The Impact of World War II on Political Development in Iran and Turkey

Subject Areas : Iranian Political Research

Mohammad Amoozadeh ¹ , Siamak Bahrami ²

1 - PhD student, Department of political science, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
2 - Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran

Received: 2024-05-07 Accepted : 2024-05-26 Published : 2024-08-24

Keywords: World War II, Iran, Turkey, Democracy, Political Development.,

Abstract :

The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of World War II on political development in Iran and Turkey. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the findings indicate that, despite the numerous similarities in the political modernization processes of Iran and Turkey following World War I, it was expected that the political modernization paths of the two countries would proceed similarly, leading to comparable outcomes. After World War I, an authoritarian regime emerged in Iran, while a republican regime was established in Turkey. Although Western-style modernization in various fields was carried out similarly in both countries, after World War II, democracy in Turkey evolved, while authoritarianism persisted in Iran. World War II led to the occupation of Iran, the loss of its independence and national sovereignty, insecurity, chaos, and subsequent efforts to divide the country. This war halted the modernization process in Iran and intensified security concerns, even after the war ended. In contrast, Turkey was spared the disastrous consequences of World War II and, guided by aspirations such as Westernization and membership in the European Union, gradually achieved greater political development. Overall, World War II caused Iran to focus more on security issues while Turkey pursued political development.

References:

آبراهامیان، یرواند (1384). ایران بین دو انقلاب، درآمدی بر جامعه‌شناسی سیاسی ایران معاصر. ترجمه احمد گل‌محمدی و محمدابراهیم فتاحی ولیلایی. تهران: نشر نی، چاپ یازدهم.
اسمعیلی، علی؛ شهریاری، محمدعلی؛ پارسا، محمد (1402). تحولات قطب‌بندی نظام بین‌الملل و امنیت خاورمیانه (2021-1980). پژوهشنامه ایرانی سیاست بین‌الملل، 11(2)، ص98-80.
زاهدی، نسا؛ سرپرست سادات، ابراهیم؛ امینی، سعید (1397). همه‌پرسی 2017 ترکیه و آینده ثبات سیاسی و دموکراسی. پژوهش‌های راهبردی سیاست، 7(27)، ص197-173.
ساناساریان، الیز (1384). جنبش حقوق زنان در ایران، طغیان، افول و سرکوب از 1280 تا انقلاب 57. ترجمه نوشین احمدی خراسانی. تهران: نشر اختران.
غلام‌نیا، هادی؛ پیرمحمدی، سعید (1399). تحول در سیاست منطقه‌ای امارات متحده عربی رهیافت محمد بن زاید. آفاق امنیت، 13(49)، ص145-115.
فولر، گراهام (1387). قبله عالم، ژئوپلیتیک ایران. ترجمه عباس مخبر. تهران: نشر مرکز، چاپ سوم.
مجد، محمدقلی (1395). پل پیروزی، سرزمین قحطی، ایران در جنگ جهانی دوم، 1324-1320. ترجمه علی فتحعلی آشتیانی. تهران: مؤسسه مطالعات و پژوهش‌های سیاسی.
نجفی، موسی؛ فقیه حقانی، موسی (1383). تاریخ تحولات سیاسی ایران، بررسی مؤلفه‌های دین، حاکمیت، مدنیت و تکوین دولت- ملت در گستره هویت ایران. تهران: مؤسسه مطالعات تاریخ معاصر ایران، چاپ سوم.
Beqa, M. (2017). Neoclassical Realism: Its Promises and Limits as a Theory of Foreign Policy. European Academic Research, 5(1), p. 316-330.
Çalış, Ş. & Söker, Ç. (2019). Turkish Foreign Policy During the Second World War: Neutrality, Diplomacy and Statecraft. SUTAD, Aralık, No. 47, p. 445-463.
Çoban Oran, F. (2018). The Role of External Relations in Turkish Democracy History. UİİİD-IJEAS, No. 21, p. 21-32.
Elman, C. (2007). Realism, in Martin Griffiths, ed. International Relations Theory for the Twenty First Century. London: Routledge.
Feng, L. & Ruizhuang, Zh. (2006). The Typologies of Realism. Chinese Journal of International Politics, Vol. 1, p. 109-134.
Gilman, N. (2007). Mandarins of the Future: Modernization Theory in Cold War America. Johns Hopkins University Press. Available at:
https://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title/1928/mandarins-future
Gökay, B. (2021). Turkish Neutrality in the Second World War and Relations with the Soviet Union. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 23(6), p. 845-853.
Hornk Evans, E.J. (2016). Political Modernization in Atatürk’s Turkey and The Shah’s Iran and the Struggle for Meaning". Senior Projects Spring. Bard College, Bard Digital Commons. Available at: https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/senproj_s2016/256.
Lobell, S.E. (2009). Threat Assessment, The State, and Foreign Policy. In: Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Özden, H. (2013). The Diplomatic Maneuvers of Turkey in World War II. Karadeniz Araştırmaları, No. 37, p. 91-110.
Samii, K.A. (1987). Truman against Stalin in Iran: A Tale of Three Messages. Middle Eastern Studies, 23(1), p. 95-107.
Shweller, R.L. (2003). The Progressiveness of Neoclassical Realism. International Security, 29(2), p. 22-43.
Süleyman, E. (2010). The Invasion of Iran by the Allies during World War II. Codrul Cosminului, 16(2), p. 109-132.
Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of International Politics. University of California, Berkley.
Wieclawski, J. (2011). Contemporary Realism and the Foreign Policy of the Russia Federation. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(1), p. 170-180.
Yenen, A. & Zürcher, E.-J. (2023). Fragments from a Century: A History of Republican Turkey, 1923–2023. Available at:
https://www.amazon.com/Hundred-Years-Republican-Turkey-Fragments/dp/9087284101