of functional resistance training on muscular fitness outcomes in young adults. J Exerc Sci Fit, 2(8), 113-122.

-       Kavcic, N., Grenier, S., McGill, S.M. (2004). Quantifying tissue loads and spine stability while performing commonly prescribed low back stabilization exercises. Spine, 29(20), 2319-2312.

-       Kibler, W. B., Press, J., Sciascia, A. (2006). The role of core stability in athletic function. Sports Med, 36(3), 189-198.

-       Lingesh Sukalinggam, C., Lingesh Sukalinggam, G., Kasim, F., Yusof, A. (2012). Stability ball training on lower back strength has greater effect in untrained female compared to male. Journal of human kinetics, 33, 33-141.

-       Lockie, R. G., Schultz, A.B., Callaghan, S.J., Jeffriess, M.D., Berry, S.P. (2013). Reliability and validity of a new test of change-of-direction speed for fieldbased sports: the change-of-direction and acceleration test (CODAT). Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 12.

-       McGill, S. (2010). Core training: evidence translating to better performance and injury prevention. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 3.

-       Mendes, B. (2016). The effects of core training applied to footballers on anaerobic power, speed and agility performance. Anthropologist, 23(3), 361-366.

-       Millet, G. Y., Lepers, R. (2004). Alterations of neuromuscular function after prolonged running, cycling and skiing exercises. Sports Med, 34, 105-116.

-       Munro, A. G., Herrington, L.C. (2011). Between- Session reliability of four hop tests and the agility T-test. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(5), 1470-1477.

-       Notarnicola, A., Maccagnano, G., Tafuri, S., Pesce, V., Digiglio, D., Moretti, B. (2015). Effects of training on postural stability in young basketball players. Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal, 5(4), 310-315.

-       Ortiz, A., Olson, S.L., Etnyre, B., Trudelle-Jackson, E.E., Bartlett, W., Venegas-Rios, H.L. (2010). Fatigue effects on knee joint stability during two jump tasks in women. J Strength Cond Res, 24(4), 1019-1027.

-       Pauole, K., Madole, K., Garhammer, J., Lacourse, M., Rozenek, R. (2000). Reliability and validity of the T-test as a measure of agility, leg power, and leg speed in college-aged men and women. J Strength Cond Res, 14, 443-450.

-       Plamondon, A., Trimble, K., Lariviere, C., Desjardins, P. (2004). Back muscle fatigue during intermittent prone back extension exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 14(4), 221-230.

-       Qu, X., Lew, F.L. (2014). Effects of multi-joint muscular fatigue on biomechanics of slips. Journal of Biomechanics, 47, 59-64.

-       Rahnama, N. (2003). Muscle fatigue induced by exercise simulating the work rate of competitive soccer. Journal of sport science, 21, 933-942.

-       Reed, C. A., Ford, K.R., Myer, G.D., Hewett, T.E. (2012). The effects of isolated and integrated core stability training on athletic performance measures: A systematic review. Sports Med., 42(8), 697-706.

-       Rozzi, S. L., Lephart, S.M., Fu, F.H. (1999). Effects of muscular fatigue on knee joint laxity and neuromuscular characteristics of male and female athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 34(2), 106-114.

-       Salavati, M., Moghadam, M., Ebrahimi, I., Arab, A.M. (2007). Changes in postural stability with fatigue of lower extremity frontal and sagittal plane movers. Gait and posture, 26, 214-218.

-       Santos, M. S., David G. Behm, D.G., David Barbado, D., Josimari Melo Desantana, J.M., Grigoletto, M.E.D.S. (2019). Core Endurance Relationships With Athletic and Functional Performance in Inactive People. Journal Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 1-8.

-       Sekulic, D., Spasic, M., Mirkov, D., Cavar, M., Sattler, T. (2013). Gender-Specifi influences of balance, speed, and power on agility performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 3, 803-811.

-       Sharrock, C., Cropper, J., Mostad, J., Johnson, M., Malone, T. (2011). A pilot study of core stability and athletic performance: is there a relationship? Int J Sports Phys Ther, 6(2), 63-74.

-       Sheykhi, S., Norasteh, A.A. (2019). Comparison of different methods of core muscle fatigue on lower extremity function tests among female athletes. Journal Tabari Biomed Stu Res, 1(1), 28-35.

-       Tomas, M., Frantisek, Z., Lucia, M., Jaroslav, T. (2014). Profile, Correlation and Structure of Speed in Youth Elite Soccer Players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 40, 149-159.

-       Tong, T. k., Wu, S.h., Nie, J., Baker, J.s., Lin, H. (2014). The occurrence of core muscle fatigue during high-intensity running exercise and its limitation to performance: the role of respiratory work. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 13, 244-251.

-       Vuillerme, N., Pinsault, N. (2010). Degradation of Cervical Joint Position Sense Following Muscular Fatigue in Humans. Spine, 35(3), 294-297.

-       Willson, J. D., Dougherty, C.P., Ireland, M.L., Davis, I.M.C. (2005). Core stability and its relationship to lower extremity function and injury. Journal Am Acad Orthop Surg, 13(5), 316-325.

References

• Abt, J. P., Smoliga, J.M., Brick ,M.J., Jolly, J.T., Lephart, S.M., Fu, F.H. (2007). Relationship between cycling mechanics and core stability. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21, 1300-1304.


• Abt, J. P., Smoliga, J.M., Brick ,M.J., Jolly, J.T., Lephart, S.M., Fu, F.H. (2007). Relationship between cycling mechanics and core stability. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21, 1300-1304.


• , A., of physical education., papers. (1989). Physical activity and aging. Human kinetics books, 22.


• Bellew, J., Panwitz B., Peterson L., Brock M., Olson K. (2009). Effect of acute fatigue of the hip abductors on control of balance in young and older women. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 90, 1170-1175.


• Cairns, S. (2011). Interactive processes link the multiple symptoms of fatigue in sport competition. D dissertation. Auckland New Zealand Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, AUT University.


• Chaabene, H., Hachana, Y., Rajeb, G.B., Khlifa, R., Aouadi, R., Chamari, K., et al. (2014). Validity and reliability of new agility test among elite and subelite under 14-soccer players. PLoS ONE, 9-16.


• Cloak, R., Nevill , A., Smith, J., Wyon, M. (2014). The acute effects of vibration stimulus following FIFA 11þ on agility and reactive strength in collegiate soccer players. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 3, 193-298.


• Dehnavi, H., Khorramnezhad, H., Hassanpanah, H., Hajibigloo, M. (2013). The effect of fatigue on functional stability in the basketball players with functional ankle instability. American Journal of Sports Science, 1(3), 28-32.


• Ellis, L., Gastin, P., Lawrence, S., Savage, B., Buckeridge, A., Tumilty, D. (2000). Protocols for the physiological assessment of team sports players. Physiological Test for the Elite Athletes. Champaign, IL: Australian Sports Commission.


• Gailey, R. S., Raya, M.A., Gaunaurd, I.A., Jayne, L.D.M., Campbell, M.A.J., (Ret), S.M., Gagne, E., et al. (2013). Comparison of three agility tests with male servicemembers: Edgren Side Step Test, T-Test, and Illinois Agility Test. .JRRD, 7, 951-960.


• Gibson, A. S., Grobler, L.A., Collins, M., Lambert, M.I., Sharwood, K., Derman, E.W., et al. (2006). Evaluation of maximal exercise performance, fatigue, and depression in athletes with acquired chronic training intolerance. Clin J Sport Med, 1, 39-45.


• Gretchen, D., Heather, R. (2010). Improving core strength to prevent injury. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 81, 15-19.


• Hargreaves, M. (2008). Fatigue mechanisms determining exercise performance: integrative physiology is systems biology. J Appl Physiol, 104, 1541-1542.


• Hart, J. M., Fritz, J.M., Kerrigan, D.C., Saliba, E.N., Gansneder, B.M., Ingersoll, C.D. (2006). Reduced quadriceps activation after lumbar paraspinal fatiguing exercise. J athl Train, 41(1), 79-86.


• Hewett, T. E., Shultz, S.J., Griffin, L.Y. (2007). Understanding and preventing noncontact ACL injuries. USA. Human Kinetics Publishers, 42(1), 135-138.


• Hodges, P. W., Richardson, C.A. (1997). Contraction of the abdominal muscles associated with movement of the lower limb. Phys Ther, 77(2).


• Howard, J., Granacher, U., & Behm, D. G. (2015). Trunk extensor fatigue decreases jump height similarly under stable and unstable conditions with experienced jumpers. Eur J Appl Physiol, 115(2), 285-294. doi:10.1007/s00421-014-3011-x


• Janot, J., Weiss, T., Kreitinger, J., Wilde, H., & et al. (2010). Effect of functional resistance training on muscular fitness outcomes in young adults. J Exerc Sci Fit, 2(8), 113-122.


• Kavcic, N., Grenier, S., McGill, S.M. (2004). Quantifying tissue loads and spine stability while performing commonly prescribed low back stabilization exercises. Spine, 29(20), 2319-2312.


• Kibler, W. B., Press, J., Sciascia, A. (2006). The role of core stability in athletic function. Sports Med, 36(3), 189-198.


• Lingesh Sukalinggam, C., Lingesh Sukalinggam, G., Kasim, F., Yusof, A. (2012). Stability ball training on lower back strength has greater effect in untrained female compared to male. Journal of human kinetics, 33, 33-141.


• Lockie, R. G., Schultz, A.B., Callaghan, S.J., Jeffriess, M.D., Berry, S.P. (2013). Reliability and validity of a new test of change-of-direction speed for fieldbased sports: the change-of-direction and acceleration test (CODAT). Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 12.


• McGill, S. (2010). Core training: evidence translating to better performance and injury prevention. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 3.


• Mendes, B. (2016). The effects of core training applied to footballers on anaerobic power, speed and agility performance. Anthropologist, 23(3), 361-366.


• Millet, G. Y., Lepers, R. (2004). Alterations of neuromuscular function after prolonged running, cycling and skiing exercises. Sports Med, 34, 105-116.


• Munro, A. G., Herrington, L.C. (2011). Between- Session reliability of four hop tests and the agility T-test. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(5), 1470-1477.


• Notarnicola, A., Maccagnano, G., Tafuri, S., Pesce, V., Digiglio, D., Moretti, B. (2015). Effects of training on postural stability in young basketball players. Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal, 5(4), 310-315.


• Ortiz, A., Olson, S.L., Etnyre, B., Trudelle-Jackson, E.E., Bartlett, W., Venegas-Rios, H.L. (2010). Fatigue effects on knee joint stability during two jump tasks in women. J Strength Cond Res, 24(4), 1019-1027.


• Pauole, K., Madole, K., Garhammer, J., Lacourse, M., Rozenek, R. (2000). Reliability and validity of the T-test as a measure of agility, leg power, and leg speed in college-aged men and women. J Strength Cond Res, 14, 443-450.


• Plamondon, A., Trimble, K., Lariviere, C., Desjardins, P. (2004). Back muscle fatigue during intermittent prone back extension exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 14(4), 221-230.


• Qu, X., Lew, F.L. (2014). Effects of multi-joint muscular fatigue on biomechanics of slips. Journal of Biomechanics, 47, 59-64.


• Rahnama, N. (2003). Muscle fatigue induced by exercise simulating the work rate of competitive soccer. Journal of sport science, 21, 933-942.


• Reed, C. A., Ford, K.R., Myer, G.D., Hewett, T.E. (2012). The effects of isolated and integrated core stability training on athletic performance measures: A systematic review. Sports Med., 42(8), 697-706.


• Rozzi, S. L., Lephart, S.M., Fu, F.H. (1999). Effects of muscular fatigue on knee joint laxity and neuromuscular characteristics of male and female athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 34(2), 106-114.


• Salavati, M., Moghadam, M., Ebrahimi, I., Arab, A.M. (2007). Changes in postural stability with fatigue of lower extremity frontal and sagittal plane movers. Gait and posture, 26, 214-218.


• Santos, M. S., David G. Behm, D.G., David Barbado, D., Josimari Melo Desantana, J.M., Grigoletto, M.E.D.S. (2019). Core Endurance Relationships With Athletic and Functional Performance in Inactive People. Journal Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 1-8.


• Sekulic, D., Spasic, M., Mirkov, D., Cavar, M., Sattler, T. (2013). Gender-Specifi influences of balance, speed, and power on agility performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 3, 803-811.


• Sharrock, C., Cropper, J., Mostad, J., Johnson, M., Malone, T. (2011). A pilot study of core stability and athletic performance: is there a relationship? Int J Sports Phys Ther, 6(2), 63-74.


• Sheykhi, S., Norasteh, A.A. (2019). Comparison of different methods of core muscle fatigue on lower extremity function tests among female athletes. Journal Tabari Biomed Stu Res, 1(1), 28-35.


• Tomas, M., Frantisek, Z., Lucia, M., Jaroslav, T. (2014). Profile, Correlation and Structure of Speed in Youth Elite Soccer Players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 40, 149-159.


• Tong, T. k., Wu, S.h., Nie, J., Baker, J.s., Lin, H. (2014). The occurrence of core muscle fatigue during high-intensity running exercise and its limitation to performance: the role of respiratory work. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 13, 244-251.


• Vuillerme, N., Pinsault, N. (2010). Degradation of Cervical Joint Position Sense Following Muscular Fatigue in Humans. Spine, 35(3), 294-297.


• Willson, J. D., Dougherty, C.P., Ireland, M.L., Davis, I.M.C. (2005). Core stability and its relationship to lower extremity function and injury. Journal Am Acad Orthop Surg, 13(5), 316-325.