The Effect of Grain Particle Size (Barley and Wheat) on Rumen Fermentation Parameters in Fattening Lambs

Subject Areas : Camel

S.M. Hosseini ¹ (Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. P.O. Box: 49189-43464, Gorgan, Iran)
T. Ghoorchi ² (Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran)
A. Toghdory ³ (Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran)

Received: 2023-12-09 Accepted : 2024-02-08 Published : 2024-06-01

Keywords: cereals, enzyme activity, lamb, microbial protein, rumen fermentation,

Abstract :

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of grain (barley and wheat) size on rumen fermentation characteristics in fattening Dalaq breed lambs of the study was (3×2) completely randomized design with 6 treatments including; milled barley grain with sieve number two, milled barley grain with sieve number eight, unmilled barley grain, milled wheat grain with sieve number two, milled wheat grain with sieve number eight and unmilled wheat grain were plotted with 5 repetitions. Animals were housed in individual pens for 84 days. Rumen pH was not affected by experimental treatments. There was not significant (P>0.05) effect of grain paricle size on NH3-N ammonia nitrogen and microbial count although though, processing type it was affected by the type of processing and in the treatment of barley grain it was more than wheat. Also in the type of processing, sieve No. 2 produced more ammonia nitrogen. Counting of pro-tozoa was significant in treatments containing barley and wheat and in barley treatment it was more than wheat (P0.01). The total concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) was not affected by the type of grain. Mi-crobial nitrogen and microbial protein produced in the rumen were significantly affected by experimental treatments and both of them were more than wheat in the treatment of barley seeds (P<0.01). Allantoin and uric acid were not affected, and absorbed purine and xanthine and hypoxanthine were affected by the grain effect. The activity of carboxy methyl cellulase enzyme was not affected by the treatments although micro-crystals cellulase enzyme in intracellular and total was affected by the treatments and it was more in barley.

References:

Agarwal N. (2000). Estimation of fiber degrading enzyme. Pp. 278-291 in Feed Microbiology. L.C. Chaudhary, N. Agarwal, D.N. Kamra and D.K. Agarwal, Eds., CAS Animal Nutrition, Izatnagar, India.
AOAC. (2000). Official Methods of Analysis. 17th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, Washington, DC., USA.
Banink A., Gerrits W.J., France J. and Dijkstra J. (2012). Variation in rumen fermentation and the rumen wall during the transition period in dairy cows. J. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 171, 80-94.
Broderick G.A. and Kang J.H. (1980). Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. J. Dairy Sci. 64-75.
Chen X.B. and Gomes J.M. (1995). Estimation of microbial protein supply to sheep and cattle based on urinary excretion of purine derivatives: An overview of the technical details. Occasional Publication of the International Feed Resources Unit, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
Cheng K.J. and McAllister T.A. (1997). Comport mentation in the rumen. Pp. 492-522 in The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem. P.N. Hobson and C.S. Stewart, Eds., Chapman and Hall, London, United Kingdom.
Cheng K.J., Stewart C.S., Dinsdate D. and Cosertor J.W. (1984). Electron microscopy of bacteria involved in the digestion of plant walls. J. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 10, 93-120.
Danesh Mesgaran M., Tahmasabi A. and Vakili S.A. (2017). Di-gestion and Fuel Formation in Ruminants. Publications of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
Davies K.L., McKinnon J.J. and Mutsvangwa T. (2013). Effects of dietary ruminally degradable starch and ruminally degrad-able protein levels on urea recycling, microbial protein pro-duction, nitrogen balance, and duodenal nutrient flow in beef heifers fed low crude protein diets. Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 93, 123-136.
Erwin E.S., Marco G.J. and Emery E.M. (1961). Volatile fatty acid analyses of blood rumen fluid by gas chromatography. J. Dairy Sci. 44, 1768-1771.
Ghoorchi T. and Ghorbani B. (2018). Rumen microbiology. Publications of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
Hristov A.N., McAllister T.A. and Cheng K.J. (1999). Effect of diet, digesta processing, freezing and extraction procedure on some polysaccharide degrading activities of ruminal contents. Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 79, 73-81.
Kamra D.N., Agarwal N. and McAllister T.A. (2010). Screening for compounds enhancing fiber degradation. Pp. 85-107 in In vitro Screening of Plant Resources for Extranutritional Attrib-utes in Ruminants: Nuclear and Related Methodologies. P.E. Vercoe, H.P.S. Makkar and A.C. Schlink, Eds., IAEA, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
Karimizadeh E., Chaji M. and Mohammadabadi T. (2017). The effects of Journal physical form of diet on nutrient digestibil-ity. Rumen fermentation, rumination, growth performance and protozoa population of finishing lambs. J. Anim. Nutr. 3(2), 139-144.
Kiran D. and Mutsvangwa T. (2007). Effects of barley grain proc-essing and dietary ruminally degradable protein on urea nitro-gen recycling and nitrogen metabolism in growing lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 85, 3391- 3399.
Kudo H., Cheng K.J., Imai S., Han S.S. and Costerton J.W. (1990). Effects of feed on the composition of the rumen ciliate protozoa. J. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 29, 159-169.
Mackie R.I., Gilchrist F.M.C., Robberts A.M., Hannah P.E. and Schwartz H.M. (1978). Microbiological and chemical changes in the rumen during the stepwise adaptation of sheep to high concentrate diets. J. Agric. Sci. Cambrige. 90, 241-254.
Makkar H.P.S. (2010). In vitro Screening of Feed Resources for Efficiency of Microbial Protein Synthesis. Pp. 106-144. in In vitro Screening of Plant Resources for Extra-Nutritional Attributes in Ruminants: Nuclear and Related Methodologies. P.E. Vercoe, H.P.S. Makkar and A.C. Schlink, Eds., Springer, the Netherlands, New York.
McDonald P., Edwards R.A., Greenhalgh J.F.D., Morgan C.A., Sinclair L.A. and Wilkinson R.G. (2011). Animal Nutrition. Longman, Harlow, United Kingdom.
McIntosh F.M., Williams P., Losa R., Wallace R.J., Beever D.A. and Newbold C.J. (2003). Effects of essential oils on ruminal microorganisms and their protein metabolism. ‎Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, 5011-5014.
Michalet-Doreau B., Fernandez I. and Fonty G. (2002). A com-parison of enzymatic and molecular approaches to characterize the cellulolytic microbial ecosystems of the rumen and the cecum. J. Anim. Sci. 80, 790-796.
Miller G.L. (1959). Modified DNS method for reducing sugars. Anal. Chem. 31, 426-428.
Minato H., Endo A., Higuchi M., Ootomo Y. and Uemura T. (1966). Ecological treatise on the rumen fermentation.1.The fractionation of bacteria attached to the rumen digesta solids. J. General Appl. Microbiol. 12, 39-53.
Mirmohammadi D. (2012). Investigating the effect of the physical form of feed in diets with and without litter of broiler chickens on the performance of fattening lambs. MS Thesis. Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Nikkhah A., Alikhani M. and Amanlou H. (2013). Effects of feed-ing ground or steam-flaked broom sorghum and ground barley on performance of dairy cows in midlactation. J. Dairy Sci. 87(1), 122-130.
NRC. (2007). Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants, Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
Raghuvansi S.K.S., Prasad R., Tripathi M.K., Mishra A.S., Chaturvedi O.H., Mishra A.K., Saraswat B.L. and Jakhmola R.C. (2007). Effect of complete feed blocks or grazing and supplementation of lambs on performance, nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation and rumen microbial enzymes. Ani-mal. 1, 221-226.
Salter D. N., Mesvar K. and Smith R.H. (1979). The origin incorporated into compounds in the rumen bacteria of steers given protein and urea containing diets. British J. Nutr. 41(1), 197-209.
Samanta A.K., Singh K.K., Das M.M., Maity S.B. and Kundu S.S. (2003). Effect of complete feed block on nutrient utilisation and rumen fermentation in Barbari goats. Small Rumin. Res. 48, 95-102.
SAS Institute. (2013). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 9.4. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Shams Sharq M. and Parizadian Kavan B. (2012). Livestock and Poultry Feed and Feeding. Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Gorgan, Iran.
Tothi R., Lund P., Weisbjery M.R. and Hvelplund T. (2003). Ef-fect of expander processing on fractional rate of maize and barley starch degradation in the rumen of dairy cows estimated using rumen evaluation and in situ techniques. J. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 104, 71-94.
Vaithiyanathan S., Bhatta R., Mishra A.S., Prasad R., Verma D.L. and Singh N.P. (2006). Effect of feeding graded levels of pro-sopis cineraria leaves on rumen ciliate protozoa, nitrogen bal-ance and microbial protein synthesis in lambs and kids. J. Anim. Sci. 133, 177-191.
Van Soest P.J. (1994). Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant. Cornell University Press, New York.
Van Soest P.J., Robinson J.B. and Lewis B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3583-3597.
Wang Y. and McAllister T.A. (2002). Rumen microbes, enzymes and feed digestion-A review. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 15, 1659-1676.