The Effects of Oregano Essential Oil and Sodium Butyrate on the Growth Performance, Blood and Rumen Fermentation Parameters of Suckling Holstein Calves
Subject Areas : Camel
M. Mirzababaei
1
(Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran )
F. Ghanbari
2
(Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran)
J. Bayat Kouhsar
3
(Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran )
F. Farivar
4
(Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran)
Keywords: blood metabolites, fermentation parameters, Holstein suckling calves, oregano essen-tial oil, performance characteristics, sodium butyrate,
Abstract :
This study examined the effects of oregano essential oil (OEO) and sodium butyrate (SB) dissolved in milk on Holstein suckling calves' performance, and blood and fermentation parameters. Twenty-four newborn male calves (3 to 5 days old) weighing an average of 36 ± 2 kg were randomly divided into four equal groups. Experimental treatments included: 1- basal diet (control), 2- basal diet + 5 g SB, 3- basal diet + 5 g OEO, and 4- basal diet + 5 g SB and 5 g OEO. Every two weeks, calves were weighed, and their skeletal growth indices were measured. In addition, the daily feed intake was determined. Blood samples were taken on days 7, 21, 42, and 56, and analyzed for determination of serum glucose, albumin, total protein, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), total cholesterol, triglycerides, and urea concentration. On the 21st, 42nd, and 56th days of the experiment, rumen fluid was collected to determine pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and vola-tile fatty acids (VFAs) concentrations. The SB and SB + OEO treatments increased feed intake compared to the control (P=0.06). Neither weight gain (P=0.11) nor feed conversion ratio (FCR, P=0.45) were influ-enced by treatments. However, some skeletal growth characteristics, including body length, withers height, and hip height, were enhanced by SB and OEO (P=0.05). Except protein, which was reduced by all treat-ments (P=0.002), there were no significant differences in blood parameters among treatments. Although treatments with SB and OEO increased the concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and total VFAs in rumen fluid (P<0.0001), rumen fluid pH (P=0.27) or NH3-N (P=0.70) concentration were influenced by none of treatments. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that although SB and OEO treat-ments improved rumen VFAs profiles, they had no significant effect on calf performance traits. Based on these results, investigation of the effects of using these treatments as a strategy in rumen development and early weaning of calves is suggestable.
Abdi-Benemar H., Seifdavati J., Seifzadeh S. and Ramezani M. (2020). Effects of microencapsulated sodium butyrate on per-formance, blood metabolites and nutrient digestibility of suck-ling Holstein calves. J. Anim. Sci. Res. 30, 73-83.
Akbarian-Tefaghi M., Ghasemi E. and Khorvash M. (2018). Per-formance, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites of dairy calves feed starter mixtures supplemented with herbal plants, essential oils or monensin. J. Anim. physiol. Anim. Nutr. 102, 130-138.
Araujo G., Terr M., Mereu A. and Ipharraguerre I.R. (2015). Ef-fects of supplementing a milk replacer with sodium butyrate or tributyrin on performance and metabolism of Holstein calves. Anim. Prod. Sci. 56, 1834-1841.
Bayatkouhsar J., Tahmasebi A.M., Naserian A.A., Mokarram R.R. and Valizadeh R. (2013). Effects of supplementation of lactic acid bacteria on growth performance, blood metabolites and fecal coliform and lactobacilli of young dairy calves. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 186, 1-11.
Beharka A., Nagaraja T., Morrill J., Kennedy G. and Klemm R. (1998). Effects of form of the diet on anatomical, microbial, and fermentative development of the rumen of neonatal calves. J. Dairy Sci. 81, 1946-1955.
Beiranvand H., Ghorbani G.R., Khorvash M., Nabipour A., Dehghan-Banadaky M., Homayouni A. and Kargar S. (2014). Interactions of alfalfa hay and sodium propionate on dairy calf performance and rumen development. J. Dairy Sci. 97, 2270-2280.
Benchaar C., Calsamiglia S., Chaves A.V., Fraser G.R., Colom-batto D., McAllister T.A. and Beauchemin K.A. (2008). A re-view of plant-derived essential oils in ruminant nutrition and production. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 145, 209-228.
Benchaar C. and Greathead H. (2011). Essential oils and opportu-nities to mitigate enteric methane emissions from ruminants. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 166, 338-355.
Bergman E.N. (1990). Energy Contributions of volatile fatty acids from the gastrointestinal tract in various species. Physiol. Rev. 70, 567-583.
Broderick G.A. and Kang J.H. (1980). Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. J. Dairy Sci. 63, 64-75.
Cardozo P.W., Calsamiglia A., Ferret A. and Kamel C. (2005). Screening for the effects of natural plant extracts at different pH on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation of a high-concentrate diet for beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 83, 2572-2579.
Castillejous L., Calsamigkia S., Ferret A. and Losa R. (2005). Effects of a specific blend of essential oil compounds and type of diet on rumen microbial fermentation and nutrient flow from a continuous culture system. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 119, 29-41.
Castillejous L., Calsamiglia S. and Ferret A. (2006). Effect of essential oils active compounds on rumen microbial fermenta-tion and nutrient flow in in vitro systems. J. Dairy Sci. 89, 2649-2658.
Castillejous L., Calsamiglia S., Ferret A. and Losa R. (2007). Ef-fects of dose and adaptation time of a specific blend of essen-tial oils compounds on rumen fermentation. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 132, 186-201.
Chaves A.V., Stanford K., Dugan M.E.R., Gibson L.L., McAllister T.A., Van Herk F. and Benchaar C. (2008). Effects of cinnamaldehyde, garlic and juniper berry essential oils on rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of growing lambs. Lives. Sci. 117, 215-224.
Coverdale J.A., Tyler H.D., Quigley J.D. and Brumm J.A. (2004). Effect of various levels of forage and form of diet on rumen development and growth in calves. J. Dairy Sci. 87, 2554-2562.
Davarmanesh A.R., Fathi Nasri M.H., Kalantari Firouzabad A.R. and Montazer-Torabi M.B. (2015). Effect of Ca-butyrate and Oleobiotec (a flavoring agent) supplemented starter on the per-formance of Holstein dairy calves. J. Agric. Sci. 153, 1506-1513.
Diao Q., Zhang R. and Fu T. (2019). Review of strategies to pro-mote rumen development in calves. Animals. 9, 490-505.
Donkin S.S. and Armentano L.E. (1995). Insulin and glucagon regulation of gluconeogenesis in preruminating and ruminat-ing bovine. J. Anim. Sci. 73, 546-551.
Eskandari M.M., Hossein Yadi M., Mahjoubi E. and Kazem-Bonchenari M. (2021). The effect of different feeding times of microencapsulated sodium butyrate in whole milk and starter feed on growth and health of Holstein dairy calves? J. Agric. Sci. 161(1), 117-127.
Fahey J. and Berger L. (1988). Carbohydrate nutrition of rumi-nants. Pp. 269-295 in The Ruminant Animal: Digestive Physi-ology and Nutrition. D.C. Church, Ed., Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Ferreira L.S. and Bittar C.M.M. (2011). Performance and plasma metabolites of dairy calves fed starter containing sodium bu-tyrate, calcium propionate or sodium monensin. Animal. 5, 239-245.
Frieten D., Gerbert C., Koch C., Dusel G., Eder K., Hoeflich A., Mielenz B. and Hammon H.M. (2018). Influence of ad libitum milk replacer feeding and butyrate supplementation on the sys-temic and hepatic insulin-like growth factor I and its binding proteins in Holstein calves. J. Dairy Sci. 101, 1661-1672.
Gading B.M.W.T., Agus A., Irawan A. and Panjono P. (2020). Growth performance, hematological and mineral profile of pos-weaning calves as influenced by inclusion of pelleted-concentrate supplement containing essential oils and probiot-ics. Iranian J. Appl. Anim. Sci. 10, 461-468.
Ghaffari M.H., Hammon H.M., Frieten D., Gerbert C., Georg Dusel G. and Koch C. (2021). Effects of milk replacer meal size on feed intake, growth performance, and blood metabo-lites and hormones of calves fed milk replacer with or without butyrate ad libitum: A cluster-analytic approach. J. Dairy Sci. 104, 4650-4664.
Gorka P., Kowalski Z.M., Pietrzak P., Kotunia A., Jagusiak W., Holst J.J. and Guilloteau P. (2011). Effect of method of deliv-ery of sodium butyrate on rumen development in newborn calves. J. Dairy Sci. 94, 5578-5588.
Gorka P., Kowalski Z.M., Pietrzak P., Kotunia A., Kiljanczyk R., Flaga J., Holst J.J., Guilloteau P. and Zabielski R. (2009). Ef-fect of sodium butyrate supplementation in milk replacer and starter diet on rumen development in calves. J. Physiol. Phar-macol. 60, 47-53.
Gorka P., Pietrzak P., Kotunia A., Zabielski R. and Kowalski Z.M. (2014). Effect of method of delivery of sodium butyrate on maturation of the small intestine in newborn calves. J. Dairy Sci. 97, 1026-1035.
Guilloteau P., Savary G., Jaguelin-Peyrault Y., Rome V., Le Nor-mand L. and Zabielski R. (2010). Dietary sodium butyrate supplementation increases digestibility and pancreatic secre-tion in young milk-fed calves. J. Dairy Sci. 93, 5842-5850.
Guilloteau P., Zabielski R., David J.C., Blum J.W., Morriset G.A., Biernat M., Wolinski J., Laubitz D. and Hamon Y. (2009). Sodium-butyrate as a growth promoter in milk replacer for-mula for young calves. J. Dairy Sci. 92, 1038-1049.
Heinrichs A.J., Erb H.N., Rogers G.W., Cooper J.B. and Jones C.M. (2007). Variability in Holsteinheifer heart-girth meas-urements and comparison ofprediction equations for live weight. Pre. Vet. Med. 78, 333-338.
Hill T.M., Aldrich J.M., Schlotterbeck R.L. and Bateman H.G. (2007). Effects of changing the fat and fatty acid composition of milk replacers fed to neonatal calves. Prof. Anim. Sci. 23, 135-143.
Hosseinabadi M., Dehghan Bandaky M. and Zali A. (2013). The effect of feeding of bacterial probiotic in milk or starter on growth performance, health, blood and rumen parameters of sulking calves. Res. Anim. Prod. 4, 57-69.
Huntington G.B., Harmon D.L. and Richards C.J. (2006). Sites, rates, and limits of starch digestion and glucose metabolism in growing cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 84, 14-24.
Irwan A., Hidayat C., Jayanegara A. and Ratriyanto A. (2021). Essential oils as growth-promoting additive on performance, nutrient digestibility, cecal microbes, and serum metabolites of broiler chickens: a meta-analysis. Anim. Biosci. 9, 1499-1513.
Jeshari M., Riasi A., Mahdavi A.H., Khorvash M. and Ahmadi F. (2016). Effect of essential oils and distillation residues blends on growth performance and blood metabolites of Holstein calves weaned gradually or abruptly. Livest. Sci. 185, 117-122.
Kato S., Sato K., Chida H., Roh S.G., Ohwada S., Sato S., Guil-loteau P. and Katoh K. (2011). Effects of Na-butyrate supple-mentation in milk formula on plasma concentrations of GH and insulin, and on rumen papilla development in calves. J. Endocrinol. 211, 241-248.
Koch C., Gerbert C., Frieten D., Dusel G., Eder K., Zitnan R. And Hammon H.M. (2019). Effects of ad libitum milk replacer feeding and butyrate supplementation on the epithelial growth and development of the gastrointestinal tract in Holstein calves. J. Dairy Sci. 102, 8513-8526.
Kotunia A., Wolinski J., Laubitz D., Jurkowska M., Rome V., Guilloteau P. and Zabielski Z. (2004). Effect of sodium bu-tyrate on the small intestine development in neonatal piglets fed [correction of feed] by artificial sow. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2, 59-68.
Kristensen N.B., Sehested J., Jensen S.K. and Vestergaard M. (2007). Effect of milk allowance on concentrate intake, ru-minal environment, and ruminal development in milk fed Hol-stein calves. J. Dairy Sci. 90, 4336-4355.
Liu T., Chen H., Bai Y., Wu J., Cheng S., He B. and Casper D.P. (2020). Calf starter containing a blend of essential oils and prebiotics affects the growth performance of Holstein calves. J. Dairy Sci. 103, 2315-2323.
Liu W., La A.L.T.Z., Evans A., Gao S., Yu Z., Bu D. and Ma L. (2021). Supplementation with sodium butyrate improves growth and antioxidant function in dairy calves before wean-ing. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 12, 2-11.
Mahjoubi E., Armakan A., Hossein Yazdi M. and Zahmatkesh D. (2020). Effect of adding butyric acid to whole milk on growth performance and blood parameters of Holstein calves in pre-weaning and postweaning. Anim. Sci. J. 126, 17-30.
Malhi M., Gui H., Yao L., Aschenbach J.R., Gäbel G. and Shen Z. (2013). Increased papillae growth and enhanced short-chain fatty acid absroption in the rumen of goats are associated with transient increases in cyclin D1 expression after ruminal bu-tyrate infusion. J. Dairy Sci. 96, 7603-7616.
Manzanilla E.G., Nofrarias M., Anguita M., Castillo M., Perez J.F., Martin-Orue S.M., Kamel C. and Gasa J. (2006). Effects of butyrate, avilamycin, and a plant extract combination on the intestinal equilibrium of early-weaned pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 84, 2743-2745.
Mao H., Xia Y., Tu Y., Wang C. and Diao Q. (2017). Effects of various weaning times on growth performance, rumen fermen-tation and microbial population of yellow cattle calves. Asian-australasian J. Anim. Sci. 11, 1557-1562.
McCurdy D.E., Wilkins K.R., Hiltz R.L., Moreland S., Klander-man K. and Laarman A.H. (2019). Effects of supplemental bu-tyrate and weaning on rumen fermentation in Holstein calves. J. Dairy Sci. 102, 8874-8882.
Mohamadi Roodposhti P. and Dabiri N. (2012). Effects of probi-otic and prebiotic on average daily gain, fecal shedding of Es-cherichia coli and immune system status in newborn female calves. Asian-australasian J. Anim. Sci. 9, 1255-1261.
Nazari M., Karkoodi K. and Alizadeh A. (2012). Performance and physiological-responses of milk-fed calves to coated calcium butyrate supplementation. South African J. Anim. Sci. 42, 296-303.
Niwińska B., Hanczakowska E., Arciszewski M.B. and Klebaniuk R. (2017). Review: Exogenous butyrate: Implications for the functional development of ruminal epithelium and calf per-formance. Animal. 11, 1522-1530.
Oba M. and Allen M.S. (2003). Intraruminal infusion of propion-ate alters feeding behavior and decrease energy intake of lac-tating dairy cows. J. Nutr. 133, 1094-1099.
Paraskevakis N. (2018). Effects of dietary Greek oregano (Ori-ganumvulgare ssp. hirtum) supplementation on rumen fermen-tation, enzyme profile and microbial communities in goats. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 102, 701-705.
Poudel P., Froehlich K., Paul Casper D. and St-Pierre B. (2019). Feeding essential oils to neonatal Holstein dairy calves results in increased ruminal Prevotellaceae abundance and propionate concentrations. Microorganisms. 7, 120-135.
Quigley J.D. (1996). Influence of weaning method on growth, intake, and selected blood metabolites in Jersey calves. J. Dairy Sci. 79, 2255-2260.
Quigley J.D. and Bernard J.K. (1992). Effects of nutrient source and time of feeding on changes in blood metabolites in young calves. J. Anim. Sci. 70, 1543-1549.
Safari H., Mohiti Asli M. and Mohammadpour F. (2016). Effect of purslane powder on performance, quality and oxidative stabil-ity of meat and some blood metabolites in fattening lambs. Anim. Prod. Res. 5, 15-25.
Saremi B., Naserian A.A., Bannayan M. and Shahriary F. (2004). Effect of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on rumen bacterial population and performance of Holstein female calves. J. Ag-ric. Sci. Technol. 18, 91-103.
SAS Institute. (2003). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 9.1. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Seifzadeh S., Mirzaei Aghjehgheshlagh F., Abdibenemar H., Seif-davati J. and Navidshad B. (2017). The effects of a medical plant mix and probiotic on performance and health status of suckling Holstein calves. Italian J. Anim. Sci. 16, 44-51.
Seirafy H. and Sobhanirad S. (2017). Effects of oregano (Ori-ganum vulgare) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) oils on growth performance and blood parameters in Holstein suckling calves. Iranian J. Appl. Anim. Sci. 7, 585-593.
Selvi M.H. and Tapki I. (2019). The effects of oregano oil (Ori-ganum onites L.) on the growth performance and some blood parameters of Holstein Friesian calves. KSU J. Agric. Nat. 22, 935-941.
Serbester U., Cakmakci C., Goncu S. and Gorgulu M. (2014). Effect of feeding starter containing butyrate salt on pre and post-weaning performance of early or normally weaned calves. Rev. Med. Vet. 165, 44-48.
Shahabi H. and Chashnidel Y. (2012). The effects of canola oil and oregano essential oil on performance, blood parameters, and chemical carcass composition of Dalagh fattening lambs. J. Rumin. Res. 3, 33-50.
Shahi B., Pirmoohamadi R. and Amini A. (2015). The effect of Citrus Limon essential oil on nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation of male Holstein calves. J. Anim. Prod. 16, 85-92.
Shehta A., Omran H., Kiroloss F. and Azmi M. (2019). Effect of probiotic on growth performance and frequency of diarrhea in neonatal buffalo calves. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 8, 876-881.
Ślusarczyk K., Strzetelski J.A. and Furgal-Dierzuk I. (2010). The effect of sodium butyrate on calf growth and serum level of Β-hydroxybutyric acid. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 19, 348-357.
Soltani M., Kazemi-Bonchenari M., Khaltabadi-Farahani A.H. and Afsarian O. (2017). Interaction of forage provision (alfalfa hay) and sodium butyrate supplementation on performance, structural growth, blood metabolites and rumen fermentation characteristics of lambs during pre-weaning period. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 230, 77-86.
Sun Y.Y., Li J., Meng Q.S., Wu D.L. and Xu M. (2019). Effects of butyric acid supplementation of acidified milk on digestive function and weaning stress of cattle calves. Livest. Sci. 225, 78-84.
Tapki I., Bahadir Ozalpaydin H., Tapki N., Aslan M. and Hanifi Selvi M. (2020). Effects of oregano essential oil on reduction of weaning age and increasing economic efficiency in Holstein Friesian calves. Pakistan J. Zool. 52, 745-752.
Timas A., Seifdavati J., Seifzadeh S., Abdi Benemar A. and Seyed Sharifi R. (2019). The effect of butyrate monoglyceride and probiotic additives on growth performance, some blood pa-rameters and digestibility of nutrients in Holstein suckling calves. Iranian J. Anim. Sci. Res. 11, 165-178.
Vakili A.R., Khorrami B., Daneshmesgaran M. and Parand E. (2013). The effect of thyme and cinnamon essential oil on per-formance, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites in Hol-stein calves consuming high concentrate diet. Asian-australasian J. Anim. Sci. 7, 935-944.
Vazquez-Mendoza O., Elghandour M.M.Y., Salem A.Z.M., Cheng L., Sun X., Lisete Garcia-Flor V., Pilego A.B., Vazquez-Mendoza P. and Anele U. (2020). Effects of sodium butyrate and active Bacillus amyloliquefaciens supplemented to pasteurized waste milk on growth performance and health condition of Holstein dairy calves. Anim. Biotechnol. 31, 209-216.
Wanat P., Górka P. and Kowalski Z.M. (2015). Short communica-tion: effect of inclusion rate of microencapsulated sodium bu-tyrate in starter mixture for dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 98, 2682-2686.
Wu J., Bai Y., Lang X., Wang C., Shi X., Casper D.P., Zhang L., Liu H., Liu T., Gong X., Liang T. And Zhang R. (2020). Die-tary supplementation with oregano essential oil and monensin in combination is antagonistic to growth performance of year-ling Holsten bulls. J. Dairy Sci. 103, 8119-8129.
Yadeghari S., Malecky M., Zamani P. and Dehghan-Banadaky M. (2015). In vitro study the effects of different levels of oregano (Origanum vulgare) essential oils on ruminal fermentation pa-rameters, methane production and rumen induced acidosis. Iranian J. Anim. Sci. 46, 235-246.
Yang W.Z., Ametaj B.N., Benchaar C. and Beauchemin K.A. (2010). Dose response to cinnamaldehyde supplementation in growing beef heifers: Ruminal and intestinal digestion. J. Anim. Sci. 88, 680-688.
